Patagonia impresses the traveller as vast and elemental. Its natural configuration4 is stamped with these characteristics. From its northern boundary it tapers5 gradually to the Straits of Magellan. The Argentine section naturally divides itself into three divisions,[137] running north and south. Along the Atlantic shores lie the pampas, the flat and level plains. These plains rise in gently graduated terraces toward the west, one level plain above another. Then follows a network of lagoons6 and lakes, some connected by rivers and others by channels, many of which shift and alter under the climatic influences. On the western side the Andes range of the Cordilleras stand out against the sky like a mighty7 barrier. They are a tumult8 of mountains ever climbing upwards9, their lofty gorges10 choked with glaciers11, their hollows holding great lakes of ice-cold blue waters, and about their bases stretch thousands of miles of forests of which only the mere12 edge has been explored. Thus it is that the vast extent of Patagonia offers the most extreme and the most abrupt13 contrasts. Flat pampa, with hardly an undulation in sight, stands in sight of mountains almost inaccessible14 in their steep escarpments. Side by side these contrasts lie, mountain against plain, forest against thorn-scrub. The wind is the only element common to both. For a thousand miles the Atlantic coast is a low-lying, level, treeless series of bleak15 and brown downs, with few bays that offer protection to shipping16; the Pacific[138] coast, in Chile, is dented17 and notched18 with fiords, and the shores are covered with dense19 forests due to the excessive rainfall.
Patagonia is a land of big distances. On the Atlantic coastland it is often a ride of three or four days from one farm to another. The holdings are measured by the square league and not by the quarter-section. There is one farm that covers five hundred square leagues, or more than two million acres of land, and is larger than the state of Rhode Island. No wonder the distances seem almost appalling20 to the traveller. One accustomed only to cities would indeed feel very forlorn here. As one travels into the interior, a white face becomes more and more rare; empty leagues upon leagues surround you on every side. One seems to stand alone with only the wind, the mirages21 and the limitless distances, and the blue sky above for a canopy22. This wild land appears, according to geologists23, to have been the last habitation of the greater beasts of preceding ages. It is now one of the last to be occupied by civilized24 man, and receive its proper share of the human population.
The discovery of Patagonia dates from 1520, when that intrepid25 explorer, Ferdinand Magellan,[139] forced his way down the east coast of South America in the face of continuous storms. With his little fleet of five vessels26 he pushed on in the hope of finding a strait which connected the two oceans. He was compelled to winter one season along the coast of Patagonia. A mutiny broke out among his captains and only one remained loyal. Two of the others were executed, and one was marooned27 upon the shore. For months no signs of life appeared on shore, although expeditions were sent a short distance into the interior; but one day a painted savage28, very tall, appeared. One of the crew wrote, “So tall was this man that we came up to the level of his waist-belt. He was well enough made and had a broad face, painted red, with yellow circles around his eyes, and two heart-shaped spots on his cheeks.” Thus was the report of giants inhabiting Patagonia first carried back to civilization. They were named Pata-goas, big feet, and that name has since clung to the country. Sir Francis Drake visited these shores a half-century later with a small squadron, and during the succeeding hundred years a number of navigators skirted along the coast. Several of them brought back tales of the giants, but[140] these have since been found erroneous, as the Indians are not much taller than the North American Indians, whom they strongly resemble in physical characteristics. Darwin visited this country early in the last century and gave the first detailed29 account of the country and people, and his report dwelt strongly upon the desolate30 character of the land. Since then it has become better known, and a number of travellers as well as scientists have visited Patagonia and recorded their impressions. The Chilean and Argentine boundary commissions have also been at work for several years, establishing the international boundaries, and their reports have contained much valuable information.
On the eastern coast there are a number of settlements, such as Santa Cruz, San Julian and Gallegos, at the mouths of the half-dozen rivers which pour their icy waters across the wind-swept plains. Gallegos is the name given by the Spaniards to the strong west wind, so this name was given to a river, and, finally, to the little settlement at its mouth. This village of corrugated31 iron is a Mecca for the sheep-men and Indians who dwell in the vicinity. From it a few highways may be traced out on[141] the pampas, where they disappear. The Welsh have founded settlements at Dawson, Gaimon and Trelew, which have grown into thriving colonies, and there are a few smaller ones in the interior. The Welsh settlements are made up of good sturdy folk, who are excellent pioneers for an undeveloped country.
