At bottom, night terrors are almost identical with the nightmares of adult years. They are, to put it precisely7, juvenile8 nightmares, with the added feature of profound disturbance9 in the waking state. The one real point of difference between night terrors and nightmares is that the former indicate a greater degree of nervous strain. The child who is a victim of night terrors generally has an hour or so of quiet sleep after going to bed. Then he wakes, shrieking10 for his mother. When the parents, alarmed, rush to his room, they are likely to find him out of bed, crouching12 behind a chair, or in the corner. His eyes are staring and full of horror. He seems not to recognise his parents, though he will eagerly clutch at them for protection. After a few minutes the attack passes off, he quiets down, returns to bed, and sleeps[273] soundly until morning, when, as a rule, he has no conscious remembrance of his fears of the night before.
While the night terror is at its height the child may have ghastly hallucinations, representing a continuance in the waking state of the dream-images that have distressed13 him. Also, instead of leaping out of bed, he may merely sit up, or may find it impossible to move at all, as is the case with many adults when coming out of a nightmare. A Chicago physician, describing his experiences as a child, relates:
"When I was five years of age, and during the sixth year, I suffered from nightmare. I sat up in bed and fancied I saw a monkey come down the chimney and fasten itself to my shoulder and bite me, and terrify me so that I would scream out. My older sister would then come, wake me up thoroughly14, and satisfy me that it was but a vision.
"Other nights I would feel a sense of oppression, ringing in ears, a sensation of perceiving something[274] very small, which, gradually at first, and then rapidly, assumed enormous proportions and vast whirling speed, and which, I imagined, whirled me off with it—a buzzing in my ears, probably. Then would I feel that animals—rats—would creep over me and press heavily upon me, and I could neither move hand nor foot, nor speak."
The reference to the buzzing in the ears is typical of the attitude that until lately has been taken by almost all physicians in respect both to adult and to juvenile nightmares. For that matter, it still is the attitude of those physicians who are not familiar with the findings of medical psychology. Nightmare to them, whether in the old or in the young, is altogether a question of physical causation. As they see it, one need not look beyond bodily conditions of some sort to understand the nightmares of adults and the night terrors of children. Accordingly, treatment by sedatives15, dieting, and hygienic measures has been the rule. Unfortunately, this by no means always succeeds in bringing about the desired result,[275] although such measures undoubtedly16 do benefit the general health.
Seemingly, to be sure, they are especially successful in the case of night terrors. But it is significant that, even if left untreated, night terrors seldom persist beyond the period of childhood. Then, however, those who have had them show a tendency, in many cases, to be troubled by unpleasant dreams, often taking on the character of most distressing18 nightmares. The frequency of these may, or may not, be diminished by the usual treatment of a dietetic sort. On the other hand, observation has shown that many persons afflicted19 with the indigestion and other physical conditions commonly held responsible for nightmares are not troubled by nightmare at all. As one observer puts it, even a person whose stomach is half destroyed by cancer may commit all sorts of dietary indiscretions and not suffer from nightmare in the slightest.
Evidently, then, physical conditions do not of themselves account for nightmares and night terrors.[276] One must look elsewhere for their ultimate cause. This is what the medical psychologists have done, and, doing this, they have discovered that the children who are troubled by night terrors are always children of a sensitive nervous organisation20 who have been subjected to emotional stress. A child may be nervously21 highstrung, yet entirely22 escape night terrors, provided his mind be kept free from emotional upheavals23. But let anything occur to disturb him emotionally in an excessive degree and he at once becomes likely to suffer, not only from night terrors, but also—as it has been a prime purpose of this book to impress convincingly on every reader—from nervous affections of a more serious kind. He may even have "day terrors," seeing imaginary and terrifying objects as vividly24 as the child who wakes in panic from a distressing dream.
For example, a boy of eight was sent to the Washington neurologist, Doctor T. A. Williams, to be treated for general nervousness, and, in particular, for a tendency "to see things where there is really[277] nothing to be seen." Doctor Williams found the boy to be so nervous that it was hard for him to sit still and to keep from wriggling25 excitedly about in his chair. Questioned as to his hallucinations, he said that these were mostly of a snake. He could not describe the imaginary snake, except to say that its head was like an eel's. It seemed to come from nowhere, and presented itself to his astonished gaze with a suddenness that caused him to scream and run. His father gave Doctor Williams the additional information that these hallucinations were experienced only when the boy was alone, and that, though his day terrors were not followed by night terrors, he would not go to bed unless some one were in the room with him.
