If the argument of the preceding chapter is sound, human morality is not a fixed1 and eternal set of laws, but is, like everything else in the world, a product of natural evolution. We can trace the history of it, just as we trace the story of the rocks. It is not a mysterious or supernatural thing, it is simply the reaction of man to his environment, and more especially to his fellow men. The source of it is that same inner impulse, that love of life, that joy in growing, that faith which appears to be the soul of all being.
Man is a part of nature and a product of nature; in many fundamental respects his ways are still nature's ways and his laws still nature's laws. But there are other and even more significant ways in which man has separated himself from nature and made himself something quite different. In order to reveal this clearly, we draw a distinction between nature and man. This is a proper thing to do, provided we bear in mind that our classification is not permanent or final. We distinguish frogs from tadpoles3, in spite of the fact that at one stage the creature is half tadpole2 and half frog. We distinguish the animal from the vegetable kingdom, despite the fact that in their lower forms they cannot be distinguished4.
What, precisely5, is the difference between nature and man? The difference lies in the fact that nature is apparently6 blind in her processes; she produces a million eggs in order to give life to one salmon7, she produces countless8 millions of salmon to be devoured9 by other fish apparently no better than salmon. Poets may take up the doctrine10 of evolution and dress it out in theological garments, talking about the "one far off divine event towards which the whole creation moves," but for all we can see, nature, apart from man, is just as well satisfied to move in circles, and to come back exactly where she started. Nature made a whole world of complicated creatures in the steamy, luke-warm swamps of the Mesozoic era, and then, as if deciding that the pattern of a large body and a small brain was not a success, she froze them all to death with a glacial epoch11, and we have nothing but the bones to tell us about them.
No one understands anything about evolution until he has realized that the phrase "the survival of the fittest" does not mean the survival of the best from any human point of view. It merely means the survival of those capable of surviving in some particular environment. We consider our present civilization as "fit"; but if astronomical12 changes should cause another ice age, we should discover that our "fitness" depended upon our ability to live on lichens13, or on something we could grow by artificial light in the bowels14 of the earth.
So much for our ancient mother, nature. But now—whether we say with the theologians that it was divine providence15, or with the materialist16 philosophers that it was an accidental mixing of atoms—at any rate it has come about that nature has recently produced creatures who are conscious of her process, who are able to observe and criticize it, to take up her work and carry it on in their own way, for better or for worse. Whether by accident or design, there has been on parts of our planet such a combination of climate and soil as has brought into being a new product of nature, a heightened form of life which we call "intelligence." Creation opens its eyes, and beholds17 the work of the creator, and decides that it is good—yet not so good as it might be! Creation takes up the work of the creator, and continues it, in many respects annulling18 it, in other respects revising it entirely19. Whether a sonnet20 is a better or a higher product than a spider is a question it would be futile21 to discuss; but this, at least, should be clear—nature has produced an infinity22 of spiders, but nature never produced a sonnet, nor anything resembling it.
Man, the creature of God, takes over the functions of God. This fact may shock us, or it may inspire us; to the metaphysically minded it offers a great variety of fascinating problems. Can it be that God is in process of becoming, that there is no God until he has become, in us and through us? H. G. Wells sets forth23 this curious idea; and then, of course, the bishops25 and the clergy26 rise up in indignation and denounce Mr. Wells as an upstart and trespasser27 upon their field. They have been worshipping their God for some three or four thousand years, and know that He has been from eternity28; He created the world at His will, and how shall impious man presume to rise up and criticize His product, and imagine that he can improve upon it? Man, with his cheap and silly little toys, his sonnets29 and scientific systems, his symphony concerts and such pale imitations of celestial30 harmonies!
