There is an aristocracy in Argentina as in all countries. The real aristocrat1 here, as in other Spanish countries, is the pure-blooded Castilian, who follows unfalteringly the traditions of his native land, and who prides himself more upon the accomplishments2 of the past than upon anything his family or race have done in modern times. The greater aristocracy, however, is not an aristocracy of the old Spanish régime, such as one will find in Chile or Peru, but a more recent upper ten based upon wealth. The more picturesque3 attributes of a Spanish civilization have almost disappeared beneath the spirit of modernism in Buenos Aires. The development of social grades all over the republic has been rapid and has kept pace with the opening up of new lands. It is possible even now to watch this development, which is still in process of evolution in the newer communities. A material prosperity has sometimes overwhelmed the other virtues4 and inherited characteristics. Any way to make money is the aim of the Argentinian, and an aristocracy of money has grown up.
[191]
The Argentine magnate is not a man who has attained5 his prominence6 after a bitter and strenuous7 commercial struggle, which has developed a hard-headed, practical side, but his wealth has come through the automatic growth in the value of his expansive leagues of rich campo. His income has waxed greater each year through no effort of his own. So one will find the rich estanciero, intoxicated8 with his own wealth, disporting9 himself in the national capital on as lavish10 a scale as one will see in New York or London. These wealthy land aristocrats11 not only spend their money, but they are eternally bent12 on devising new ways for divesting13 themselves of the surplus pesos. It is spent lavishly14 and not always well, for the development of the finer tastes has not kept pace with the increase of material wealth.
Some of these moneyed estancieros are descended15 from honest farmers, whose fathers had no intimation of the wealth that would fall to their descendants. They lived the simplest of existences, and looked upon their broad acres only as a source of food and shelter. Then the land began to rise with almost incredible rapidity. A league that would have been wagered16 on a Camp race soon represented a small fortune.[192] The approach of the railroad to his estancia showed the son that fortune was in his hands and he longed for excitement. A palace in Buenos Aires was added to his possessions, he joined the famous Jockey Club and became a devotee of sport—following the odds17 on horses even more closely than he did the price of wheat or cattle. He now visits Europe frequently and has added a sort of cosmopolitan18 veneer19 to himself, and may possibly have learned to speak two or three languages. Thus it is that this hidalgo has added up-to-date and European customs and habits to his inherited traits, of which perhaps the vices20 have been imbibed21 fully22 as generously as the virtues and graces. So also it is that his life passes along in smooth and easy channels, with little to worry him except the problem of amusement and sufficient excitement.
A GROUP OF PEONS
There is no doubt that the Argentinian is ambitious. We may laugh at some of his impractical23 ideas, or the seeming stupidity of some of the more ignorant ones, but the fact remains24 that each one is endeavouring to get ahead. The Porte?o is aiming to make Buenos Aires the finest city in the world, the state governments vie with each other in prodigality,[193] and the ranchman is trying to develop the very best breeds of stock on his estancia. They want the best modern appliances and luxuries, and even the ladies must have the very latest Parisian designed hats and gowns. The workmen join labour organizations and they are as free to strike as in any other country in the world; in every way they are breaking away from the old traditions and trying to enter into the spirit of the modern, be it for good or ill. The same trend is observable whether the person is the descendant of one of the old families, or is one of the recent importations from Spain or Italy. This modernizing25 spirit seems to be in the air and is as contagious26 as the most virulent27 form of fever or plague. All differences of social station fade away before this one vital force which pervades28 both Camp and city. It is almost as marked as in any part of the United States and cannot be overlooked by the most unobservant traveller.
A general wastefulness29 characterizes all classes, both urban and rural. In many cases this is probably due to ignorance. The very bountifulness of nature has no doubt accentuated32 a natural disinclination to attend to detail and small economies. If conservation would[194] be studied much more profit could be realized by all. On the estancias this wastefulness is noted33 in the methods of taking care of the crops and vast herds34 of stock. In the city one will see it in the administration of municipal governments in the various departments. In private life one will discern it everywhere, and even the common labourer shows the same traits of improvidence35 and lack of thriftiness36 so characteristic of the German or French peasant, for example.