Questioning his little patient more closely, Doctor Williams next learned that he had a veritable horror of being alone at any time. As long as somebody was in sight, he could enjoy his games, and would readily run errands. Left alone, the imaginary snake, or some hallucinatory wild beast, was almost[278] at once seen by him. Further inquiry26 brought out the significant fact that this fear of solitude27 had actually been implanted in the boy by over-anxiety on his mother's part.
His horror of being alone was paralleled by her dread28 of having him out of her sight. She was continually thinking, and talking, of risks he would incur29 if he were allowed to be by himself. In this way she had unconsciously infected him with a "fixed30 idea" that something dreadful was sure to happen to him unless older persons were at hand to protect him. This fixed idea preying31 on his unusually impressionable mind, and keeping him in a constant state of emotional strain, was the decisive factor in the production of his day terrors. In proof whereof it need only be added that his hallucinations and general nervousness ceased to trouble him soon after corrective training was begun, supplemented by treatment by "suggestion" to rid him of the abnormal fear of being alone.
Fortunately, though I might detail a number of[279] other cases of day terrors, this affliction is of rare occurrence, compared with night terrors. And, from the point of view of the medical psychologist, it is only to be expected that such should be the case. As explained by Doctor Williams, in a passage which gives a clear idea of the mechanism33 of night terrors:
"If I say to a small boy that a bear will eat him up, the effect upon his emotions entirely differs, whether I make the remark with portentous34 gravity and horror, or whether I say it with bubbling joviality35 as, evidently, a huge joke. In the first eventuality, the boy will rush to my side in terror and try to be saved from the bear, and a phobia is in course of construction; with the latter proceeding36, the boy will laugh consumedly, and it would not take much to make him enter the cage and strike the bear. But, even when terrified, a child feels a refuge in the protection of his elders during the day, when they are rarely absent....
"At night, however, the child is alone, and his little consciousness cannot find the support of others.[280] Before the kaleidoscope of his dreams pass the various images and accompanying emotions of his waking life, so that if any of these images has become linked with fear it is certain to bring with it terror, as it surges into dream in the night, and the child jumps up, awakened37, in panic, finding no one near, upon whom to lean."[17]
In many a case of night terrors, no great psychological skill is required to detect the influence of emotional stress as the prime factor in causing the alarming attacks. In one instance that has come to my knowledge, a seven-year-old girl was brought to a physician, with a history of both night and day terrors. She was subject, her mother said, to attacks of loud screaming, during which she seemed dazed and in an agony of fear. The attacks sometimes lasted ten minutes, and immediately afterwards the girl generally fell into a heavy sleep. Her night terrors were of the usual sort, except that on the occasion of the first attack she was in such a panic[281] that she opened her bedroom window and threw herself out of it. Luckily, it was early evening, and her mother, walking in the garden beneath her window, was able to catch her and save her from harm.
"She had gone to bed as usual," the mother said, in detailing this episode, "and seemed to be quite well, though I remember I thought she looked a little wild about the eyes. For an hour she slept quietly. Then, as I later learned, she woke up moaning, jumped out of bed, and made for the window."
"And," asked the physician to whom the child had been taken, "had anything out of the way occurred to her that day?"
"Nothing."
"Are you sure of that?"
"Well, nothing of real account, at all events. I have been told that somebody jokingly said to her that if she were not a good girl a black man would come to her room and carry her off. But this did not seem to disturb her much at the time."
Hereupon, the situation became clear to the physician.[282] It was evident that, subconsciously39 if not consciously, the thought of the supposed danger, acting40 on a mind none too well organised by inheritance—there was epilepsy in the family—had acquired sufficient force to bring on the attack of nocturnal panic and the subsequent attacks of day and night terrors. Probably, moreover, this was not the first time that statements of a fear-inspiring character had been made to the child, so that this last "joke" might well serve to agitate41 her excessively.
Compare with this the case of a four-year-old boy, whose night terrors were accompanied by a strange hallucination that he saw the devil, and that the devil was trying to catch him. Every night for several weeks he would wake after one or two hours of sleep, would leap from bed with a shriek11, and run wildly around the room, calling on his mother to save him and to drive the devil out of the house.