The sheep ranchers on these lonely pampas are interesting studies. Some of them own hundreds of thousands of these useful little animals, and there is one company that possesses more than two millions which are kept on their several ranches33. These are usually divided into herds34 of a couple of thousand each. Each flock has several square miles of pasture allotted35 to it. The shepherd has a number of dogs who aid him in controlling the recalcitrant36 ones, and they understand their masters’ orders very well. These herders are Scotchmen, Germans and half-breeds. The animals feed all the year around on the pastures. The successful ranch32 in Patagonia must possess both a winter camp and summer camp. The winter camp is land available for pasturage which is protected from the fierce winds and where the snow does not fall too deep for the sheep to get at the grass, as no provender38 is[142] put up for them. The summer camp is any other grazing land which is so exposed that sheep could not feed on it during the winter. From this it may easily be seen that the number of sheep that can be maintained is determined39 not by the total acreage, but by the extent of winter camp. Even under the best conditions an unusually severe winter greatly decimates a flock. At the end of winter the shepherds always go out over the ranch, taking the pelts40 off the bodies of the animals that have perished during the winter. Another feature to be sought is accessibility for the bringing in of supplies and taking out of the wool. For this reason most of the ranches are located near the rivers so that boats can be used. From some places in the interior it is a trip occupying days and weeks for the ranchman to transport the wool to market.
A SHEEP DIP
The estancia buildings are usually insignificant41 affairs, for all the material has to be brought long distances. One of the most distinctive42 features is a large square corral into which the stock can be driven, and the miles upon miles of wire fencing which spread out across the plains in a thin line. Every farm has its own store, where the men get their supplies[143] at good prices. The “scab” is one of the enemies of the sheep here, as elsewhere, and the ranchers constantly fight it. The “dip” is usually employed, in which the sheep are washed several times each year. It is expensive to keep the sheep free from this troublesome little parasite43, which spreads so rapidly, but it must be done, for it will eat into the flesh and the sheep will frequently die before many days after infection. The dip fluid is placed in large vats44 so deep that the sheep must swim in order to get through it, and they are then driven into it at one end and emerge on a dripping board at the other side, where they are allowed to remain for a few minutes for the “dip” to drip and run back into the pool. The cost of running a sheep ranch in Patagonia is comparatively small because of the low value of the land and low wages paid.
It is not difficult to leave civilization behind in Patagonia. For hundreds of miles in the interior there are few pioneers and only an occasional tribe of wandering Indians. Otherwise it is absolutely unpeopled. Near the Cordilleras it is practically houseless; scarcely a human inhabitant can be found, and little animal life flourishes under the snow peaks and[144] in the unmeasured spaces of virgin45 forest. There are hundreds of square miles of forest land, gorges, open slopes and terraced hollows, on which the eye of a white man has never yet fallen.
For the traveller across this vast land it is necessary to take a supply of food and an entire camp outfit46, including a reliable guide. A man alone seems very puny47 within this vast setting. The wind-blown grass stretches out as far as the eye can see, with the thorn and a green shrub48 called “poison-bush” for variety. In other places the surface undulates in graceful49 monotony, and occasionally a swift-flowing river cuts across the plains on its impatient way to the sea. Mirages like lakes or squadrons of cavalry50 will often be seen near the horizon. Many long reaches are almost desert wastes and are known as the “land without water.” Over the sterile51 wastes the cold winds from the Andes sweep and raise great dust and sand storms which are almost blinding and suffocating52.
Herds of wild cattle are found in some places, although not in such numbers as the stories that are sometimes heard down in that region would lead one to believe. The guanaco is the[145] principal game animal, and helps out the traveller in the way of food. This animal is very much like a wild llama and they are found by the thousands, although generally in small herds. They look very picturesque53 when seen in an attentive54 attitude, with their long sleek55 necks stretched out in inquiry56 or curiosity. Wild ostriches57 may also be found in many parts, while duck and geese are generally plentiful58 where there is water. Of the wild animals the puma59 is the most dangerous, and will sometimes attack a man. He is a terrible foe60 to the sheep farmer, levying61 heavy toll62 upon his flocks before strychnine or a bullet puts an end to his career. The wolf is another enemy of the farmer. The curious armadillo is quite common, and is considered very good eating by the hunter.
