Slaves of this class, they exchange in commerce, to free themselves too from the shame of such a victory. Of their other slaves they make not such use as we do of ours, by distributing amongst them the several offices and employments of the family. Each of them has a dwelling9 of his own, each a household to govern. His lord uses him like a tenant10, and obliges him to pay a quantity of grain, or of cattle, or of cloth. Thus far only the subserviency11 of the slave extends. All the other duties in a family, not the slaves, but the wives and children discharge. To inflict12 stripes upon a slave, or to put him in chains, or to doom13 him to severe labour, are things rarely seen. To kill them they sometimes are wont14, not through correction or government, but in heat and rage, as they would an enemy, save that no vengeance15 or penalty follows. The freedmen very little surpass the slaves, rarely are of moment in the house; in the community never, excepting only such nations where arbitrary dominion16 prevails. For there they bear higher sway than the free-born, nay, higher than the nobles. In other countries the inferior condition of freedmen is a proof of public liberty.
To the practice of usury17 and of increasing money by interest, they are strangers; and hence is found a better guard against it, than if it were forbidden. They shift from land to land; and, still appropriating a portion suitable to the number of hands for manuring, anon parcel out the whole amongst particulars according to the condition and quality of each. As the plains are very spacious18, the allotments are easily assigned. Every year they change, and cultivate a fresh soil; yet still there is ground to spare. For they strive not to bestow19 labour proportionable to the fertility and compass of their lands, by planting orchards20, by enclosing meadows, by watering gardens. From the earth, corn only is extracted. Hence they quarter not the year into so many seasons. Winter, Spring, and Summer, they understand; and for each have proper appellations22. Of the name and blessings23 of Autumn, they are equally ignorant.
In performing their funerals, they show no state or vainglory. This only is carefully observed, that with the corpses24 of their signal men certain woods be burned. Upon the funeral pile they accumulate neither apparel nor perfumes. Into the fire, are always thrown the arms of the dead, and sometimes his horse. With sods of earth only the sepulchre is raised. The pomp of tedious and elaborate monuments they contemn25, as things grievous to the deceased. Tears and wailings they soon dismiss: their affliction and woe26 they long retain. In women, it is reckoned becoming to bewail their loss; in men, to remember it. This is what in general we have learned, in the original and customs of the whole people of Germany. I shall now deduce the institutions and usages of the several people, as far as they vary one from another; as also an account of what nations from thence removed, to settle themselves in Gaul.
That the Gauls were in times past more puissant27 and formidable, is related by the Prince of authors, the deified Julius [Caesar]; and hence it is probable that they too have passed into Germany. For what a small obstacle must be a river, to restrain any nation, as each grew more potent28, from seizing or changing habitations; when as yet all habitations were common, and not parted or appropriated by the founding and terror of Monarchies29? The region therefore between the Hercynian Forest and the rivers Moenus and Rhine, was occupied by the Helvetians; as was that beyond it by the Boians, both nations of Gaul. There still remains30 a place called Boiemum, which denotes the primitive31 name and antiquity32 of the country, although the inhabitants have been changed. But whether the Araviscans are derived33 from the Osians, a nation of Germans passing into Pannonia, or the Osians from the Araviscans removing from thence into Germany, is a matter undecided; since they both still use the language, the same customs and the same laws. For, as of old they lived alike poor and alike free, equal proved the evils and advantages on each side the river, and common to both people. The Treverians and Nervians aspire35 passionately36 to the reputation of being descended37 from the Germans; since by the glory of this original, they would escape all imputation38 of resembling the Gauls in person and effeminacy. Such as dwell upon the bank of the Rhine, the Vangiones, the Tribocians, and the Nemetes, are without doubt all Germans. The Ubians are ashamed of their original; though they have a particular honour to boast, that of having merited an establishment as a Roman Colony, and still delight to be called Agrippinensians, after the name of their founder39: they indeed formerly40 came from beyond the Rhine, and, for the many proofs of their fidelity41, were settled upon the very bank of the river; not to be there confined or guarded themselves, but to guard and defend that boundary against the rest of the Germans.