Impressed by the recurrence42 of this hallucination, the physician in charge of the case questioned the boy's mother as to a possible explanation for his[283] believing the devil was chasing him. Reluctantly, the mother confessed that one day when her little son had been unruly she had warned him that if he did not behave the devil would come for him. It was the night after she had thus foolishly threatened him that he had his first attack of pavor nocturnus. Armed with this knowledge, the physician began a course of treatment which effected a cure in a week. It properly included tonics43 and dieting to overcome the indigestion and other physical ailments44 caused by the strain of nervous excitement. But its principal feature was treatment by suggestion, to dislodge from the boy's mind his morbid46 fear of the devil.
Anything which causes the instinct of fear to function abnormally may act with decisive force in bringing on night terrors. The telling of ghost stories and other gruesome tales of the supernatural has been productive of much harm in this respect. And, as brought out in the preceding chapter, cases of night terrors have similarly been traced to the hearing or[284] reading by children of fairy tales containing elements of the horrible. The child that is supersensitive may be so impressed by these elements as to brood over them and, in waking reverie, apply them to himself. Thus they get fixed in the mind, to disturb and alarm it, and, eventually, to find expression in dreams of so unpleasant a character that night terrors may be a result.
With the night terrors left untreated psychologically, subsequent nervous ailments, perhaps lifelong invalidism47, may further penalise the hapless victim of parental49 thoughtlessness. I am reminded of a certain patient of Doctor Sidis's, a woman afflicted with neurotic50 ills up to the age of sixty, and, when she first consulted the New England specialist, displaying a most complicated set of disease symptoms. She had kidney trouble, stomach trouble, frequent headaches, insomnia51, and general nervousness. In especial, she suffered from an obsessive52 fear of becoming insane. This fear, at times, was so extreme that she would walk up and down her room night[285] after night, "like an animal in a cage," to use Doctor Sidis's expressive53 phrase. Repeated examinations by different physicians had failed to bring to light any evidences of organic disease of stomach, kidneys, or brain, and a diagnosis54 of hysteria had finally been made. Consequently, it became Doctor Sidis's special task to endeavour to get at these latent memory-images that had acted with disintegrative55 power on the mental and bodily processes, recall them to conscious remembrance, and, by suggestive treatment, rob them of their disease-producing potency56.
Step by step, by a method of psychological analysis of his own invention, he took his patient back through her life history. He found that, in middle life, she had had several distressing experiences, but none of them adequate to account for her hysteria. Always, there remained an obscure element which did not become clearly outlined until, in the course of the analysis, childhood memories began to emerge. Then it appeared that there had been a period of night[286] terrors, the source of which was definitely traced to a shock experienced at the age of five. At that age, through some mischance, the patient had been allowed to spend some time with an insane woman who was in a maniacal57 state.
Of a sensitive nervous organisation to begin with, she was overwhelmed by this experience. She could not get the image of the insane woman out of her mind, and the fearful thought kept coming again and again to her, "Do little girls ever go insane?" Then followed the night terrors, to be "outgrown" in due course. But the analysis revealed that, though the memory of her experience with the insane woman had gradually faded from conscious recollection, it had never been subconsciously forgotten. Even now, fifty-five years later, she still saw this woman in her dreams. It was the baneful58 influence of this shock that had given rise to her obsessive fear of insanity59 and had prepared the ground for the condition of abnormal suggestibility making possible the hysterical60 imitation of organic kidney and[287] stomach disease. As was proved by the outcome of Doctor Sidis's psychotherapeutic treatment.
Now the question comes: If night terrors are so portentous a danger-signal, how prevent the development of the mentally disturbed and nervously strained condition which they indicate? This question has, perhaps, been sufficiently61 answered in previous chapters. Here I would simply reaffirm that emotional control is the great object to be kept steadily62 in view. It is, indeed, significant that night terrors are most likely to appear in children having a nervous, excitable father or mother. The emotionality, the chronic63 worrying and anxiety of the parent infect the child by the power of psychic64 contagion65 and make him fall an easy prey32 to any disquieting66 experience.
