"TO WILLIAM JAMES RAMSEY, of 28 Stonecutter Street, in the City
of London, and 20 Brownlow Street, Dalston, in the county of
Middlesex; GEORGE WILLIAM FOOTE, of 9 South Crescent, Bedford
170 Saint John Street, Clerkenwell, in the county of Middlesex;
and CHARLES BRADLAUGH, of 20 Circus Road, Saint John's Wood, in
the county of Middlesex, and 28 Stonecutter Street, in the City
of London.
"Whereas you have this day been charged before the under-signed,
the Lord Mayor of the City of London, being one of Her Majesty's
justices of the peace in and for the said City, and the liberties
thereof, by Sir Henry Tyler, of Dashwood House, 9 New Broad Street,
in the said City, for that you, in the said City, unlawfully did
libels in a newspaper called the Freethinker, dated and published
on the days following—that is to say, on the 26th day of March,
1882, on the 9th, 23rd and 30th days of April, 1882, and on the
7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days of May, 1882, and on the 11th and
18th days of June, 1882, against the peace, etc.:
"These are therefore to command you, in Her Majesty's name, to
be and appear before me, on Monday, the 17th day of July, 1882,
Justice-Room, in the said City, or before such other justice
or justices of the peace for the same City as may then be there,
to answer to the said charge, and to be further dealt with
according to law. Herein fail not.
"Given under my hand and seal, this 12th day of July, in the
year of our Lord 1882, at the Mansion House Justice-Room,
aforesaid.
"WHITTAKER ELLIS, Lord Mayor, London."
On the following Monday, July 17, the junior Member for Northampton stood beside us in the Mansion House dock. The court was of course crowded, and a great number of people stood outside waiting for a chance of admission. The Lord Mayor considerately allowed us seats on hearing that the case would occupy a long time, a piece of attention which he might also have displayed on the previous Tuesday. It seems extremely unjust that men who are defending themselves, who need all their strength for the task, and who may after all be innocent, should be obliged to stand for hours in a crowded court in the dog-days, and waste half their energies in the perfectly7 gratuitous8 exertion9 of maintaining their physical equilibrium10.
I shall not describe the proceedings12 before the Lord Mayor on this occasion. Properly speaking, it was Mr. Bradlaugh's day, and some time or other its incidents will be recorded in his biography. Suffice it to say that he showed his usual legal dexterity13, sat on poor Mr. Maloney, and sadly puzzled the Lord Mayor. I must, however, refer to one point, as it illustrates14 the high Christian15 morality of our prosecutors16. Mr. Maloney had obtained an illegal order from the Lord Mayor to inspect Mr. Bradlaugh's bank account, and armed with this order, which, even if it were legal, would not have extended beyond the limits of the City, this enterprising barrister had overhauled17 the books of the St. John's Wood Branch of the London and South-Western Bank. Lord Coleridge's astonishment18 at this unheard-of proceeding11 was only equalled by his trenchant19 sarcasm20 on the Lord Mayor as a legal functionary21, and his bitter cold sneer22 at Mr. Maloney, who, it further appeared, had actually played the part of an amateur detective, by setting street policemen to watch Mr. Bradlaugh's entries and exits from his publishing office.
On the following Friday, July 21, the hearing of our case was resumed. We were all committed for trial at the Old Bailey, with the exception of Mr. Whittle, the printer, against whom the prosecution23 was abandoned on the ground that he had ceased to print the Freethinker. This was an unpleasant fact, and alas24! it was only one of a good many I shall have to relate presently.
Before our committal I essayed to read a brief protest against the prosecution, which I had carefully prepared. In defiance25 of the statute26, the Lord Mayor refused to hear it. An altercation27 then ensued, and I should have insisted on my right unless stopped by brute28 force; but on his lordship promising29 that a copy should be attached to the depositions30, I yielded in order to let Mr. Bradlaugh have a full opportunity of stigmatising Sir Henry Tyler, who had left his questionable31 business at Dashwood House during a part of the day, to gloat over the spectacle of his enemy in a criminal dock.
Some portions of my half-suppressed protest ought not to be omitted in this history. After dealing32 in a few lines with the origin of the Blasphemy33 Laws, censuring34 the conduct of Sir Henry Tyler, and alluding35 to Sir. William Harcourt's reply to Mr. Freshfield, I expressed myself as follows:
"What, indeed, do the prosecutors hope or expect to gain?