The railroads are wasteful30 oftentimes and are unprepared to handle the immense crops produced by a bountiful nature, so that thousands of tons of grain have been lost through sheer inability to get them to market, and the estanciero was unable to take care of his grain because he had no elevators or granaries to hold his crop. Thousands of cattle have been lost in a dry season because the owner trusted wholly to nature and had no food to keep them from starvation when the pasture failed. But then Argentina is not alone in these traits, and it is perhaps easier to find fault or give advice than to do the things ourselves if we were placed in the same position.
Like all Latin people, the Argentinian loves[195] politics. The opera bouffe style of government, which can still be found in Central America, has disappeared, so that the melodramatic element no longer exists. With each year the people grow less inclined to indulge in revolution simply as a pastime. The risks of the revolutionists too are greater in a nation of nearly seven million people than formerly37, when there were not one-fourth that number, and a country in which prosperity and education have made great strides. Furthermore, there is the feeling on the part of the Argentinians that their country is on its way to take its place as one of the great nations of the earth, and this idea has undoubtedly38 sobered them somewhat. There are, no doubt, many, even to-day, who enter politics with no other purpose than to enrich themselves. Their methods, however, are far more subtle than the revolutionists of old, and they hedge themselves about with an air of apparent honesty and patriotism39 that is difficult to penetrate40. They have had good examples of genuine patriots41 in the not distant past, which has no doubt aided in clarifying the political atmosphere. It is in the question of government contracts where the test of honour comes. If the tales[196] that are told are to be believed, then rich pickings often fall to officials. In some cases this has been done openly and yet caused little comment, because such a result seemed to be but natural and expected as a matter of course.
Argentina is a country that is purely42 pastoral and agricultural, for the proportion of those engaged in manufacturing is numerically very small. And yet one city contains nearly one-fifth of the total population. When you include the other cities, such as Rosario, Tucuman, Mendoza, etc., the proportion of city dwellers43 is still greater. The cities of Argentina have outgrown44 the rest of the country. With people of an excitable nature, such as the Latins are, it may bode45 serious trouble in the future. Strikes have become very common, and lawlessness in connection with them is very easy to stir up. Just before my visit the chief of police was killed in one of those disturbances46. The method of the government in dealing47 with these exigencies48 is sensible but drastic. A state of siege and martial49 law is declared, and every suspicious character is deported50 as an undesirable51. Following the killing52 of the chief of police, several hundred Italians and Spaniards were deported. It was only after several weeks[197] of martial law that the ban was lifted and life moved along as before. Many of the Italians are, no doubt, anarchistic53 in their tendencies, and sometimes it might be wondered that disturbances are not more frequent and more general than they actually are. The police of the city usually show themselves competent to cope with the situation.
Notwithstanding the cosmopolitan character of the population, the republic is governed solely54 by the real Argentinians. No foreigner is permitted to sit in Congress or take any hand in the legislation of the country. The character of elections has undoubtedly progressed, but they are still far from being perfect or free from criticism. It is very easy to tell beforehand who will be elected by observing the forces and influences behind the various candidates. How it is accomplished55 might be difficult to explain, but it is done, and the man with the proper support will almost invariably win out in some way. Absolute freedom of expression is allowed the individual and press; one may listen to or read political addresses full of flowery eloquence56 and fire, or hear the most bitter denunciation, with no police interference whatever. The government does not worry itself[198] about such trifles, which are merely abstract questions and do no one harm. The chances are that if the opponents of the government are allowed to work off their pent-up emotions in this way, their opposition57 on election day will not be very active. Hence they always treat the “not-ins” with a sort of good-natured forbearance that would be irritating to a North American.
There are perhaps fifty thousand or more persons in Argentina who might be classed as British. It would be difficult to find a community where a few of these Anglo-Saxons do not dwell. Of this number a large proportion are of Hibernian extraction. As a rule they may easily be spotted58. In Buenos Aires and Rosario this colony remains entirely59 distinct and mingles60 very little in social relations with the natives. They are engaged in commerce and the other business enterprises. The Britisher is self-satisfied and the Argentinian would call him boorish61, although he is welcomed, as is any one who will contribute to the development and material progress of the country. In the Camp it is sometimes different. There one will find former citizens of the British Isles62 who have almost forgotten their native tongue.[199] Their children will speak Spanish in preference to English, and they have imbibed many of the characteristics of the Spaniards. If this British estanciero speaks English his conversation will be interspersed63 with Spanish phrases. The Camp seems to have a fascination64 for him, and he will prefer the blue and white banner of his adopted land to the British Jack65. The rich land of Argentina, which can produce such abundant crops, has wielded66 a spell over him. This process of welding and consolidation67 has, in numerous instances, been at work for several generations.