And if, despite well-ordered moral training and the benign67 influence of a good parental example, the child shows a tendency to develop night terrors—what then? Well, here is how one psychologically enlightened parent nipped in the bud a fear-bred[288] condition that might have resulted in night terrors or in some specific nervous ailment45 of the waking life:
"For several weeks my boy, three and a half years old, had been visiting the zo?logical garden every afternoon, in the company of a French maid of exceptionally forceful character, and apparently68 free from the superstitiousness69 of the average nurse. For a long time all went well, until one evening the boy began to cry soon after he was left for the night. At this unusual occurrence, I mounted the stairs and inquired the cause of the boy's trouble.
"He said there were lions in the house and that he did not want to stay alone, as he was afraid they would eat him. The source of the idea had been that the lions had roared more loudly than usual on that particular afternoon, and he had been much impressed, standing70 for some time quite motionless before the cage, though terrified. I soon convinced the boy that the lions had to remain in their cages, and could not get out; hence, there were none in the[289] house, so that there was no occasion to fear. Of course, it was first necessary to give him the feeling of security gained by embracing me; and, secondly71, to begin the conversation by talking of something else—I have forgotten what.
"In this way the state of terror was dismissed, and the feeling of protection was induced before we returned to the subject of the lions. Then we made rather a joke of the funny roaring of the lions before we had finished, and he finally lay down, with the solemn purpose to go to sleep and think, as I suggested, of the tramcars and motors passing outside his open window. It was all very simple substitution, but it was the prevention of what might have become a serious fear-psychosis if injudiciously handled."[18]
It should be added that special need for training in emotional control is indicated if a child begins to be troubled, not by night terrors, but by another and more common childhood malady—somnambulism.[290] The child who talks or walks in his sleep, like the child attacked by night terrors, is, for some reason, nervously unstrung; and, it may confidently be said, is usually unstrung because of the presence in his mind of disquieting ideas, conscious or subconscious38. On this account, the parent should not be satisfied with the measures ordinarily employed in dealing72 with both night terrors and somnambulism—the prescribing of tonics and sedatives, outdoor exercise, abstinence from tea and coffee, reduction in meat in the diet, and so forth73. Undeniably, these measures often result in a complete cessation of the nocturnal symptoms. But, even if, as a result of medication, exercise, and dieting, the disquieting ideas causing the symptoms no longer manifest their presence by the attacks that have alarmed the parents, these ideas still are left in the mind, perchance to cause still more alarming symptoms later. Accordingly, the really prudent74 parent, besides dieting his child, will endeavour to get at the mental source of trouble.
[291]
Sometimes he can do this by closely observing the behaviour of the child in his waking moments, and the trend of his waking thoughts. Or he can do it by gaining the child's confidence and questioning him as to any fears, worries, or griefs that may be disturbing him. If, as will often happen, the child insists, it may be in all sincerity75, that nothing is troubling him, there is yet another avenue of information open to the parent—namely, by questioning the child about his dreams. Through studying his dreams, in fact, it is possible to gain clearer insight into his mental life than perhaps by any other means.
Again and again, as we have seen, the modern psychologist has made use of dream-analysis with illuminating76 results. Parents can and should similarly analyse their children's dreams. And I feel justified77 in predicting that parents of the future, alert to detect and correct any undesirable78 trends in their children's mental and moral development, will make frequent use of dream-analysis as an aid in successful child-rearing.
[292]
The helpfulness of dream-analysis to parents comes from the fact that the dreams of children usually relate either to things which the children dread, or things which they desire. This is also true of the dreams of adults, as shown by the analysis of thousands of dreams. In the case of adults, however, the fear or the desire mirrored by the dream is nearly always masked by the variety and seeming absurdity79 or incongruity80 of the dream-images. As when, for example, a complicated, fantastic dream of adventure in an out-of-the-way part of the world is found, on examination, to be connected with a secret longing81 for marriage. Accordingly, prolonged and tedious analysis is often needed to get at the true meaning of an adult's dreams. In the case of children's dreams, the opposite is the rule. There is little repression82 or distortion, the dream dealing directly with what is uppermost in the dreamer's waking mind, and emphasising the fears or fulfilling the wishes of his waking life.
This is what makes dream-analysis both easy and[293] profitable to parents. Once aware of the wish-fulfilling r?le of dreams, no parent need experience difficulty in interpretation83 if his small boy reports to him a series of dreams like the following:
"It was after school, and I went with other boys to a candy store, and the storekeeper told us we could have anything we wanted. We had a fine time. I filled my pockets with chocolates and caramels and peanut candy, besides what I ate while I was in the store.