Freethought is no longer a weak, tentative, apologetic thing;
it is strong, bold, and aggressive; and no law could now suppress
by imprisonment38 would be instantly filled; and as punishment
is not eternal on this side of death, the imprisoned39 man would
some day return to his old place, fiercer than ever for the fight,
guardians prefer punishment to persuasion42, and supplement the
definitions of Sir James Stephen in his 'Digest of the Criminal Law.'
All who publicly advocate the disestablishment of the Church
are guilty under one clause, and half the leading writers of
our age are guilty under another. It is difficult to find a
Archbishop of Canterbury has pathetically complained that it
is dangerous to introduce high-class magazines to the family
circle, because they are nearly sure to contain a large quantity
always reserved for those who are unprotected by wealth and
position. Heresy in expensive books for the upper classes is
a terrible danger. The one is flattered and conciliated, while
the other is liable at any moment to be put on its defence in
a criminal court, and is always at the mercy of any man who may
choose to indulge his political animosity, his social enmity,
or his private spite.
it from a crime to an affair of taste. To deal with it in the
bad spirit of the old laws, which are only unrepealed because
of civilisation58, and to violate that liberty of the press which
Bentham justly called 'the foundation of all other liberties.'
If opinions are not forced on people's attention, if they are
expressed in publications which are sold, which can be patronised
or neglected, and which must be deliberately59 sought before they
can be read; then, unless they contain incitements to crime,
with them is the height of gratuitous impertinence."
In the ordinary course our Indictment63 would have been tried at the Old Bailey. The grand jury found a true bill against us, after being charged by the Recorder, Sir Thomas Chambers64, who addressed them as fellow Christians65, quite forgetful of the fact that Jews and Deists are eligible66 as jurymen no less than orthodox believers. According to the newspapers this bigot described our blasphemous libels as "shocking," and said that "it was impossible for any Christian man to read them without feeling that they came within that description, and they ought to return a true bill." This same Sir Thomas Chambers is a patron of piety, especially when it takes the form of aggressive polemics67. Some time afterwards he joined a committee, with the late Lord Shaftesbury, Lord Mayor Fowler, and other religious worthies68, whose object was to raise a testimonial to Samuel Kinns, an obscure author who has written a stupid volume on "Moses and Geology" for the purpose of showing that the book of Genesis, to use Huxley's expression, contains the beginning and the end of sound science. It thus appears that a Christian magistrate69 may subscribe70 (or, which is quite as pious71 and far more economical, induce others to subscribe) for the confutation of heretics, and afterwards send them to gaol72 for not being confuted. What a glorious commentary on the great truth that England is a free country, and that Christianity relies entirely on the force of persuasion! Fortunately, however, our case was not tried at the Old Bailey. Mr. Bradlaugh obtained a writ45 of certiorari removing the indictment to the Court of Queen's Bench, where our case was put in the Crown List, and did not come on for hearing until two months after I was imprisoned on another indictment. Mr. Bradlaugh obtained the writ on July 29, 1882. It was during the long vacation, and we had to appear before more than one judge in chambers, Mr. Justice Stephen being the one who granted the writ. I remember roaming the Law Courts with Mr. Bradlaugh that morning. We went from office to office in the most perplexing manner. Everything seemed designed to baffle suitors who conduct their own cases. Obsolete technicalities, only half intelligible73 even to experts, met one at every turn, and when I left the Law Courts I felt that the thing was indeed done, but that it would almost puzzle omniscience74 to do it again in exactly the same way. Over seven pounds was spent in stamps, documents, and other items; and I was informed that a solicitor's charges for the morning's work would have exceeded thirty pounds. Securities for costs were required to the extent of six hundred pounds, and of course they had to be given. Yet we were merely seeking justice and a fair trial! As I walked home I pondered the great truth that England is a free country, and that there is one law for the rich and the poor; yet I reflected that as only the rich could afford it, the poor might as well have no law at all.