The Englishman is a born sportsman. He loves horseflesh and all games, and has initiated68 the Argentinian into the mysteries of many. Football is now played all over the republic by thousands of the darker-hued Argentinians, side by side with the fair-haired Anglo-Saxon. Football has to all intents and purposes become the national game of Argentina. It is really astonishing what a hold this game has upon the people. The love of sport in the Camp has no doubt had an influence in leading to a closer understanding and better feeling between the two races in the rural districts; it has been a good influence and the result has[200] been for the best interest of the nation. If the two races are to live side by side it is well for a good fellowship to exist between them.
The seal of Spain is upon everything that she has touched. The Spaniard has left his religion, language, and social creed70 all over the New World south of the Rio Grande, and his mark can be traced upon face, laws and landscape. Wherever he appeared the Spaniard has written his racial autograph in a hand that neither time nor political change has sufficed to efface71. The Anglo-Saxon has never succeeded in accomplishing the same results except by colonization72. One who is proficient73 can detect from what part the Spanish-American woman comes, for each national face has an individuality. The Mexicana, the Chilena, the Uruguayana and the Argentina all differ—and yet there is a kinship that can easily be traced. The olive-brown tint74 is there, but in different shades. The perfect morena (Spanish-Moorish) is a rarity, but it is as near perfection as complexion75 can be—so fine, so soft and so richly warmed. This type can frequently be found in the Argentina.
ONE OF ARGENTINA’S DAUGHTERS
Outside of Buenos Aires the old conservatism concerning the position of women still[201] prevails. It must be admitted that there is something attractive about their life. The big roomy windows, and the balconies which jut76 out over the street on each floor, and the women seem made for each other. The balconies were first designed for the wives and daughters of the Spaniards to look out upon the street, since they were not allowed to go out freely. I know of no sight prettier or more enchanting77 than to see these balconies filled with women and children on the occasion of a carnival78 or other festive79 occasion. Two, three or four tiers of balconies, one above another, will be crowded with women all in white, and it is a sight upon which to feast the eyes. Then a family group in one of the big windows, with the young ladies seated on the window itself, forms a picture that will linger in the memory.
The women of Argentina are the antithesis80 of English or American women in many ways. The masculine type is very rare, for the restrictions81 and customs rather accentuate31 the purely feminine traits. In youth they are beautiful and none can help but admire both face and figure. They can express in the flash of an eye what an English girl could not say in a quarter of an hour. In addition to the attractiveness[202] granted her by nature the Argentina is an adept82 at all the arts of the toilet, and is generally familiar with rouge83, the pencil and the powder puff84; in these she is a connoisseur85, and does not hesitate to apply her knowledge. In many the Spanish and Italian types have been moulded together and the beauty has probably been accentuated. As a rule her carriage is graceful86, but her voice—that is the one disappointing quality. The voice is generally rather shrill87, and, when excited, very unpleasant. Furthermore, they always speak in a monotonous88, high-keyed, sing-song manner.
BLACK-HAIRED CHILDREN OF ARGENTINA
A lack of exercise and a love of big dinners and wines soon develops a stoutness89 that does not add to the beauty of the Argentine woman. One will seldom see a woman in any city walking if a conveyance90 can possibly be had, and it is certainly a good thing for the cabbie. It is at a late hour when they arise and they seldom don other than negligée before the middle of the afternoon. In later years they become very stout—one might cruelly say, fleshy. In Buenos Aires they are beginning to look upon a little more freedom as their birthright. One will see young women on the street or in the street car unaccompanied by the duenna or[203] other companion, which would be unknown in Spain. Whereas they used to look upon English girls as fast, because of their freedom, now they are longing91 to adopt the same freedom of action, and it seems to be coming by degrees. The matron becomes very much domesticated92 and devotes herself unstintingly to her children and their welfare. In this way many of the youngsters are really spoiled. Their devotion to their children is, however, to be greatly admired, and a great affection seems to exist for the mother among all her children, both girls and boys.