Of all these nations, the Batavians are the most signal in bravery. They inhabit not much territory upon the Rhine, but possess an island in it. They were formerly part of the Cattans, and by means of feuds42 at home removed to these dwellings43; whence they might become a portion of the Roman Empire. With them this honour still remains, as also the memorials of their ancient association with us: for they are not under the contempt of paying tribute, nor subject to be squeezed by the farmers of the revenue. Free from all impositions and payments, and only set apart for the purposes of fighting, they are reserved wholly for the wars, in the same manner as a magazine of weapons and armour44. Under the same degree of homage45 are the nation of the Mattiacians. For such is the might and greatness of the Roman People, as to have carried the awe46 and esteem47 of their Empire beyond the Rhine and the ancient boundaries. Thus the Mattiacians, living upon the opposite banks, enjoy a settlement and limits of their own; yet in spirit and inclination48 are attached to us: in other things resembling the Batavians, save that as they still breathe their original air, still possess their primitive soil, they are thence inspired with superior vigour49 and keenness. Amongst the people of Germany I would not reckon those who occupy the lands which are under decimation, though they be such as dwell beyond the Rhine and the Danube. By several worthless and vagabond Gauls, and such as poverty rendered daring, that region was seized as one belonging to no certain possessor: afterwards it became a skirt of the Empire and part of a province, upon the enlargement of our bounds and the extending of our garrisons51 and frontier.
Beyond these are the Cattans, whose territories begin at the Hercynian Forest, and consist not of such wide and marshy52 plains, as those of the other communities contained within the vast compass of Germany; but produce ranges of hills, such as run lofty and contiguous for a long tract21, then by degrees sink and decay. Moreover the Hercynian Forest attends for a while its native Cattans, then suddenly forsakes53 them. This people are distinguished54 with bodies more hardy55 and robust56, compact limbs, stern countenances57, and greater vigour of spirit. For Germans, they are men of much sense and address. They dignify59 chosen men, listen to such as are set over them, know how to preserve their post, to discern occasions, to rebate60 their own ardour and impatience61; how to employ the day, how to entrench62 themselves by night. They account fortune amongst things slippery and uncertain, but bravery amongst such as are never-failing and secure; and, what is exceeding rare nor ever to be learnt but by a wholesome63 course of discipline, in the conduct of the general they repose64 more assurance than in the strength of the army. Their whole forces consist of foot, who besides their arms carry likewise instruments of iron and their provisions. You may see other Germans proceed equipped to battle, but the Cattans so as to conduct a war. They rarely venture upon excursions or casual encounters. It is in truth peculiar65 to cavalry66, suddenly to conquer, or suddenly to fly. Such haste and velocity67 rather resembles fear. Patience and deliberation are more akin68 to intrepidity69.
Moreover a custom, practised indeed in other nations of Germany, yet very rarely and confined only to particulars more daring than the rest, prevails amongst the Cattans by universal consent. As soon as they arrive to maturity70 of years, they let their hair and beards continue to grow, nor till they have slain71 an enemy do they ever lay aside this form of countenance58 by vow72 sacred to valour. Over the blood and spoil of a foe73 they make bare their face. They allege74, that they have now acquitted75 themselves of the debt and duty contracted by their birth, and rendered themselves worthy76 of their country, worthy of their parents. Upon the spiritless, cowardly and unwarlike, such deformity of visage still remains. All the most brave likewise wear an iron ring (a mark of great dishonour77 this in that nation) and retain it as a chain; till by killing78 an enemy they become released. Many of the Cattans delight always to bear this terrible aspect; and, when grown white through age, become awful and conspicuous79 by such marks, both to the enemy and their own countrymen. By them in all engagements the first assault is made: of them the front of the battle is always composed, as men who in their looks are singular and tremendous. For even during peace they abate80 nothing in the grimness and horror of their countenance. They have no house to inhabit, no land to cultivate, nor any domestic charge or care. With whomsoever they come to sojourn81, by him they are maintained; always very prodigal82 of the substance of others, always despising what is their own, till the feebleness of old age overtakes them, and renders them unequal to the efforts of such rigid83 bravery.
