But worse remains13. Bodies starve and hearts break, but at last there comes "the poppied sleep, the end of all." Grief is buried in the grave, Nature covers it with a mantle14 of grass and flowers, and the feet of joy trip merrily over the paths once trodden by heavy-footed care. Yet the more subtle effects of persecution remain with the living. They are not screwed down in the coffin15 and buried with the dead. They become part of the pestilential atmosphere of cowardice17 and hypocrisy18 which saps the intellectual manhood of society, so that bright-eyed inquiry19 sinks into blear-eyed faith, and the rich vitality20 of active honest thought falls into the decrepitude21 of timid and slothful acquiescence22.
What is this principle of persecution, and how is it generated and developed in the human mind? Now that it is falling into discredit24, there is a tendency on the part of Christian25 apologists to ascribe it to our natural hatred26 of contradiction. Men argue and quarrel, and if intellectual differences excite hostility27 in an age like this, how easy it was for them to excite the bitterest animosity in more ignorant and barbarous ages! Such is the plea now frequently advanced. No doubt it wears a certain plausibility28, but a little investigation29 will show its fallacy. Men and women are so various in their minds, characters, circumstances, and interests, that if left to themselves they inevitably30 form a multiplicity of ever-shifting parties, sects31, fashions and opinions; and while each might resent the impertinence of disagreement from its own standard, the very multiformity of the whole mass must preserve a general balance of fair play, since every single sect32 with an itch33 for persecuting34 would be confronted by an overwhelming majority of dissidents. It is obvious, therefore, that persecution can only be indulged in when some particular form of opinion is in the ascendant: and if this form is artificially developed; if it is the result, not of knowledge and reflection, but of custom and training; if, in short, it is rather a superstition35 than a belief; you have a condition of things highly favorable to the forcible suppression of heresy36. Now, throughout history, there is one great form of opinion which has been artificially developed, which has been accepted through faith and not through study, which has always been concerned with alleged37 occurrences in the remote past or the inaccessible38 future, and which has also been systematically39 maintained in its "pristine40 purity" by an army of teachers who have pledged themselves to inculcate the ancient faith without any admixture of their own intelligence.
That form of opinion is Religion. Accordingly we should expect to find its career always attended with persecution, and the expectation is amply justified41 by a cursory42 glance at the history of every faith. There is, indeed, one great exception; but, to use a popular though inaccurate43 phrase, it is an exception which proves the rule. Buddhism44 has never persecuted46 But Buddhism is rather a philosophy than a religion; or, if a religion, it is not a theology, and that is the sense attached to religion in this article.
All such religions have persecuted, do persecute45, and will persecute while they exist. Let it not be supposed, however, that they punish heretics on the open ground that the majority must be right and the minority must be wrong, or that some people have a right to think while others have only the right to acquiesce23. No, that is too shameless an avowal47; nor would it, indeed, be the real truth. There is a principle in religions which has always been the sanction of persecution, and if it be true, persecution is more than right, it is a duty. That principle is Salvation48 by Faith.
If a certain belief is necessary to salvation, if to reject it is to merit damnation, and to undermine it is to imperil the eternal welfare of others, there is only one course open to its adherents49; they must treat the heretic as they would treat a viper50. He is a poisonous creature to be swiftly extinguished.
But not too swiftly, for he has a soul that may still be saved. Accordingly he is sequestered51 to prevent further harm, an effort is made to convert him, then he is punished, and the rest is left with God. That his conversion52 is attempted by torture, either physical or mental, is not an absurdity53; it is consonant54 to the doctrine55 of salvation by faith. For if God punishes or rewards us according to our possession or lack of faith, it follows that faith is within the power of will. Accordingly the heretic, to use Dr. Martineau's expression, is reminded not of arguments but of motives56, not of evidence but of fear, not of proofs but of perils57, not of reasons but of ruin. When we recognise that the understanding acts independently of volition58, and that the threat of punishment, while it may produce silence or hypocrisy, cannot alter belief, this method of procedure strikes us as a monstrous59 imbecility; but, given a belief in the doctrine of salvation by faith, it must necessarily appear both logical and just. If the heretic will not believe, he is clearly wicked, for he rejects the truth and insults God. He has deliberately61 chosen the path to hell, and does it matter whether he travel slowly or swiftly to his destination? But does it not matter whether he go alone or drag down others with him to perdition? Such was the logic60 of the Inquisitors, and although their cruelties must be detested62 their consistency63 must be allowed.