“I should think that these mothers would get tired of black hair,” said an American woman to me in Buenos Aires. And then it dawned upon me with full force that all of these Latin-American children have black hair. It had not seemed to me as monotonous or tiresome93 before, for there is an individuality about each face, just as there is about that of children the world over. It is true that the hair of these children is almost uniformly of that hue69, but I am very sure that the mothers find their children no less interesting because Carmencita, Juanita, Consuela, Maria, Juan, José, Santiago, Antonio and all their little brothers and[204] sisters have hair of the same shade. These children of Latin-America are very numerous, for families are generally larger than they are in the United States. It is nothing unusual to see the mother or both parents get on board a train followed by six or eight children, all of whom are of tender ages.
The Spaniard has the reputation of being cruel. He is so to his horse or mule94, he can view the cruelties of the bull-fight with enthusiasm, but his voice softens95 in speaking to a child. In fact the children are often petted and humoured too much, and the affection lavished96 upon them becomes a passion. And yet these bewitching little people are never unmindful of the simple courtesies of life. They learn the amenities97 of speech almost from the cradle. Ask some little fellow in Spanish America his name, and he will probably roll out a long name, such as Jesus Antonio Martinez y Alcorta, “at the service of God and yourself.” Pass some compliment on little Carmencita and see how quickly she will say, “It is a compliment you pay me,” or “mil gracias,” a thousand thanks. Offer her some little courtesy and she accepts “con mucho gusto,” with much pleasure, to which you should reply “the[205] pleasure will be mine.” It is hardly safe to admire an ornament98 of a little mite99 of only eight or ten years. She will instantly remove it and offer it to you with the expression, “It is at the disposal of your worship.” The proper “disposal” is to refuse the gift in nice polite terms. It is really remarkable100, and oftentimes touching101, to observe these little courtesies in the ni?as and muchachas. It even extends to their prayers, for here is the Spanish form of bed-time prayer:—
“Jesus, Joseph, Mary,
Your little servant keep,
While, with your kind permission,
I lay me down to sleep.”
Most of these Argentine children are rather solemn-faced in the presence of strangers. They are not quite so free to make up with some one unknown to them as the average American child, and it is often rather difficult to coax102 a smile. One can even casually103 pinch a little cheek without provoking the smile so free with American children. It is not fear, for they do not seem afraid, but there is a certain shyness which is very noticeable. They will look up at you with their big, black eyes,[206] but the smile which should accompany it is not forthcoming. Especially is this true of little girls, who thus early in life seem to realize the narrowness of their lives.
It has always seemed to me sad to contemplate104 a girl’s life in these Latin lands. No sooner has one crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico than the restrictions upon a woman’s freedom become evident, and these same customs extend clear to the “Land of Fire,” at the southernmost limits of South America. Not only are the little girls held in a species of bondage105, but in later years they miss that care-free, happy period of American girls in their early “teens,” when every one considers it a privilege and pleasure to contribute to their enjoyment106. They are hemmed107 about by servants and duennas during these years, and they then suddenly emerge into young womanhood, almost before one realizes that they are more than little girls. One year they are ni?as (which means little girls), and a year or two later they are se?oritas, or young ladies. They have almost skipped that delightful108 age of being “just girls,” which the Spaniards term muchachas.
If there is one feature about them that is[207] especially beautiful it is the eyes. Large, dark and radiant orbs109 are almost universal, and especially is that true in childhood. They very early begin the use of powder and paste, and oftentimes of rouge and the black pencil. It is a shame, for youth does not need these artificial aids and the evil effects are seen in the complexions110 of those of maturer years. This beauty of youth is more evanescent than with American girls, and the girl of even twenty has oftentimes begun to fade, and at thirty she is decidedly matronly in appearance.
Love and religion are the only two things that a Spanish woman should concern herself about, according to the theory of that land, and the same sentiment permeates111 even the childish amusements. Love and lovers run through all the childish rhymes of the children of Spanish-America. But more frequently it is religion. To begin with, their very names all have some religious significance. Mary is a very common name, but to it is added one of the attributes of the Virgin112, such as Mary of the Sorrows, Tears, Annunciation, etc. Thus smiling little Dolores (sorrows), Lagrimas (tears) and the other little Marys bear these sad names, but their smiles come just as easy[208] as if their names signified joys. Saints are appealed to in many of their childish amusements. “Jesus” and “Mary Most Pure” are common forms of exclamation113 for the tiniest of tots, and their conversation is punctuated114 with these sacred terms in the most innocent way imaginable. They are used just as American tots would say “oh, my,” or “good gracious.”