"I was at a party, and there was plenty to eat and drink. We had sandwiches and lemonade, ice cream and cake. After it was over, they told us we could take away all the food that was not eaten.
"There was a fire in the next street, and I went to see the firemen at work. It was rainy and cold, and somebody brought out coffee and cake for the firemen. There was more than they could eat, so they gave me some."
Dreamed by a small boy living in a poor home, dreams like these would be of a pathetic, rather[294] than sinister84, import. For they would represent the imaginary fulfilment of wishes unrealisable in the waking life, and would thus be a subconscious protest against the cramping85 limitations of poverty. Even so, whether the youthful dreamer were the son of poor parents or the son of parents comfortably circumstanced, it would be an unescapable inference that, when awake, he was inclined to think overmuch of his stomach. Wherefore, dreams like these, if dreamed with any frequency, would unmistakably suggest the desirability of training to check a tendency to gluttony and greed.
The frequency with which dreams of a given type are dreamed has, indeed, much to do with their significance as indicators86 of character defects. An occasional dream of gorging87 one's self—or, say, of being the centre of attraction at an evening party—would not be valid48 ground for indicting88 a little boy of greed, or a little girl of vanity. But, if such dreams are habitual89, or if, despite a seeming variety in the dreams reported by son or daughter, there is[295] discernible an undercurrent of desires incompatible90 with strength and beauty of character, then the wise parent will not delay in supplementing dream study by educational measures to correct the indicated defects.
And, as emphasised by the experiences of many of the youthful nervous patients whose case-histories have been given in this book, dream-analysis should particularly be utilised to help children who—being free from adenoids, eye-strain, or other adverse91 physical conditions—show a sudden and unfavourable change in disposition. Some cause of emotional stress is undoubtedly present, and it may be taken for granted that the child will betray, through the content of his dreams, what is troubling his mind. Dream-analysis will thus give insight into secret jealousies92, secret desires, secret fears, secret mental conflicts of many kinds, that are provocative93 both of unfavourable changes in character and of outright94 ill health.
One such conflict, to which I have already referred[296] when discussing the handicap of sulkiness, is conflict over sex questions. Frequently, to the parents' astonishment95, it will be found that the actual cause of timidity, reticence96, moodiness97, or depression of spirits in a formerly98 happy child, is a mental conflict due to the child's vain endeavours to work out fully99 satisfactory answers to delicate questions which the parents have not answered when put to them by the child, or have answered in an evasive fashion. Children are far more discerning than most parents give them credit for being. Also, they often are more interested than most parents suppose in some of the fundamental problems of existence—and especially the problem of their own nature and origin. The scientific study of dreams, indeed, has furnished an additional and powerful argument against the common practice among parents of veiling in mystery or concealing100 with well-intentioned falsehoods the facts of birth and of sex.
But let me quote, at this point, the findings of an English medical psychologist, Doctor Ernest Jones,[297] of London, who has specially17 studied the reactions of children to the policy of silence and mystification regarding sex matters.
"The extent to which such matters occupy the mind of the young child," says Doctor Jones, "is always underestimated by adults, and is impossible to determine by a casual examination, for, on the one hand, the later memories for these years are always deficient101 and erroneous, and, on the other hand, this aspect of the child's mind is rarely accessible to direct inquiry, on account of the barrier always existing on the subject between child and adult. As the child grows older, the desires and tendencies in question meet with such obstacles as an increasing sense of shame, guilt102, wrongness, remorse103, and so on, and are fought against by the child, who now half-consciously strives to get away from them, to forget them, or, as it is technically104 termed, to "repress" them. The repressed mental processes are later thus forgotten, and, along with them, a major part of the mental experiences associated[298] with them in time. This is the reason why so little of early childhood life can be recalled by the adult.