Next to the Cattans, dwell the Usipians and Tencterians; upon the Rhine now running in a channel uniform and certain, such as suffices for a boundary. The Tencterians, besides their wonted glory in war, surpass in the service and discipline of their cavalry. Nor do the Cattans derive34 higher applause from their foot, than the Tencterians from their horse. Such was the order established by their forefathers84, and what their posterity85 still pursue. From riding and exercising of horse, their children borrow their pastimes; in this exercise the young men find matter for emulating86 one another, and in this the old men take pleasure to persevere87. Horses are by the father bequeathed as part of his household and family, horses are conveyed amongst the rights of succession, and as such the son receives them; but not the eldest88 son, like other effects, by priority of birth, but he who continues to be signal in boldness and superior in war.
Contiguous to the Tencterians formerly dwelt the Bructerians, in whose room it is said the Chamavians and Angrivarians are now settled; they who expulsed and almost extirpated89 the Bructerians, with the concurrence90 of the neighbouring nations: whether in detestation of their arrogance91, or allured92 by the love of spoil, or through the special favour of the Gods towards us Romans. They in truth even vouchsafed93 to gratify us with the sight of the battle. In it there fell above sixty thousand souls, without a blow struck by the Romans; but, what is a circumstance still more glorious, fell to furnish them with a spectacle of joy and recreation. May the Gods continue and perpetuate94 amongst these nations, if not any love for us, yet by all means this their animosity and hate towards each other: since whilst the destiny of the Empire thus urges it, fortune cannot more signally befriend us, than in sowing strife95 amongst our foes96.
The Angrivarians and Chamavians are enclosed behind, by the Dulgibinians and Chasuarians; and by other nations not so much noted97: before the Frisians face them. The country of Frisia is divided into two; called the greater and lesser98, according to the measure of their strength. Both nations stretch along the Rhine, quite to the ocean; and surround vast lakes such as once have born Roman fleets. We have moreover even ventured out from thence into the ocean, and upon its coasts common fame has reported the pillars of Hercules to be still standing99: whether it be that Hercules ever visited these parts, or that to his renowned100 name we are wont to ascribe whatever is grand and glorious everywhere. Neither did Drusus who made the attempt, want boldness to pursue it: but the roughness of the ocean withstood him, nor would suffer discoveries to be made about itself, no more than about Hercules. Thenceforward the enterprise was dropped: nay, more pious102 and reverential it seemed, to believe the marvellous feats103 of the Gods than to know and to prove them.
Hitherto, I have been describing Germany towards the west. To the northward104, it winds away with an immense compass. And first of all occurs the nation of the Chaucians; who though they begin immediately at the confines of the Frisians, and occupy part of the shore, extend so far as to border upon all the several people whom I have already recounted; till at last, by a Circuit, they reach quite to the boundaries of the Cattans. A region so vast, the Chaucians do not only possess but fill; a people of all the Germans the most noble, such as would rather maintain their grandeur105 by justice than violence. They live in repose, retired106 from broils107 abroad, void of avidity to possess more, free from a spirit of domineering over others. They provoke no wars, they ravage108 no countries, they pursue no plunder109. Of their bravery and power, the chief evidence arises from hence, that, without wronging or oppressing others, they are come to be superior to all. Yet they are all ready to arm, and if an exigency110 require, armies are presently raised, powerful and abounding112 as they are in men and horses; and even when they are quiet and their weapons laid aside, their credit and name continue equally high.
Along the side of the Chaucians and Cattans dwell the Cheruscans; a people who finding no enemy to rouse them, were enfeebled by a peace over lasting113 and uniform, but such as they failed not to nourish. A conduct which proved more pleasing than secure; since treacherous114 is that repose which you enjoy amongst neighbours that are very powerful and very fond of rule and mastership. When recourse is once had to the sword, modesty115 and fair dealing116 will be vainly pleaded by the weaker; names these which are always assumed by the stronger. Thus the Cheruscans, they who formerly bore the character of good and upright, are now called cowards and fools; and the fortune of the Cattans who subdued117 them, grew immediately to be wisdom. In the ruin of the Cheruscans, the Fosians, also their neighbours, were involved; and in their calamities118 bore an equal share, though in their prosperity they had been weaker and less considered.