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1
aristocrat
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| n.贵族，有贵族气派的人，上层人物 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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disporting
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| v.嬉戏，玩乐，自娱( disport的现在分词 ) | |
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lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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aristocrats
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| n.贵族( aristocrat的名词复数 ) | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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13
divesting
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| v.剥夺( divest的现在分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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lavishly
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| adv.慷慨地，大方地 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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wagered
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| v.在（某物）上赌钱，打赌( wager的过去式和过去分词 )；保证，担保 | |
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odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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cosmopolitan
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| adj.世界性的，全世界的，四海为家的，全球的 | |
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veneer
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| n.(墙上的)饰面，虚饰 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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impractical
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| adj.不现实的，不实用的，不切实际的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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modernizing
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| 使现代化，使适应现代需要( modernize的现在分词 )； 现代化，使用现代方法 | |
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contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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virulent
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| adj.有毒的，有恶意的，充满敌意的 | |
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pervades
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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wastefulness
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| 浪费，挥霍，耗费 | |
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wasteful
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| adj.（造成）浪费的，挥霍的 | |
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accentuate
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| v.着重，强调 | |
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accentuated
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| v.重读( accentuate的过去式和过去分词 )；使突出；使恶化；加重音符号于 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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improvidence
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| n.目光短浅 | |
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thriftiness
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| 节俭，节约 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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patriots
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| 爱国者，爱国主义者( patriot的名词复数 ) | |
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42
purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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43
dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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44
outgrown
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| 长[发展] 得超过（某物）的范围( outgrow的过去分词 )； 长[发展]得不能再要（某物）； 长得比…快； 生长速度超过 | |
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45
bode
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| v.预示 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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exigencies
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| n.急切需要 | |
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martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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deported
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| v.将…驱逐出境( deport的过去式和过去分词 )；举止 | |
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51
undesirable
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| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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52
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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anarchistic
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| 无政府主义的 | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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mingles
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| 混合，混入( mingle的第三人称单数 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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boorish
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| adj.粗野的，乡巴佬的 | |
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isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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wielded
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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consolidation
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| n.合并,巩固 | |
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initiated
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| n. 创始人 adj. 新加入的 vt. 开始，创始，启蒙，介绍加入 | |
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hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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efface
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| v.擦掉，抹去 | |
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colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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proficient
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| adj.熟练的，精通的；n.能手，专家 | |
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tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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jut
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| v.突出；n.突出，突出物 | |
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enchanting
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| a.讨人喜欢的 | |
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carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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festive
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| adj.欢宴的，节日的 | |
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antithesis
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| n.对立；相对 | |
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restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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adept
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| adj.老练的，精通的 | |
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rouge
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| n.胭脂，口红唇膏；v.(在…上)擦口红 | |
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puff
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| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
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connoisseur
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| n.鉴赏家，行家，内行 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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stoutness
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| 坚固，刚毅 | |
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conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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softens
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| （使）变软( soften的第三人称单数 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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amenities
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| n.令人愉快的事物；礼仪；礼节；便利设施；礼仪( amenity的名词复数 )；便利设施；（环境等的）舒适；（性情等的）愉快 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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mite
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| n.极小的东西；小铜币 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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101
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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102
coax
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| v.哄诱，劝诱，用诱哄得到，诱取 | |
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103
casually
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| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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104
contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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bondage
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| n.奴役，束缚 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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107
hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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109
orbs
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| abbr.off-reservation boarding school 在校寄宿学校n.球，天体，圆形物( orb的名词复数 ) | |
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complexions
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| 肤色( complexion的名词复数 )； 面色； 局面； 性质 | |
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111
permeates
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| 弥漫( permeate的第三人称单数 )； 遍布； 渗入； 渗透 | |
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112
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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113
exclamation
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| n.感叹号，惊呼，惊叹词 | |
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114
punctuated
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| v.（在文字中）加标点符号，加标点( punctuate的过去式和过去分词 )；不时打断某事物 | |
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