Catholics have an infallible Church, and the Protestants an infallible Bible. Yet as the teaching of the Bible becomes a question of interpretation64, the infallibility of each Church resolves itself into the infallibility of its priesthood. Each asserts that some belief is necessary to salvation. Religious liberty, therefore, has never entered into the imagination of either. The Protestants who revolted against the Papacy openly avowed65 the principle of persecution. Luther, Beza, Calvin, and Melancthon, were probably more intolerant than any Pope of their age; and if the Protestant persecutions were not, on the whole, so sanguinary as those of the Roman Catholic Church, it was simply due to the fact that Catholicism passed through a dark and ferocious66 period of history, while Protestantism emerged in an age of greater light and humanity. Persecution cannot always be bloody67, but it always inflicts68 on heretics as much suffering as the sentiment of the community will tolerate.
The doctrine of salvation by faith has been more mischievous69 than all other delusions70 of theology combined. How true are the words of Pascal: "Jamais on ne fait le mal si pleinement et si gaiement que quand oh le fait par16 un faux principe de conscience." Fortunately a nobler day is breaking. The light of truth succeeds the darkness of error. Right belief is infinitely71 important, but it cannot be forced. Belief is independent of will. But character is not, and therefore the philosopher approves or condemns72 actions instead of censuring73 beliefs. Theology, however, consistently clings to its old habits. "Infidels" must not be argued with but threatened, not convinced but libelled; and when these weapons are futile74 there ensues the persecution of silence. That serves for a time, but only for a time; it may obstruct75, but it cannot prevent, the spread of unbelief. It is like a veil against the light. It may obscure the dawn to the dull-eyed and the uninquisitive, but presently the blindest sluggards in the penfolds of faith will see that the sun has risen.
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1 tyrants | |
专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 ); 暴君似的人; (古希腊的)僭主; 严酷的事物 | |
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2 conquerors | |
征服者,占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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3 wrought | |
v.引起;以…原料制作;运转;adj.制造的 | |
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4 mischief | |
n.损害,伤害,危害;恶作剧,捣蛋,胡闹 | |
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5 persecution | |
n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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6 ravages | |
劫掠后的残迹,破坏的结果,毁坏后的残迹 | |
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7 afflict | |
vt.使身体或精神受痛苦,折磨 | |
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8 incessantly | |
ad.不停地 | |
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9 humble | |
adj.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的;v.降低,贬低 | |
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10 imprisonment | |
n.关押,监禁,坐牢 | |
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11 misery | |
n.痛苦,苦恼,苦难;悲惨的境遇,贫苦 | |
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12 groans | |
n.呻吟,叹息( groan的名词复数 );呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 );发牢骚;抱怨;受苦 | |
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13 remains | |
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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14 mantle | |
n.斗篷,覆罩之物,罩子;v.罩住,覆盖,脸红 | |
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15 coffin | |
n.棺材,灵柩 | |
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16 par | |
n.标准,票面价值,平均数量;adj.票面的,平常的,标准的 | |
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17 cowardice | |
n.胆小,怯懦 | |
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18 hypocrisy | |
n.伪善,虚伪 | |
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19 inquiry | |
n.打听,询问,调查,查问 | |
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20 vitality | |
n.活力,生命力,效力 | |
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21 decrepitude | |
n.衰老;破旧 | |
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22 acquiescence | |
n.默许;顺从 | |
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23 acquiesce | |
vi.默许,顺从,同意 | |
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24 discredit | |
vt.使不可置信;n.丧失信义;不信,怀疑 | |
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25 Christian | |
adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒 | |
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26 hatred | |
n.憎恶,憎恨,仇恨 | |
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27 hostility | |
n.敌对,敌意;抵制[pl.]交战,战争 | |
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28 plausibility | |
n. 似有道理, 能言善辩 | |