Lake Buenos Aires is one of the big lakes of Patagonia. One writer, who spent several weeks in that vicinity, says: “Lake Buenos Aires is certainly the very heart of the wind’s domain63. While we were there the wind never died down; it blew all the time, often lifting sand and gravel64, and sometimes a great piece of our camp fire, sheltered as that was. It raged on most days, blowing so hard that most[146] people in England would not have cared to venture out of doors.” This lake is the largest of a chain of lakes which lie in the foothills of the great Andes system. It is fully65 seventy-five miles in length from north to south, and its waters are in perpetual motion from the action of the winds. Near the lake is a stretch of arid66 land that is the very picture of desolation. There is a very horror of bareness about it that almost makes the eyes sick to look upon it. Right near it is one of those sudden contrasts that one will find in Patagonia, fine and fertile land where sweet flowers bloom in profusion67. Lake Argentine is another large lake to the south of the other. It is a great sheet of blue water, is higher up, and the peaks of the Cordilleras are nearer. This lake and those farther south are often filled with small icebergs68, for the climate is getting colder all the way.
At almost the southernmost point of the mainland lies the little city of Punta Arenas69. It is situated70 on the Straits of Magellan, and is sheltered from the worst storms by the many islands which lie between it and the Antarctic seas. Punta Arenas is the most southerly city in the world, several hundred miles farther[147] south than the Cape71 of Good Hope. There is plenty of building space left in this city, but a few years ago, when the boom was on, the people had visions of a southern Chicago. Fabulous72 prices were asked for building lots and real estate agents were almost as plentiful as the Indians. That time has passed and the town has dwindled73. Its latitude74 is about that of Labrador, but it is much more equable and is not so severe as many imagine. Perhaps fifteen thousand people live here and seem to be contented75. It is a very mixed population. You can hear Spanish, English, German, Italian, Russian and even the Chinese mingled76 with the guttural tongues of the Indians. The Scotch37 are probably the most thrifty78 of the inhabitants and many of them have lived there two or three generations. There are many rough characters, some even who have drifted from the mining camps of our western states. The loafing places are the bars, where many brawls79 occur during the long winters. There are clubs, however, where the well-to-do gather and have their games and drink their favourite drinks just as they do the world over. Most of the buildings are cheap one-story affairs, frequently built of the corrugated iron so common[148] in this land. Punta Arenas is a free port, and this makes it a great supply station for vessels passing through the straits. All the vessels passing through the straits call there for supplies and coal, and this business, together with the trade in whaling products, wool and furs, furnish the inhabitants with employment. It is one of the great wool-exporting ports of the world, having shipped more than sixteen million pounds of that commodity in a single season, and four hundred thousand pelts. It is a beautiful ride through the Straits of Magellan, with their many narrow channels, and the icebergs, which are always in view.
NATIVE INDIANS OF PATAGONIA
Out upon the pampas the traveller will occasionally stumble upon the toldos (huts) of the Tehuelche Indians. These are simply made huts of the skins of the guanaco sewn loosely together at the edges, and supported squarely upon awkward-looking props80 or posts forked at the top to admit the ridge81 poles. The skins are fastened to the earth by wooden pegs82. The Tehuelches are the native Indians of Patagonia—the so-called giants—and are well built specimens83 of manhood. These Indians live almost as their ancestors did hundreds of years ago. They are still nomads84 and exist[149] entirely85 by the chase. They do not cultivate anything whatever, but sometimes own a few cattle. In general they still dress in skins, although some of them have purchased store clothes at the settlements. As a rule they are mild mannered, when sober, and do not deserve the name of being bloodthirsty savages86. Their numbers have greatly decreased since the first discovery of Patagonia through dissipation and disease, and some have estimated that the total number yet remaining will not exceed a few hundred. They still hunt with bows and arrows and the bolas. This consists of three thongs87 of rawhide88 fastened together at one end, with stones or bits of iron on the free end to give them weight. The Indian throws the bolas with marvellous accuracy at any animal he may be pursuing, and the thongs wind themselves around the legs of the animal, thus entangling89 it. The principal game animal is the guanaco, which furnishes them food, raiment and shelter, and skins which they can barter90 with the trader for fire-water or other luxuries.