In the same winding119 tract of Germany live the Cimbrians, close to the ocean; a community now very small, but great in fame. Nay, of their ancient renown101, many and extensive are the traces and monuments still remaining; even their entrenchments upon either shore, so vast in compass that from thence you may even now measure the greatness and numerous bands of that people, and assent120 to the account of an army so mighty121. It was on the six hundred and fortieth year of Rome, when of the arms of the Cimbrians the first mention was made, during the Consulship123 of Caecilius Metellus and Papirius Carbo. If from that time we count to the second Consulship of the Emperor Trajan, the interval124 comprehends near two hundred and ten years; so long have we been conquering Germany. In a course of time, so vast between these two periods, many have been the blows and disasters suffered on each side. In truth neither from the Samnites, nor from the Carthaginians, nor from both Spains, nor from all the nations of Gaul, have we received more frequent checks and alarms; nor even from the Parthians: for, more vigorous and invincible125 is the liberty of the Germans than the monarchy126 of the Arsacides. Indeed, what has the power of the East to allege to our dishonour; but the fall of Crassus, that power which was itself overthrown127 and abased128 by Ventidius, with the loss of the great King Pacorus bereft129 of his life? But by the Germans the Roman People have been bereft of five armies, all commanded by Consuls122; by the Germans, the commanders of these armies, Carbo, and Cassius, and Scaurus Aurelius, and Servilius Caepio, as also Marcus Manlius, were all routed or taken: by the Germans even the Emperor Augustus was bereft of Varus and three legions. Nor without difficulty and loss of men were they defeated by Caius Marius in Italy, or by the deified Julius in Gaul, or by Drusus or Tiberius or Germanicus in their native territories. Soon after, the mighty menaces of Caligula against them ended in mockery and derision. Thenceforward they continued quiet, till taking advantage of our domestic division and civil wars, they stormed and seized the winter entrenchments of the legions, and aimed at the dominion of Gaul; from whence they were once more expulsed, and in the times preceding the present, we gained a triumph over them rather than a victory.
I must now proceed to speak of the Suevians, who are not, like the Cattans and Tencterians, comprehended in a single people; but divided into several nations all bearing distinct names, though in general they are entitled Suevians, and occupy the larger share of Germany. This people are remarkable130 for a peculiar custom, that of twisting their hair and binding131 it up in a knot. It is thus the Suevians are distinguished from the other Germans, thus the free Suevians from their slaves. In other nations, whether from alliance of blood with the Suevians, or, as is usual from imitation, this practice is also found, yet rarely, and never exceeds the years of youth. The Suevians, even when their hair is white through age, continue to raise it backwards132 in a manner stern and staring; and often tie it upon the top of their head only. That of their Princes, is more accurately133 disposed, and so far they study to appear agreeable and comely134; but without any culpable135 intention. For by it, they mean not to make love or to incite136 it: they thus dress when proceeding137 to war, and deck their heads so as to add to their height and terror in the eyes of the enemy.
Of all the Suevians, the Semnones recount themselves to be the most ancient and most noble. The belief of their antiquity is confirmed by religious mysteries. At a stated time of the year, all the several people descended from the same stock, assemble by their deputies in a wood; consecrated138 by the idolatries of their forefathers, and by superstitious139 awe in times of old. There by publicly sacrificing a man, they begin the horrible solemnity of their barbarous worship. To this grove140 another sort of reverence141 is also paid. No one enters it otherwise than bound with ligatures, thence professing142 his subordination and meanness, and power of the Deity143 there. If he fall down, he is not permitted to rise or be raised, but grovels144 along upon the ground. And of all their superstition145, this is the drift and tendency; that from this place the nation drew their original, that here God, the supreme146 Governor of the world, resides, and that all things else whatsoever147 are subject to him and bound to obey him. The potent condition of the Semnones has increased their influence and authority, as they inhabit an hundred towns; and from the largeness of their community it comes, that they hold themselves for the head of the Suevians.
