Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his life for his friend.
On the 5th day of October, 1838, word came to the Prophet of the bombardment of the town of De Witt, in Carroll County, by a mob army with muskets5 and artillery6. The ravenous7 wretches8, many of whom had been in the militia9 companies of Atchison, Doniphan and Parks, foiled for the moment in Daviess and Caldwell Counties, had concentrated upon the more remote and defenseless places for the purpose of plundering10 the Saints and driving them forth11. As soon as Joseph heard the news he hastened to the scene of conflict. The rage of the mob naturally fell against him more heavily than against anyone else; but it was his nature always to be where danger threatened his brethren.
It was on the 2nd of October that the mob, under the leadership of Dr. Austin, Major Ashley, a member of the legislature, and Sashiel Woods, a Presbyterian clergyman, fired first upon the town of De Witt. They continued during that day and the next, when they were reinforced by two companies of militia under the command of Captains Bogart and Houston, who were soon followed by Brigadier-General Parks. It is not wrong to speak of these troops as a reinforcement of the mob. They were nothing else. Bogart was a Methodist preacher by profession, and only led the company of militia to De Witt for the purpose of wreaking12 the sectarian vengeance13 of a bigot upon the Saints. Parks himself confessed that Bogart's men would not be controlled and were with the mob in feeling; and this was the General's excuse for allowing the outrages15 of this time to go unchecked. On the 4th of October, after forty-eight hours of siege, the people of the town, in command of Colonel Hinkle, returned the fire. Parks made no effort to check the mob's plan of organized murder. On the 6th he coolly wrote in his report to Atchison, as follows:
The Mormons are at this time too strong and no attack is expected before Wednesday or Thursday next, at which time Dr. Austin [who with Bogart was leader of the mob] hopes his forces will amount to five hundred men, when he will make a second attempt on the town of De Witt, with small arms and cannon16. In this posture17 of affairs I can do nothing but negotiate between the parties until further aid is sent me.
Evidently in this posture of affairs Parks wanted to do nothing. The "Mormons" were too strong. He would wait until Austin's rabble18 increased to five hundred, and by that time he hoped to have more companies of militia, which in turn would swell19 the ranks of the plundering besiegers. Parks' conduct indicates his utter lack of conscience; because in the same letter he says: "As yet they, the Mormons, have acted only on the defensive20 as far as I can learn."
General Lucas had been an observer of the gathering21 at De Witt and had been informed that a fight had taken place there, in which several persons were killed. Upon this he wrote to the Governor that if his information was true it would create excitement in the whole of Upper Missouri, "and those base and degraded beings will be exterminated22 from the face of the earth." He added that if one of the citizens of Carroll should be killed, before five days there would be raised against the "Mormons" five thousand volunteers whom nothing but blood would satisfy. Without attempting to suggest a remedy to Boggs, this cruel and sanguinary Lucas significantly informs his Excellency that his troops of the fourth division were only dismissed subject to further order and could be called into the field at an hour's warning. He wanted to share in the work of extermination23!
These events had happened before the Prophet reached De Witt. It was a trying journey, in which he had been obliged to travel by unfrequented roads and had put his life in constant jeopardy24 because mobs guarded every ingress to the town. When Joseph entered the place he found the brethren only a handful in comparison to their assailants. Their provisions were exhausted25, and there was no prospect26 of obtaining more. The Prophet concluded to send a message to the Governor and secured the services of several influential27 and honest gentlemen who lived in that vicinity and who had been witnesses of the wanton attack upon the Saints. These men were bold as well as honest for they made affidavit28 of the outrages which had been perpetrated within their sight, and they accompanied the supplication29 for redress30 to the executive office. The answer of the men who had been chosen by the suffrages31 of his fellow-citizens as the chief officer of the state, sworn to uphold its honor, protect its dignity and maintain the supremacy32 of its laws, was only this:
The quarrel is between the Mormons and the mob, and they may fight it out.