They are an ignorant and superstitious91 race. A death will invariably cause them to shift their camp, for to their superstitious minds the place must be accursed. Sickness is always the[150] work of the evil spirit and is driven away by incantations. With them there are good spirits and bad devils. The dominant92 spirit of evil is called Gualicho. He is an ever-present terror, and they spend a good portion of the time in either fleeing from his wrath93 or propitiating94 it. They believe in a future life which will be much the same as the earthly one, except that there will always be plenty of food with an abundance of grease.
There are practically no tribal95 laws, as the Tehuelches are usually peaceable. Quarrels and fights occur only as a result of drink. Polygamy is permitted but is uncommon96. The women are well treated, although they have the bulk of the work to do as among all primitive97 tribes. The men practically live on their horses and a Tehuelche is lost without a steed. The women are not at all overburdened with beauty. Progress does not appeal to the Tehuelche. As his forefathers98 were, so is he content to be—a human atom with a movable home, passing hither and thither99 upon the waste and dreary100 spaces of his native land. He is silent when in the presence of strangers, dignified101 at all times; unobtrusive as well as inoffensive, and very lazy. He does not particularly[151] care to mingle77 with white people, but will not run away from them.
USELESS BAY, TIERRA DEL FUEGO
The Fuegian Archipelago, that little known group of islands at the southern extremity102 of South America, covers a goodly territory. It contains as much land as Nebraska, and is several hundred miles long from east to west. A perfect labyrinth103 of tortuous104, wind-swept waterways separate the hundreds of islands which form this group. They are no doubt formed by the submerging of the lower end of the Andes Mountains. When the land sank these stormy waters beat through the valleys and chiselled105 the shores into incongruous shapes and labyrinths106. They are not all a desolate mass of ice and snow, however, but contain plains which are covered with succulent grasses and slopes which are thickly wooded. The largest island, called Tierra del Fuego, is half as large as Illinois. It is divided longitudinally between Chile and Argentina, by far the largest portion belonging to the former nation, and the best part of it too. This name was originally given to the entire group of islands by Magellan when he saw the trails of smoke made by the camp and signal fires of the natives who dwelt on them.
[152]
Thirty years ago this entire island was roamed and hunted over by the aborigines. The fact that the northern part consisted of open country, with few ranges of hills, caused the white man to look upon it with envious eyes, as pasturage for sheep. Then began a warfare107 against the Indians which almost resulted in their extermination108. Thousands of sheep now quietly graze in the rich valleys and on the verdant109 plains, and thrive very well indeed. Very little of the land is cultivated, although perhaps susceptible110 of cultivation111, but the marketing112 of the products would be a difficult feature at the present time, and the season is short. Its latitude is about that of Labrador but the climate is probably milder, and its longitude113 is that of Boston. In the summer the grass is green, but in the winter the chilly114 winds change it to a rich brown. The ground rats are a terrible nuisance to the farmer, as they burrow115 in the fields so much that they destroy half the usefulness of a good meadow. The mountain slopes are covered with a thick growth of trees, ferns and mosses117 up to a height of a thousand feet or more, due to the great amount of rainfall, but above that distance the growth is very stunted118. It seems strange to see green trees[153] and green grasses amid snows and glaciers, but such is the contrast offered by this “land of the fire.” The trees are mostly evergreen119, not very high, but very close together. A deep bed of moss116, into which a man may sink knee-deep, generally surrounds them, and large ferns with leaves a yard long grow in places otherwise bare. Even bright flowers make this sombre landscape seem almost gay when the sun shines on a summer day.