What on the contrary ennobles the Langobards is the smallness of their number, for that they, who are surrounded with very many and very powerful nations, derive their security from no obsequiousness148 or plying150; but from the dint151 of battle and adventurous deeds. There follow in order the Reudignians, and Aviones, and Angles, and Varinians, and Eudoses, and Suardones and Nuithones; all defended by rivers or forests. Nor in one of these nations does aught remarkable occur, only that they universally join in the worship of Herthum; that is to say, the Mother Earth. Her they believe to interpose in the affairs of men, and to visit countries. In an island of the ocean stands the wood Castum: in it is a chariot dedicated152 to the Goddess covered over with a curtain, and permitted to be touched by none but the Priest. Whenever the Goddess enters this her holy vehicle, he perceives her; and with profound veneration153 attends the motion of the chariot, which is always drawn154 by yoked155 cows. Then it is that days of rejoicing always ensue, and in all places whatsoever which she descends156 to honour with a visit and her company, feasts and recreation abound111. They go not to war; they touch no arms; fast laid up is every hostile weapon; peace and repose are then only known, then only beloved, till to the temple the same priest reconducts the Goddess when well tired with the conversation of mortal beings. Anon the chariot is washed and purified in a secret lake, as also the curtain; nay, the Deity herself too, if you choose to believe it. In this office it is slaves who minister, and they are forthwith doomed157 to be swallowed up in the same lake. Hence all men are possessed158 with mysterious terror; as well as with a holy ignorance what that must be, which none see but such as are immediately to perish. Moreover this quarter of the Suevians stretches to the middle of Germany.
The community next adjoining, is that of the Hermondurians; (that I may now follow the course of the Danube, as a little before I did that of the Rhine) a people this, faithful to the Romans. So that to them alone of all the Germans, commerce is permitted; not barely upon the bank of the Rhine, but more extensively, and even in that glorious colony in the province of Rhoetia. They travel everywhere at their own discretion159 and without a guard; and when to other nations, we show no more than our arms and encampments, to this people we throw open our houses and dwellings, as to men who have no longing50 to possess them. In the territories of the Hermondurians rises the Elbe, a river very famous and formerly well known to us; at present we only hear it named.
Close by the Hermondurians reside the Nariscans, and next to them the Marcomanians and Quadians. Amongst these the Marcomanians are most signal in force and renown; nay, their habitation itself they acquired by their bravery, as from thence they formerly expulsed the Boians. Nor do the Nariscans or Quadians degenerate160 in spirit. Now this is as it were the frontier of Germany, as far as Germany is washed by the Danube. To the times within our memory the Marcomanians and Quadians were governed by kings, who were natives of their own, descended from the noble line of Maroboduus and Tudrus. At present they are even subject to such as are foreigners. But the whole strength and sway of their king is derived from the authority of the Romans. From our arms, they rarely receive any aid; from our money very frequently.
Nor less powerful are the several people beyond them; namely, the Marsignians, the Gothinians, the Osians and the Burians, who altogether enclose the Marcomanians and Quadians behind. Of those, the Marsignians and the Burians in speech and dress resemble the Suevians. From the Gallic language spoken by the Gothinians, and from that of Pannonia by the Osians, it is manifest that neither of these people are Germans; as it is also from their bearing to pay tribute. Upon them as upon aliens their tribute is imposed, partly by the Sarmatians, partly by the Quadians. The Gothinians, to heighten their disgrace, are forced to labour in the iron mines. By all these several nations but little level country is possessed: they are seated amongst forests, and upon the ridges161 and declivities of mountains. For, Suevia is parted by a continual ridge162 of mountains; beyond which, live many distinct nations. Of these the Lygians are most numerous and extensive, and spread into several communities. It will suffice to mention the most puissant; even the Arians, Helvicones, Manimians; Elysians and Naharvalians. Amongst the Naharvalians is shown a grove, sacred to devotion extremely ancient. Over it a Priest presides apparelled like a woman; but according to the explication of the Romans, 'tis Castor and Pollux who are here worshipped. This Divinity is named Alcis. There are indeed no images here, no traces of an extraneous163 superstition; yet their devotion is addressed to young men and to brothers. Now the Arians, besides their forces, in which they surpass the several nations just recounted, are in their persons stern and truculent164; and even humour and improve their natural grimness and ferocity by art and time. They wear black shields, their bodies are painted black, they choose dark nights for engaging in battle; and by the very awe and ghastly hue165 of their army, strike the enemy with dread166, as none can bear this their aspect so surprising and as it were quite infernal. For, in all battles the eyes are vanquished167 first.