Joseph's presence was a solace33 and a sustaining power to the Saints. He animated34 them by the courage of his presence and taught them patience by his own tenacity35 of endurance. He was not there as a warrior36; he did not bear arms; and yet he was a tower of strength to his brethren.
Mobs were gathering in from Ray, Saline, Howard, Livingston, Clinton, Clay, Platte and other parts of the state to reinforce the besiegers. For the combined assailants a man named Jackson was chosen as the leader. The Saints were forbidden to leave the town under penalty of death. It was the purpose to starve them, since even this large crowd of mobbers, outnumbering the Saints ten to one, feared to risk a hand to hand contest. Fires were set to some of the houses; the cattle were stolen and roasted; the horses were driven off; while the mob made merry in feasting within sight of the starving people whom they had plundered37.
Joseph directed applications for protection to the judges of the circuit court and in other quarters but without avail; for where aid was given, it consisted of men willing to join and abet38 the mobs and to share in the spoils. In the town, men were perishing for want of food; women and children cried for bread. There was no hope of earthly succor39.
In this crisis, Henry Root and David Thomas, two men who had been the sole cause of the settlement at De Witt, solicited40 the Saints to leave the place, claiming that they had assurance from the besiegers that, in such case, no further attack would be made and all the losses would be paid. Yielding to a necessity the Saints agreed to this proposition. A committee of appraisement41 was appointed from men not connected with the Saints. They placed a meagre value on the bare land, and said nothing about the houses and other improvements which were still standing42 or had been destroyed by the mob, and nothing about the stock and the vehicles which had been run off. It was, however, an unnecessary economy of valuation; because the price, meagre as it was, has never been paid.
On the 11th day of October, 1838, the Prophet and the Saints vacated De Witt and started for Caldwell with the small remnants of their possessions which they could gather and hope to convey. They were harassed43 continually on the journey by the mob which, in violation44 of its pledge, fired upon the retreating people. Among the exiles men died from fatigue45 and starvation—for the journey was greatly hurried because of the mobocratic threats; and one poor woman, who had given birth to a child on the very eve of the banishment46, died on the journey and was buried in a grave without a coffin47.
The experience at De Witt and on the journey from that place to Far West taught the Prophet and the Saints anew that they had no hope of protection, no hope of redress, while they remained in Missouri; and no hope that if they attempted to leave they would not be set upon and massacred by the blood-thirsty mob. Nothing was left them but to organize in some fashion for self defense, as they came fleeing into Far West from all the surrounding country, leaving their worldly all and glad to escape with their lives.
The tiger spirit of the mob had grown upon its food. As the brethren left De Witt, Sashiel Woods called many of the mobocrats together and invited them to hasten into Daviess County to continue their work there. He said that the land sales were coming on, and that if the "Mormons" could be first driven out the mob could get all the land entitled to preemption; besides, they could get back without pay the property already bought from them by the Saints. It was a welcome invitation, and, taking their artillery, this horde48, with appetites whetted49 for their base and cruel work, departed for Adam-ondi-Ahman.
Other mobs were raised in other parts to join in this general movement for rapine, among the rabble being a man named Cornelius Gilliam who called himself Delaware Chief, with a party of miscreants50 painted to represent Indians.
When the Prophet arrived in Far West from De Witt, on the 12th day of October, General Doniphan informed him that a mob of eight hundred men was marching against the people in Daviess County. A small party of militia had been on the way and might have intercepted51 the rabble; but Doniphan ordered them back, knowing well that instead of hindering they would join the mob. He said: "They are damned rotten-hearted."
Pursuant to an order made by General Doniphan a company of militia was raised in the county of Caldwell to act under Colonel Hinkle and to proceed to Adam-ondi-Ahman for the protection of that place. Joseph went with the militia to give counsel to his friends, risking his own life again, and taking with him many who were willing to stand with him in martyrdom if need were.