Mr. Wells, in his character of God in the making, has created a bishop24 of his own, and no doubt would maintain the thesis that he is a far better bishop than any created by the God of the Anglican churches. We will leave Mr. Wells' bishop to argue these problems with God's bishops, and will merely remind the reader of our warning about these metaphysical matters. You can prove anything and everything, whichever and however, all or both; and discussions of the subject are merely your enunciation31 of the fact that you have your private truth as you want it. It may be that there is an Infinite Consciousness, which carries the whole process of creation in itself, and that all the seeming wastes and blunders of nature can be explained from some point of view at present beyond the reach of our minds. On the other hand it may be that consciousness is now dawning in the universe for the first time. It may be that it is an accident, a fleeting32 product like the morning mist on the mountain top. On the other hand, it may be that it is destined33 to grow and expand and take control of the entire universe, as a farmer takes control of a field for his own purposes. It may be that just as our individual fragments of intelligence communicate and merge34 into a family, a club, a nation, a world culture, so we shall some day grope our way toward the consciousness of other planets, or of other states of being subsisting35 on this planet unknown to us, or perhaps even toward the cosmic soul, the universal consciousness which we call God.
But meantime, all we can say with positiveness is this: man, the created, is becoming the creator. He is taking up the world purpose, he is imposing36 upon it new purposes of his own, he is attempting to impose upon it a moral code, to test it and discipline it by a new standard which he calls economy. To the present writer this seems the most significant fact about life, the most fascinating point of view from which life can be regarded. The reader who wishes to follow it into greater detail is referred to a little book by Professor E. Ray Lankester, "The Kingdom of Man"; especially the opening essay, with its fascinating title, "Nature's Insurgent37 Son."
In what ways have the reasoned and deliberate purposes of man revised and even supplanted38 the processes of nature? The ways are so many that it would be easier to mention those in which he has not done so. A modern civilized39 man is hardly content with anything that nature does, nor willing to accept any of nature's products. He will not eat nature's fruits, he prefers the kinds that he himself has brought into being. He is not content with the skin that nature has given him; he has made himself an infinite variety of complicated coverings. He objects to nature's habit of pouring cold water upon him, and so he has built himself houses in which he makes his own climate; he has recently taken to creating for himself houses which roll along the ground, or which fly through the air, or which swim under the surface of the sea; so he carries his private climate with him to all these places. It was nature's custom to remove her blunders and her experiments quickly from her sight. But man has decided40 that he loves life so well that he will preserve even the imbeciles, the lame41 and the halt and the blind. In a state of nature, if a man's eyes were not properly focused, he blundered into the lair42 of a tiger and was eaten. But civilized man despises such a method of maintaining the standard of human eyes; he creates for himself a transparent43 product, ground to such a curve that it corrects the focus of his eyes, and makes them as good as any other eyes. In ten thousand such ways we might name, man has rebelled against the harshness of his ancient mother, and has freed himself from her control.
But still he is the child of his mother, and so it is his way to act first, and then to realize what he has done. So it comes about that very few, even of the most highly educated men, are aware how completely the ancient ways of nature have been suppressed by her "insurgent son." It is a good deal as in the various trades and professions which have developed with such amazing rapidity in modern civilization; the paper man knows how to make paper, the shoe man knows how to make shoes, the optician knows about grinding glasses, but none of these knows very much about the others' specialties44, and has no realization45 of how far the other has gone. So it comes about that in our colleges we are still teaching ancient and immutable46 "laws of nature," which in the actual practice of men at work are as extinct and forgotten as the dodo. In all colleges, except a few which have been tainted47 by Socialist48 thought, the students are solemnly learning the so-called "Malthusian law," that population presses continually upon the limits of subsistence, there are always a few more people in every part of the world than that part of the world is able to maintain. At any time we increase the world's productive powers, population will increase correspondingly, so there can never be an end to human misery49, and abortion50, war and famine are simply nature's eternal methods of adjusting man to his environment.