I have already referred to our printer's defection. Acting75 under advice, Mr. Whittle declined to print the Comic Bible Sketch76 in the number for July 16, and the following week he refused to print at all. He announced this decision after all the type was set up and the "formes" were almost ready for the press. Only forty-eight hours remained before the Freethinker was due. During that period, in company with my friend and sub-editor, Mr. J. M. Wheeler, I made desperate efforts to get a printer to undertake the work. At last I discovered a Freethinker who placed his inadequate77 resources at my disposal. He could only set up four pages of type, and only print copies with a hand-press. Even that was better than nothing; anything being preferable to lowering the flag in the heat of battle. But alas! fate is stronger than gods or men. I was foiled at the last moment, just as victory seemed within my grasp; how I forbear to explain, although the incidents of that eventful day would form an interesting chapter of my Autobiography78. Enough copies were pulled to constitute a legal issue of the paper, and one of these is safely deposited in the British Museum; but none were printed for the market, and it was everywhere reported that the Freethinker was dead. Christian Evidence lecturers joyously79 announced the fact at their meetings, and Mr. Maloney ironically alluded81 to it in Court. I bore all these taunts82 with grim silence, which was at last broken, not by words, but by deeds. These people did not know that the Freethinker, like the founder83 of their faith, had disappeared one week only to reappear the next. With the aid of Mr. Ramsey, who again stood by our side, we succeeded in restoring our paper to the light of day. Type was purchased, compositors were engaged, and a little shop was taken in Harp84 Alley85. The Freethinker for July 30 struck astonishment into the souls of those who had rejoiced over its death when they saw no Freethinker for July 23. From that moment our issue was never once suspended, although we had some desperate close shaves.
In the number for August 6, as I could not get our machiner to print any Comic Bible Sketches86 just then, I published a serious one, reproduced from an old Dutch Bible of 1669. It represented Moses obtaining a panoramic87 view of Jehovah's back parts. Below the text I inserted the following notice: "As the bigots object to our Comic Bible Sketches, we shall publish a few Serious Bible Sketches, copied accurately88 from old Bibles of the ages of faith, to show what the Christians have done themselves in the way of familiar interpretation89. We hope the bigots will like the change." By the next week, however, I had overcome our machiner's scruples90, and the Comic Bible Sketches were resumed and continued up to the day of my imprisonment.
My attitude towards the prosecution is amply expressed by these facts, but a few words from my pen at that time may not be altogether superfluous91. In an article entitled "Crucify Him!" in the Freethinker of August 6, 1882, I wrote:
"We are charged with blasphemy, and so was Jesus Christ. What
a grim joke it will be if the Freethinker is found guilty and
punished for the same crime as the preacher of the Sermon on
the Mount! Truly adversity makes us acquainted with strange
bedfellows.
about legions of angels, but trust in the living legions of
Freethought. We will not yield to the weakness of an agony
all within us, and cannot be taken away. We have a sense of
truth, a conviction of right, and a spirit of courage, caught
their worst; they will not break our spirit nor extinguish our
cause. Let the Christian mob clamor as loudly as they can,
the radiant form of Liberty, bearing in her left hand the olive
branch and in her right hand the sword, the holy victress,
destined by treaty or conquest to bring the whole world under
in every nerve."
From the first I was sure that the Freethought party would support those who were fighting its battle, and I was not deceived. The Freethinker Defence Fund was liberally subscribed99 to throughout the country, several working men putting by a few pence every week for the purpose; and as I travelled up and down on my lecturing tours I experienced everywhere the heartiest100 greetings. I saw that the party's blood was up, and that however it might ultimately fare with me, the battle would be fought to the bitter end.
Considerable controversy101 took place in the daily and weekly press. Professor W. A. Hunter contributed a timely letter to the Daily News, in which he described the Blasphemy Laws as "a weapon always ready to the hand of mischievous102 fools or designing knaves103." Mr. G. J. Holyoake wrote in his usual vein104 of covert attack on Freethinkers in danger. Mrs. Besant joined in the fray105 anonymously106, and a letter appeared also from my own pen. There were articles on the subject in the provincial107 newspapers, and amongst the London journals I must especially commend the Weekly Dispatch, which never wavered in faithfulness to its Liberal traditions, and stood firm in its censure108 of our prosecution from first to last, even when other journals turned from the path of religious liberty, proved traitors109 to their principles, and joined the bigots in their cry of "To prison, to prison!" against the obnoxious110 heretics.