"The desires, thoughts, impulses, tendencies, and wishes thus repressed do not, however, die; they live on, but come to expression in other forms. Their energy is directed along more useful paths, a process known as "sublimation105," and upon the extent and kind of this sublimation depends a great deal of the future interests and activities of the individual."[19]
Under certain conditions, instead of smooth, successful sublimation, there may be mental conflict, with nervous or mental maladies as a possible result. To this undesirable outcome the parental course sometimes contributes materially. Again, I quote Doctor Jones:
"It is almost a regular occurrence for children of the age of four or five to turn from their parents, to withdraw into themselves, and to pursue private speculations106 about the topics concerning which they have been denied information, whether by a direct[299] refusal or by evasion107. Phantasies of bitter resentment108 against the parent commonly occur at this time, and often form the basis not only of a later want of confidence, or even a more or less veiled hostility109 as regards the parents, but also of various subsequent disharmonies, neurotic disturbances110, and so forth."
Of course, readers of these pages scarcely need to be reminded, conflict over questions of birth and sex is only one form of emotional stress that may occasion night terrors, somnambulism, changes in character, and unmistakable nervous ailments. Whatever the stress, it will be indicated by the child's dreams, either directly or symbolically111. Which, of itself, is abundant reason for parents to gain knowledge of at least the chief principles of scientific dream-interpretation.
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malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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outgrown
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| 长[发展] 得超过（某物）的范围( outgrow的过去分词 )； 长[发展]得不能再要（某物）； 长得比…快； 生长速度超过 | |
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psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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frustrate
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| v.使失望；使沮丧；使厌烦 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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shrieking
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shriek
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| v./n.尖叫，叫喊 | |
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crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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thoroughly
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sedatives
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undoubtedly
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specially
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distressing
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afflicted
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organisation
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nervously
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entirely
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upheavals
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vividly
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wriggling
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inquiry
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solitude
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dread
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incur
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fixed
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preying
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| v.掠食( prey的现在分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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portentous
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| adj.不祥的，可怕的，装腔作势的 | |
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joviality
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| n.快活 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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subconscious
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| n./adj.潜意识(的)，下意识(的) | |
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subconsciously
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| ad.下意识地，潜意识地 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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agitate
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| vi.(for,against)煽动，鼓动；vt.搅动 | |
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recurrence
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| n.复发，反复，重现 | |
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tonics
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| n.滋补品( tonic的名词复数 )；主音；奎宁水；浊音 | |
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ailments
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| 疾病（尤指慢性病），不适( ailment的名词复数 ) | |
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ailment
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| n.疾病，小病 | |
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morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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invalidism
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| 病弱，病身； 伤残 | |
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valid
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| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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parental
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| adj.父母的；父的；母的 | |
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neurotic
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| adj.神经病的，神经过敏的；n.神经过敏者，神经病患者 | |
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insomnia
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| n.失眠，失眠症 | |
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obsessive
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| adj. 着迷的, 强迫性的, 分神的 | |
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expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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diagnosis
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| n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断 | |
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disintegrative
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| adj.使分裂的，使崩溃的 | |
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potency
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| n. 效力，潜能 | |
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maniacal
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| adj.发疯的 | |
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baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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psychic
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| n.对超自然力敏感的人；adj.有超自然力的 | |
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contagion
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| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
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disquieting
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| adj.令人不安的，令人不平静的v.使不安，使忧虑，使烦恼( disquiet的现在分词 ) | |
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benign
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| adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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superstitiousness
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| 被邪教所支配 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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undesirable
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| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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incongruity
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| n.不协调，不一致 | |
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81
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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82
repression
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| n.镇压，抑制，抑压 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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cramping
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| 图像压缩 | |
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indicators
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| （仪器上显示温度、压力、耗油量等的）指针( indicator的名词复数 )； 指示物； （车辆上的）转弯指示灯； 指示信号 | |
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gorging
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| v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的现在分词 )；作呕 | |
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indicting
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| 控告，起诉( indict的现在分词 ) | |
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89
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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incompatible
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| adj.不相容的，不协调的，不相配的 | |
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adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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provocative
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| adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的 | |
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outright
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| adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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reticence
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| n.沉默，含蓄 | |
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moodiness
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| n.喜怒无常；喜怒无常，闷闷不乐；情绪 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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102
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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103
remorse
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| n.痛恨，悔恨，自责 | |
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technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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105
sublimation
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| n.升华，升华物，高尚化 | |
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106
speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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107
evasion
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| n.逃避，偷漏(税) | |
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108
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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109
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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symbolically
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| ad.象征地，象征性地 | |
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