At Adam-ondi-Ahman the scenes of De Witt were repeated. Houses were burned, cattle were run off, women and children were driven out and exposed to a terrible storm which prevailed on the 17th and 18th of October. In many cases people in ill health were torn from their beds and were refused time to secure comfortable clothing in which to make their flight. Among the fugitives53 was Agnes Smith, the wife of the Prophet's brother, Don Carlos, who was absent on a mission to Tennessee. Her house had been burned by the mob, her property seized, and she had fled three miles, wading54 Grand River and carrying all the way two helpless babes in her arms—glad to escape death and outrage14.
Joseph's soul rose in arms at these crimes. The sacrifice had been sufficient. Every possible appeal had been made and denied. Henceforth the Saints must protect themselves, and God arm the right! It was this resolve alone which saved the remaining element of the Church that finally escaped from Missouri. At Adam-ondi-Ahman the mob intended to make a work of extermination; but after the arrival of the troops there, promises were demanded and secured from General Parks for the organization of a militia company to resist the attack and quell55 the mob. The force was immediately raised and placed under the command of Colonel Lyman Wight who held a commission in the fifty-ninth regiment56 under General Parks. These troops went out with a determination to drive the mob or die. They no longer fought in the state of Missouri for their rights as American citizens; that day had passed. They fought for life, for home, and for that which was dearer than all, the honor and safety of their wives and daughters who had been threatened with ravishment.
A remembrance of the day at Gallatin, when twelve had put one hundred and fifty to flight, suddenly came upon the mob as they saw the advancing forces of the Saints; and they fled. But fleeing, they resorted to stratagem57. They removed everything of value from some of their own old log cabins and then set fire to these structures, afterwards spreading abroad through all the country the declaration that the "Mormons" had plundered and burned the mansions58 of law-abiding citizens.
An incident of this period shows the Prophet's calmness and self-command in the face of danger, as well as the influence of his presence even upon sworn enemies.
He was sitting in his father's house near the edge of the prairie one day, writing letters, when a large party of armed mobocrats called at the place. Lucy Smith, the Prophet's mother, demanded their business, and they replied that they were on the way to kill "Joseph, the Mormon Prophet." His mother remonstrated59 with them; and Joseph, having finished his writing and hearing the threats against himself, walked to the door and stood before them with folded arms, bared head and such a look of majesty60 in his eyes that they quailed61 before him. Though they were unacquainted with his identity, they knew they were in the presence of greatness; and when his mother introduced him as the man they sought, they started as if they had seen a spectre.
The Prophet invited the leaders into the house, and without alluding62 to their purpose of murder, he talked to them earnestly with regard to the persecutions against the Saints. When he concluded, so deeply had they been impressed, that they insisted upon giving him an escort to protect him to his home.
As they departed, one of the mob leaders said to another:
Didn't you feel strange when Smith took you by the hand?
And his companion replied:
I could not move. I would not harm a hair of that man's head for the whole world.
It was always so when men would listen to Joseph long enough to let the Spirit which animated him assert itself to their reason.
The extent of the unhallowed league against the Saints is shown by the fact that not even the United States mails were safe during this period, for every post was plundered and all letters addressed to the Prophet were opened.
Unable to bear the pressure and to face the terrors of the time, Thomas B. Marsh had apostatized and had joined with McLellin and other evil men to act the part of Judas against the Prophet. The faith of others also failed, and, thinking by apostasy to save themselves from the destruction which seemed impending63, they came out against Joseph and the Church and went over to their enemies.