Desolation Island, on the Chilean side, is a bleak and barren island well indicated by its name, while others are Clarence, St. Inas, and Navarin. There are many others, from islands twenty miles in length to some so small that a good base-ball pitcher120 could toss a stone clear over them. Cape Horn is a monster rock which thrusts its jagged outline into the Antarctic seas. It is a couple of hundred miles south of the Straits of Magellan, and more than a thousand miles south of the Cape of Good Hope. It is surrounded by waters that are tossed by terrific storms which mariners121 fear. The hulks of wrecked123 vessels can be seen on every hand as reminders124 of the terrible tribute which has been here levied125. Even in the Straits of Magellan the glaciers are always in sight, and[154] masses of ice hundreds of feet high are frequently seen, seeming to threaten the venturesome mariner122 for invading those beautiful waters. It is sometimes impossible for vessels to force their way through the Smythe Channel, which is the most picturesque route through the Straits, but is least used. There is not much animal life except seals, with occasionally a whale, but wild ducks and geese are generally plentiful.
Midway on the southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, and on the Argentine side, is a bleak and inhospitable coast upon which the government has established a prison. This place, named Ushuaia, is the southernmost settlement in the world. The barriers created by nature are impassable without the massive and forbidding walls erected126 by man. To the south is the unknown Antarctic, to the north the impassable barrier of snow-clad peaks, and in all other directions the fathomless127 channels separating, it from the other islands. With the exception of the irregular trip of a small steamer from Punta Arenas and an occasional visit from an Argentine warship128, this little settlement is unvisited, and not even a telephone or telegraph wire keeps it in communication with the world.[155] There are two prisons here—one for military and one for civil prisoners. In one are the offenders129 of the Argentine army, and in the other several hundred criminals, many of whom are the very dregs of humanity sent down here from Buenos Aires. Here in this unknown quarter of the globe, guarded by a few score of armed men, these unfortunates work on the roads, dress stone for new and stronger walls, or make the coarse garments worn by the prisoners. Few attempt to escape, and fewer still succeed, for the loneliness and desolation alone would keep a prisoner where human companionship might be found. There is little danger of a prisoner escaping if he attempts, as there would be no means of a wanderer supporting himself.
There are two races of Indians who inhabit these inhospitable islands, the Yahgans and the Onas, both of whom are very low in intelligence. Even though the climate is very cold a part of the year, these savages formerly130 wore very little clothing, but greased their bodies with fish oil that keeps out the cold. In recent years, however, they have begun to wear warmer garments. They are very treacherous131, and many murders have been traced to them.[156] They will mingle very little with white people, but always hold themselves aloof132. Their houses are of the most primitive character and are frequently little more than a hole in the ground or side of a hill, or a rude construction of brush on a skeleton of sticks stuck in the ground. Sometimes they are made of guanaco skins sewn together, from which the hair has been removed. They are not particular about food, as to whether it is very fresh or not. They live entirely by the chase and fishing, and in every way are as near to primitive savages as it would be possible to find in the Americas. There is frequently a dearth133 of food, and then it is that they are driven to eat the flesh of a stranded134 whale or of an animal found dead. Ground rats and the fishy-flavoured penguin135 are included on their regular bill of fare. As usual among savage tribes, the women do the most of the work, and assist in the hunting and fishing as well as prepare the meat after it has once been caught.
The Yahgans are short and muscular and below medium height. Their lower limbs seem rather stunted, but above the waist they are heavily built. The Onas are better built and will average above the American in stature136.[157] They are strong and well built specimens of the human race. The struggle for existence has made them inexpressive in feature and stoical in actions. Good fortune or ill fortune is met in much the same way. Their settlements are now usually found in the regions which have not attracted the white men. On these islands and the southern part of the largest island where it is not rock, there is generally bog137 or impenetrable forest, and here these pristine138 people dwell.