Beyond the Lygians dwell the Gothones, under the rule of a King; and thence held in subjection somewhat stricter than the other German nations, yet not so strict as to extinguish all their liberty. Immediately adjoining are the Rugians and Lemovians upon the coast of the ocean, and of these several nations the characteristics are a round shield, a short sword and kingly government. Next occur the communities of the Suiones, situated168 in the ocean itself; and besides their strength in men and arms, very powerful at sea. The form of their vessels169 varies thus far from ours, that they have prows170 at each end, so as to be always ready to row to shore without turning nor are they moved by sails, nor on their sides have benches of oars171 placed, but the rowers ply149 here and there in all parts of the ship alike, as in some rivers is done, and change their oars from place to place, just as they shift their course hither or thither172. To wealth also, amongst them, great veneration is paid, and thence a single ruler governs them, without all restriction173 of power, and exacting174 unlimited175 obedience176. Neither here, as amongst other nations of Germany, are arms used indifferently by all, but shut up and warded177 under the care of a particular keeper, who in truth too is always a slave: since from all sudden invasions and attacks from their foes, the ocean protects them: besides that armed bands, when they are not employed, grow easily debauched and tumultuous. The truth is, it suits not the interest of an arbitrary Prince, to trust the care and power of arms either with a nobleman or with a freeman, or indeed with any man above the condition of a slave.
Beyond the Suiones is another sea, one very heavy and almost void of agitation179; and by it the whole globe is thought to be bounded and environed, for that the reflection of the sun, after his setting, continues till his rising, so bright as to darken the stars. To this, popular opinion has added, that the tumult178 also of his emerging from the sea is heard, that forms divine are then seen, as likewise the rays about his head. Only thus far extend the limits of nature, if what fame says be true. Upon the right of the Suevian Sea the AEstyan nations reside, who use the same customs and attire180 with the Suevians; their language more resembles that of Britain. They worship the Mother of the Gods. As the characteristic of their national superstition, they wear the images of wild boars. This alone serves them for arms, this is the safeguard of all, and by this every worshipper of the goddess is secured even amidst his foes. Rare amongst them is the use of weapons of iron, but frequent that of clubs. In producing of grain and the other fruits of the earth, they labour with more assiduity and patience than is suitable to the usual laziness of Germans. Nay, they even search the deep, and of all the rest are the only people who gather amber181. They call it glasing, and find it amongst the shallows and upon the very shore. But, according to the ordinary incuriosity and ignorance of Barbarians182, they have neither learnt, nor do they inquire, what is its nature, or from what cause it is produced. In truth it lay long neglected amongst the other gross discharges of the sea; till from our luxury, it gained a name and value. To themselves it is of no use: they gather it rough, they expose it in pieces coarse and unpolished, and for it receive a price with wonder. You would however conceive it to be a liquor issuing from trees, for that in the transparent183 substance are often seen birds and other animals, such as at first stuck in the soft gum, and by it, as it hardened, became quite enclosed. I am apt to believe that, as in the recesses184 of the East are found woods and groves185 dropping frankincense and balms, so in the isles186 and continent of the West such gums are extracted by the force and proximity187 of the sun; at first liquid and flowing into the next sea, then thrown by the winds and waves upon the opposite shore. If you try the nature of amber by the application of fire, it kindles188 like a torch; and feeds a thick and unctuous189 flame very high scented190, and presently becomes glutinous191 like pitch or rosin.
Upon the Suiones, border the people Sitones; and, agreeing with them in all other things, differ from them in one, that here the sovereignty is exercised by a woman. So notoriously do they degenerate not only from a state of liberty, but even below a state of bondage. Here end the territories of the Suevians.