On the 24th of October, eight armed mobbers plundered a house some little distance from Far West and took three of the brethren prisoners, namely, Nathan Pinkham, William Seely and Addison Green. With much exultation64, these brigands65 declared their intention to murder their prisoners that night. Learning of this awful boast, the judge of the county instructed Colonel Hinkle to send out a company to rescue the men and disperse66 their captors. Seventy-five of the militia, under command of David W. Patten, were directed by Hinkle to fulfil this order. In departing, Captain Patten announced his hope to rescue his unoffending brethren without shedding any blood and to bring them back to Far West. Fifty men of this company marched to the ford67 on Crooked68 River, where they came upon an ambuscade of the mob, who fired upon them, mortally wounding a young man named O'Banion. Captain Patten ordered a charge upon the enemy, at the same time shouting the watchword, "Our God and liberty!" The concealed69 mobocrats fired as the company rushed down upon them. A musket4 ball pierced the bowels70 of David W. Patten, fatally wounding him. At the same fire a shower of bullets struck Gideon Carter, who fell to the ground to die after a few moments of agony. So defaced was Carter by his many wounds, that later, when his brethren were gathering up their dead and wounded, they failed to recognize his body. Several others among the brethren were wounded. The others, even after the fall of their leader, dashed on in pursuit and put the mob to flight. The prisoners were rescued, but one of them was shot by the mob during the engagement. From them it was learned that Bogart had commanded the marauders and that his forces had been greater than those of the attacking party.
When the affray was over, David W. Patten—still alive, but gasping71 in mortal extremity—was lifted up by his brethren, and they carried him tenderly to his home.
A courier brought the news to Far West, and Joseph and Hyrum went out to meet the sorrowful cavalcade72. Several were with Apostle Patten when he died that night, in the triumph of the faith. He had fulfilled his covenant73 to yield life rather than to yield the right. As he was departing, he spoke74 with holy exultation of the eternity75 opening to his view, and with sorrow of those traitorous76 Apostles and Elders who had forsaken77 the Saints to save their own lives and property. One of his last expressions to his wife was:
WHATEVER YOU DO ELSE, OH, DO NOT DENY THE FAITH.
Thus perished the first apostolic martyr52 to the cause of Christ in this dispensation. How much better his fate than that of the Judases who helped to bring him to his death!
At the funeral, Joseph stood in the presence of the assemblage, and, pointing at the noble form marred78 by the assassin's bullet, testified:
There lies a man who has fulfilled his word: he has laid down his life for his friends.
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收听单词发音
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1
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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apostasy
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| n.背教，脱党 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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8
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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10
plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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wreaking
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| 诉诸（武力），施行（暴力），发（脾气）( wreak的现在分词 ) | |
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13
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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15
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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17
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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18
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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19
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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20
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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22
exterminated
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| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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23
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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jeopardy
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| n.危险；危难 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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affidavit
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| n.宣誓书 | |
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supplication
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| n.恳求，祈愿，哀求 | |
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30
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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31
suffrages
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| （政治性选举的）选举权，投票权( suffrage的名词复数 ) | |
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32
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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33
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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36
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abet
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| v.教唆，鼓励帮助 | |
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succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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40
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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41
appraisement
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| n.评价，估价；估值 | |
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42
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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43
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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44
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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46
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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48
horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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49
whetted
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| v.（在石头上）磨（刀、斧等）( whet的过去式和过去分词 )；引起，刺激（食欲、欲望、兴趣等） | |
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50
miscreants
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| n.恶棍，歹徒( miscreant的名词复数 ) | |
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51
intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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52
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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53
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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54
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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55
quell
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| v.压制，平息，减轻 | |
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56
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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mansions
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| n.宅第，公馆，大厦( mansion的名词复数 ) | |
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59
remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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60
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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61
quailed
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| 害怕，发抖，畏缩( quail的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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62
alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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brigands
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| n.土匪，强盗( brigand的名词复数 ) | |
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66
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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67
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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68
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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69
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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70
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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71
gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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73
covenant
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| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
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74
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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75
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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traitorous
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| adj. 叛国的, 不忠的, 背信弃义的 | |
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Forsaken
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| adj. 被遗忘的, 被抛弃的 动词forsake的过去分词 | |
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marred
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| adj. 被损毁, 污损的 | |
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