Thus solemnly we are taught in the colleges. And yet, nine out of ten of the students come from homes where the parents have discovered the modern practice of birth control; all the students are themselves finding out about it in one way or another, and will proceed when they marry to restrict themselves to two or three children. In vain will the ghost of their favorite statesman and hero, Theodore Roosevelt, be traveling up and down the land, denouncing them for the dreadful crime of "race suicide"—that is to say, their presuming to use their reason to put an end to the ghastly situation revealed by the Malthusian law, over-population eternally recurring51 and checked by abortion, war and famine! In vain will the ghost of their favorite saint and moralist, Anthony Comstock, be traveling up and down the land, putting people in jail for daring to teach to poor women what every rich woman knows, and for attempting to change the entirely man-made state of affairs whereby an intelligent and self-governing Anglo-Saxon land is being in two or three generations turned over to a slum population of Italians, Poles, Hungarians, Portuguese52, French-Canadians, Mexicans and Japanese!
Likewise in every orthodox college the student is taught what his professors are pleased to call "the law of diminishing returns of agriculture." That is to say, additional labor53 expended54 upon a plot of land does not result in an equal increase of produce, and the increase grows less, until finally you come to a time when no matter how much labor you expend55, you can get no more produce from that plot of land. All professors teach this, because fifty years ago it was true, and since that time it has not occurred to any professor of political science to visit a farm. And all the while, out in the suburbs of the city where the college is located, market gardeners are practicing on an enormous scale a new system of intensive agriculture which makes the "law of diminishing returns" a foolish joke.
As Kropotkin shows in his book, "Fields, Factories and Workshops," the modern intensive gardener, by use of glass and the chemical test-tube, has developed an entirely new science of plant raising. He is independent of climate, he makes his own climate; he is independent of the defects of the soil, he would just as soon start from nothing and make his soil upon an asphalt pavement. By doubling his capital investment he raises, not twice as much produce, but ten times as much. If his methods were applied56 to the British Isles57, he could raise sufficient produce on this small surface to feed the population of the entire globe.
So we see that by simple and entirely harmless devices man is in position to restrict or to increase population as he sees fit. Also he is in position to raise food and produce the necessities of life for a hundred or thousand times as many people as are now on the earth. But superstition58 ordains59 involuntary parenthood, and capitalism60 ordains that land shall be held out of use for speculation61, or shall be exploited for rent! And this is done in the name of "nature"—that old nature of the "tooth and claw," whose ancient plan it is "that they shall take who have the power, and they shall keep who can"; that ancient nature which has been so entirely suppressed and supplanted by civilized man, and which survives only as a ghost, a skeleton to be resurrected from the tomb, for the purpose of frightening the enslaved. When a predatory financier wishes a fur overcoat to protect himself from the cold, or when he hires a masseur to keep up the circulation of his blood, you do not find him troubling himself about the laws of "nature"; never will he mention this old scarecrow, except when he is trying to persuade the workers of the world to go on paying him tribute for the use of the natural resources of the earth!
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1
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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tadpole
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| n.[动]蝌蚪 | |
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tadpoles
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| n.蝌蚪( tadpole的名词复数 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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materialist
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| n. 唯物主义者 | |
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beholds
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| v.看，注视( behold的第三人称单数 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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annulling
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| v.宣告无效( annul的现在分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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sonnet
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| n.十四行诗 | |
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futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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infinity
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| n.无限，无穷，大量 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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trespasser
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| n.侵犯者；违反者 | |
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eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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sonnets
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| n.十四行诗( sonnet的名词复数 ) | |
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celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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enunciation
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| n.清晰的发音；表明，宣言；口齿 | |
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fleeting
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| adj.短暂的，飞逝的 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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merge
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| v.(使)结合，(使)合并，(使)合为一体 | |
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subsisting
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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insurgent
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| adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子 | |
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supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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41
lame
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| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
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lair
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| n.野兽的巢穴；躲藏处 | |
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43
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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specialties
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| n.专门，特性，特别；专业( specialty的名词复数 )；特性；特制品；盖印的契约 | |
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45
realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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46
immutable
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| adj.不可改变的，永恒的 | |
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47
tainted
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| adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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48
socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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49
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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50
abortion
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| n.流产，堕胎 | |
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51
recurring
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| adj.往复的，再次发生的 | |
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52
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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53
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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54
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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55
expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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56
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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57
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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58
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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59
ordains
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的第三人称单数 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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60
capitalism
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| n.资本主义 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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