Whether amongst the Sarmatians or the Germans I ought to account the Peucinians, the Venedians, and the Fennians, is what I cannot determine; though the Peucinians, whom some call Basstarnians, speak the same language with the Germans, use the same attire, build like them, and live like them, in that dirtiness and sloth192 so common to all. Somewhat they are corrupted193 into the fashion of the Sarmatians by the inter-marriages of the principal sort with that nation: from whence the Venedians have derived very many of their customs and a great resemblance. For they are continually traversing and infesting194 with robberies all the forests and mountains lying between the Peucinians and Fennians. Yet they are rather reckoned amongst the Germans, for that they have fixed195 houses, and carry shields, and prefer travelling on foot, and excel in swiftness. Usages these, all widely differing from those of the Sarmatians, who live on horseback and dwell in waggons196. In wonderful savageness197 live the nation of the Fennians, and in beastly poverty, destitute199 of arms, of horses, and of homes; their food, the common herbs; their apparel, skins; their bed, the earth; their only hope in their arrows, which for want of iron they point with bones. Their common support they have from the chase, women as well as men; for with these the former wander up and down, and crave200 a portion of the prey201. Nor other shelter have they even for their babes, against the violence of tempests and ravening202 beasts, than to cover them with the branches of trees twisted together; this a reception for the old men, and hither resort the young. Such a condition they judge more happy than the painful occupation of cultivating the ground, than the labour of rearing houses, than the agitations203 of hope and fear attending the defence of their own property or the seizing that of others. Secure against the designs of men, secure against the malignity204 of the Gods, they have accomplished205 a thing of infinite difficulty; that to them nothing remains even to be wished.
What further accounts we have are fabulous206: as that the Hellusians and Oxiones have the countenances and aspect of men, with the bodies and limbs of savage198 beasts. This, as a thing about which I have no certain information, I shall leave untouched.
The End
The End
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javelins
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| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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dice
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| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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bondage
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| n.奴役，束缚 | |
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perseverance
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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subserviency
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| n.有用，裨益 | |
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inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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13
doom
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|
| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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14
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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15
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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16
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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17
usury
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| n.高利贷 | |
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18
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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19
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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20
orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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21
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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22
appellations
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| n.名称，称号( appellation的名词复数 ) | |
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23
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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24
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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25
contemn
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| v.蔑视 | |
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26
woe
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|
| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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27
puissant
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| adj.强有力的 | |
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28
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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29
monarchies
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|
| n. 君主政体, 君主国, 君主政治 | |
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30
remains
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|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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31
primitive
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|
| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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32
antiquity
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|
| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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33
derived
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|
| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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34
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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35
aspire
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| vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于 | |
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36
passionately
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|
| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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37
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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38
imputation
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|
| n.归罪，责难 | |
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39
Founder
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|
| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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40
formerly
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|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
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41
fidelity
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|
| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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42
feuds
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|
| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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43
dwellings
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|
| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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44
armour
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|
| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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45
homage
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|
| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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46
awe
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|
| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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47
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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48
inclination
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|
| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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49
vigour
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|
| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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50
longing
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|
| n.（for）渴望 | |
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51
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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52
marshy
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|
| adj.沼泽的 | |
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53
forsakes
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|
| 放弃( forsake的第三人称单数 )； 弃绝； 抛弃； 摒弃 | |
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54
distinguished
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|
| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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55
hardy
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|
| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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56
robust
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|
| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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57
countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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58
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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59
dignify
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| vt.使有尊严；使崇高；给增光 | |
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60
rebate
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|
| v./n.折扣，回扣，退款；vt.给...回扣，给...打折扣 | |
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61
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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62
entrench
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| v.使根深蒂固；n.壕沟；防御设施 | |
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63
wholesome
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|
| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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64
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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65
peculiar
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|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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66
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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67
velocity
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|
| n.速度，速率 | |
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68
akin
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|
| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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69
intrepidity
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|
| n.大胆，刚勇；大胆的行为 | |
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70
maturity
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|
| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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71
slain
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|
| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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72
vow
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|
| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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73
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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74
allege
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|
| vt.宣称，申述，主张，断言 | |
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75
acquitted
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|
| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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76
worthy
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|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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77
dishonour
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|
| n./vt.拒付（支票、汇票、票据等）；vt.凌辱，使丢脸；n.不名誉，耻辱，不光彩 | |
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78
killing
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|
| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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79
conspicuous
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|
| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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80
abate
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|
| vi.(风势，疼痛等)减弱，减轻，减退 | |
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81
sojourn
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|
| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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82
prodigal
|
|
| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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83
rigid
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|
| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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84
forefathers
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|
| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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85
posterity
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|
| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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86
emulating
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|
| v.与…竞争( emulate的现在分词 )；努力赶上；计算机程序等仿真；模仿 | |
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87
persevere
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|
| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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88
eldest
|
|
| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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89
extirpated
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|
| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
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90
concurrence
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|
| n.同意；并发 | |