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geographers
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| 地理学家( geographer的名词复数 ) | |
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longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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envious
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| adj.嫉妒的，羡慕的 | |
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configuration
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| n.结构，布局，形态，(计算机)配置 | |
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tapers
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| （长形物体的）逐渐变窄( taper的名词复数 )； 微弱的光； 极细的蜡烛 | |
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lagoons
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| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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dented
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| v.使产生凹痕( dent的过去式和过去分词 )；损害；伤害；挫伤（信心、名誉等） | |
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notched
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| a.有凹口的，有缺口的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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mirages
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| n.海市蜃楼，幻景( mirage的名词复数 ) | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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geologists
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| 地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 ) | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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marooned
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| adj.被围困的；孤立无援的；无法脱身的 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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corrugated
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| adj.波纹的；缩成皱纹的；波纹面的；波纹状的v.（使某物）起皱褶(corrugate的过去式和过去分词) | |
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ranch
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| n.大牧场，大农场 | |
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ranches
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| 大农场， （兼种果树，养鸡等的）大牧场( ranch的名词复数 ) | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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recalcitrant
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| adj.倔强的 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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provender
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| n.刍草；秣料 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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40
pelts
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| n. 皮毛，投掷, 疾行 vt. 剥去皮毛，（连续）投掷 vi. 猛击，大步走 | |
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41
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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42
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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43
parasite
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| n.寄生虫；寄生菌；食客 | |
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44
vats
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| varieties 变化，多样性，种类 | |
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45
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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46
outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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47
puny
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| adj.微不足道的，弱小的 | |
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48
shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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49
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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50
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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51
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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52
suffocating
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| a.使人窒息的 | |
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53
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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54
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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55
sleek
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| adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢 | |
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56
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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57
ostriches
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| n.鸵鸟( ostrich的名词复数 )；逃避现实的人，不愿正视现实者 | |
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58
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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59
puma
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| 美洲豹 | |
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60
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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61
levying
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| 征（兵）( levy的现在分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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62
toll
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| n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟) | |
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63
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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64
gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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65
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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66
arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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67
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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68
icebergs
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| n.冰山，流冰( iceberg的名词复数 ) | |
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69
arenas
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| 表演场地( arena的名词复数 )； 竞技场； 活动或斗争的场所或场面； 圆形运动场 | |
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70
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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71
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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72
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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73
dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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75
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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76
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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77
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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78
thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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79
brawls
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| 吵架，打架( brawl的名词复数 ) | |
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80
props
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| 小道具； 支柱( prop的名词复数 )； 支持者； 道具； （橄榄球中的）支柱前锋 | |
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81
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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82
pegs
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| n.衣夹( peg的名词复数 )；挂钉；系帐篷的桩；弦钮v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的第三人称单数 )；使固定在某水平 | |
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83
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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84
nomads
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| n.游牧部落的一员( nomad的名词复数 )；流浪者；游牧生活；流浪生活 | |
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85
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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86
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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87
thongs
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| 的东西 | |
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88
rawhide
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| n.生牛皮 | |
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89
entangling
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| v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的现在分词 ) | |
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90
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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91
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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92
dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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93
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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94
propitiating
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| v.劝解，抚慰，使息怒( propitiate的现在分词 ) | |
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95
tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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96
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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97
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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98
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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99
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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100
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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101
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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102
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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103
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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104
tortuous
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| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
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105
chiselled
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| adj.凿过的，凿光的； （文章等）精心雕琢的v.凿，雕，镌( chisel的过去式 ) | |
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106
labyrinths
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| 迷宫( labyrinth的名词复数 )； （文字，建筑）错综复杂的 | |
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107
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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108
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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109
verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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110
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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111
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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112
marketing
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| n.行销，在市场的买卖，买东西 | |
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113
longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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114
chilly
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| adj.凉快的，寒冷的 | |
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115
burrow
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| vt.挖掘(洞穴)；钻进；vi.挖洞；翻寻；n.地洞 | |
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116
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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117
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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118
stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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119
evergreen
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| n.常青树；adj.四季常青的 | |
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120
pitcher
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| n.(有嘴和柄的)大水罐；(棒球)投手 | |
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121
mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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122
mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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123
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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124
reminders
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| n.令人回忆起…的东西( reminder的名词复数 )；提醒…的东西；（告知该做某事的）通知单；提示信 | |
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125
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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126
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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127
fathomless
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| a.深不可测的 | |
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128
warship
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| n.军舰，战舰 | |
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129
offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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130
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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131
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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132
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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133
dearth
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| n.缺乏，粮食不足，饥谨 | |
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134
stranded
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| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
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135
penguin
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| n.企鹅 | |
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136
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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137
bog
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| n.沼泽；室...陷入泥淖 | |
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138
pristine
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| adj.原来的，古时的，原始的，纯净的，无垢的 | |
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