For some time after this we pursued the even tenor111 of our way. Many of the wholesale112 newsagents, who had been frightened when our prosecution was initiated113, regained114 confidence and resumed their orders. Early in October we removed from Harp Alley to 28 Stonecutter Street, which had just been vacated by the Freethought Publishing Company, and which has ever since been the publishing office of the Freethinker. About the same time I issued a pamphlet entitled "Blasphemy no Crime," a copy of which was sent to every newspaper in the United Kingdom. It traversed the whole field of discussion, and gave a brief history of past prosecutions for Blasphemy, as well as the principal facts of our own case. In November I announced the preparation of the second Christmas Number of the Freethinker, the publication for which I paid the penalty of twelve months' imprisonment. Before, however, I deal fully2 with that awful subject I will redeem115 my promise to inform my readers of the nature of our indictment, and what were the actual charges preferred against us by Sir Henry Tyler on behalf of the insulted universe.
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1
whittle
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| v.削（木头），削减；n.屠刀 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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3
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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4
blasphemous
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| adj.亵渎神明的，不敬神的 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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7
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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8
gratuitous
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| adj.无偿的，免费的；无缘无故的，不必要的 | |
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9
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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equilibrium
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| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
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11
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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15
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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16
prosecutors
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| 检举人( prosecutor的名词复数 )； 告发人； 起诉人； 公诉人 | |
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17
overhauled
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| v.彻底检查( overhaul的过去式和过去分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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18
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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19
trenchant
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| adj.尖刻的，清晰的 | |
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20
sarcasm
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| n.讥讽，讽刺，嘲弄，反话 （adj.sarcastic） | |
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21
functionary
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| n.官员；公职人员 | |
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22
sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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23
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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24
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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25
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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26
statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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27
altercation
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| n.争吵，争论 | |
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28
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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29
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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30
depositions
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| 沉积（物）( deposition的名词复数 )； （在法庭上的）宣誓作证； 处置； 罢免 | |
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31
questionable
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| adj.可疑的，有问题的 | |
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32
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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33
blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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34
censuring
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的现在分词 ) | |
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35
alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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36
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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37
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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38
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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39
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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40
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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41
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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42
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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lenient
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| adj.宽大的，仁慈的 | |
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writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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molested
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| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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prosecutions
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| 起诉( prosecution的名词复数 )； 原告； 实施； 从事 | |
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incurs
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| 遭受，招致，引起( incur的第三人称单数 ) | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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molestation
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| n.骚扰，干扰，调戏；折磨 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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indictment
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| n.起诉；诉状 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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eligible
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| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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polemics
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| n.辩论术，辩论法；争论( polemic的名词复数 )；辩论；辩论术；辩论法 | |
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worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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subscribe
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| vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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72
gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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73
intelligible
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| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
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74
omniscience
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| n.全知，全知者，上帝 | |
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75
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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76
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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77
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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78
autobiography
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| n.自传 | |
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79
joyously
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| ad.快乐地, 高兴地 | |
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80
joyous
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| adj.充满快乐的；令人高兴的 | |
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81
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
taunts
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| 嘲弄的言语，嘲笑，奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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83
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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84
harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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85
alley
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| n.小巷，胡同；小径，小路 | |
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86
sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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87
panoramic
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| adj. 全景的 | |
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88
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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89
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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90
scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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91
superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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92
quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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93
vapor
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| n.蒸汽，雾气 | |
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94
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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95
Forsaken
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| adj. 被遗忘的, 被抛弃的 动词forsake的过去分词 | |
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96
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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97
daunt
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| vt.使胆怯，使气馁 | |
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98
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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99
subscribed
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| v.捐助( subscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；签署，题词；订阅；同意 | |
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100
heartiest
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| 亲切的( hearty的最高级 )； 热诚的； 健壮的； 精神饱满的 | |
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101
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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102
mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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103
knaves
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| n.恶棍，无赖( knave的名词复数 )；（纸牌中的）杰克 | |
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104
vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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105
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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106
anonymously
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| ad.用匿名的方式 | |
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107
provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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108
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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109
traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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110
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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111
tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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112
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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113
initiated
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| n. 创始人 adj. 新加入的 vt. 开始，创始，启蒙，介绍加入 | |
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114
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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115
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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