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91
arrogance
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|
| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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92
allured
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|
| 诱引，吸引( allure的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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93
vouchsafed
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|
| v.给予，赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 )；允诺 | |
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94
perpetuate
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|
| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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95
strife
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|
| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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96
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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97
noted
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|
| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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98
lesser
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|
| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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99
standing
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|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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100
renowned
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|
| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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101
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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102
pious
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|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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103
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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104
northward
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|
| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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105
grandeur
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|
| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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106
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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107
broils
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|
| v.（用火）烤（焙、炙等）( broil的第三人称单数 )；使卷入争吵；使混乱；被烤（或炙） | |
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108
ravage
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|
| vt.使...荒废，破坏...；n.破坏，掠夺，荒废 | |
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109
plunder
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|
| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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110
exigency
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|
| n.紧急；迫切需要 | |
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111
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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112
abounding
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|
| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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113
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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114
treacherous
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|
| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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115
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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116
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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117
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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118
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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119
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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120
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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121
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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122
consuls
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| 领事( consul的名词复数 )； （古罗马共和国时期）执政官 （古罗马共和国及其军队的最高首长，同时共有两位，每年选举一次） | |
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123
consulship
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| 领事的职位或任期 | |
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124
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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125
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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126
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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127
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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128
abased
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|
| 使谦卑( abase的过去式和过去分词 )； 使感到羞耻； 使降低（地位、身份等）； 降下 | |
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129
bereft
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| adj.被剥夺的 | |
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130
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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131
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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132
backwards
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|
| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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133
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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134
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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135
culpable
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|
| adj.有罪的，该受谴责的 | |
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136
incite
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| v.引起，激动，煽动 | |
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137
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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138
consecrated
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|
| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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139
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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140
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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141
reverence
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|
| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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142
professing
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|
| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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143
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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144
grovels
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| v.卑躬屈节，奴颜婢膝( grovel的第三人称单数 )；趴 | |
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145
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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148
obsequiousness
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| 媚骨 | |
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149
ply
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| v.(搬运工等)等候顾客，弯曲 | |
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150
plying
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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151
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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152
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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153
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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154
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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155
yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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156
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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157
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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158
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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159
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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161
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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162
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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163
extraneous
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| adj.体外的；外来的；外部的 | |
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164
truculent
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| adj.野蛮的，粗野的 | |
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165
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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166
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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167
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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168
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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169
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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170
prows
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| n.船首( prow的名词复数 ) | |
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171
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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172
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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173
restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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174
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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175
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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176
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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177
warded
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| 有锁孔的，有钥匙榫槽的 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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179
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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180
attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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181
amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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182
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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183
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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184
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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185
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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186
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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187
proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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188
kindles
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的第三人称单数 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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189
unctuous
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| adj.油腔滑调的，大胆的 | |
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190
scented
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| adj.有香味的；洒香水的；有气味的v.嗅到(scent的过去分词) | |
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191
glutinous
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| adj.粘的，胶状的 | |
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192
sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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193
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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194
infesting
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| v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的现在分词 )；遍布于 | |
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195
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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196
waggons
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| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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197
savageness
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| 天然，野蛮 | |
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198
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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199
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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200
crave
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| vt.渴望得到，迫切需要，恳求，请求 | |
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201
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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202
ravening
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| a.贪婪而饥饿的 | |
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203
agitations
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| （液体等的）摇动( agitation的名词复数 )； 鼓动； 激烈争论； （情绪等的）纷乱 | |
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204
malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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205
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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206
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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