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29 investigation | |
n.调查,调查研究 | |
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30 inevitably | |
adv.不可避免地;必然发生地 | |
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31 sects | |
n.宗派,教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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32 sect | |
n.派别,宗教,学派,派系 | |
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33 itch | |
n.痒,渴望,疥癣;vi.发痒,渴望 | |
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34 persecuting | |
(尤指宗教或政治信仰的)迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的现在分词 ); 烦扰,困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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35 superstition | |
n.迷信,迷信行为 | |
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36 heresy | |
n.异端邪说;异教 | |
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37 alleged | |
a.被指控的,嫌疑的 | |
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38 inaccessible | |
adj.达不到的,难接近的 | |
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39 systematically | |
adv.有系统地 | |
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40 pristine | |
adj.原来的,古时的,原始的,纯净的,无垢的 | |
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41 justified | |
a.正当的,有理的 | |
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42 cursory | |
adj.粗略的;草率的;匆促的 | |
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43 inaccurate | |
adj.错误的,不正确的,不准确的 | |
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44 Buddhism | |
n.佛教(教义) | |
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45 persecute | |
vt.迫害,虐待;纠缠,骚扰 | |
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46 persecuted | |
(尤指宗教或政治信仰的)迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 ); 烦扰,困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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47 avowal | |
n.公开宣称,坦白承认 | |
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48 salvation | |
n.(尤指基督)救世,超度,拯救,解困 | |
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49 adherents | |
n.支持者,拥护者( adherent的名词复数 );党羽;徒子徒孙 | |
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50 viper | |
n.毒蛇;危险的人 | |
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51 sequestered | |
adj.扣押的;隐退的;幽静的;偏僻的v.使隔绝,使隔离( sequester的过去式和过去分词 );扣押 | |
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52 conversion | |
n.转化,转换,转变 | |
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53 absurdity | |
n.荒谬,愚蠢;谬论 | |
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54 consonant | |
n.辅音;adj.[音]符合的 | |
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55 doctrine | |
n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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56 motives | |
n.动机,目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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57 perils | |
极大危险( peril的名词复数 ); 危险的事(或环境) | |
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58 volition | |
n.意志;决意 | |
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59 monstrous | |
adj.巨大的;恐怖的;可耻的,丢脸的 | |
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60 logic | |
n.逻辑(学);逻辑性 | |
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61 deliberately | |
adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地 | |
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62 detested | |
v.憎恶,嫌恶,痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63 consistency | |
n.一贯性,前后一致,稳定性;(液体的)浓度 | |
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64 interpretation | |
n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理 | |
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65 avowed | |
adj.公开声明的,承认的v.公开声明,承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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66 ferocious | |
adj.凶猛的,残暴的,极度的,十分强烈的 | |
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67 bloody | |
adj.非常的的;流血的;残忍的;adv.很;vt.血染 | |
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68 inflicts | |
把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的第三人称单数 ) | |
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69 mischievous | |
adj.调皮的,恶作剧的,有害的,伤人的 | |
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70 delusions | |
n.欺骗( delusion的名词复数 );谬见;错觉;妄想 | |
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71 infinitely | |
adv.无限地,无穷地 | |
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72 condemns | |
v.(通常因道义上的原因而)谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 );宣判;宣布…不能使用;迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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73 censuring | |
v.指责,非难,谴责( censure的现在分词 ) | |
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74 futile | |
adj.无效的,无用的,无希望的 | |
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75 obstruct | |
v.阻隔,阻塞(道路、通道等);n.阻碍物,障碍物 | |
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