To be sure these things take place in the "upper stories," as Thoreau says, but they are none the less audible, and one is tempted4 to believe that bird voices are on a scale to which the untrained ear is not attuned5. Once learn to hear, and nature is full of life and interest. The home affairs of our little neighbors whose modest cottage swings on a branch of the elm beside the door are more attractive than those of our fellow creatures in the house across the way partly because they are so open in their[Pg 4] lives that our attentions do not seem intrusive6, but more because their ways are not so familiar. We can guess how men and women pass their time, but we cannot guess why the cat-bird always sings from the middle of one particular shrub7, nor where he has hidden his dusky spouse8 and nest full of babies; and after we know him we are eager to discover.
Upon reaching the charming home of a friend in Massachusetts last June, almost the first thing I saw was a pair of purple crow blackbirds in trouble. First arose a medley9 of queer husky tones, clamorous10 baby cries, and excited oriole voices, with violent agitation11 of the leaves of a tall elm, ending with the sudden exit of a blackbird, closely followed by a pair of Baltimore orioles. The pursued flew leisurely12 across the lawn, plainly in no haste, and not at all with the air of the thief and nest robber he is popularly supposed to be. Clearly the elm belonged by bird custom to the orioles, for their pretty swinging hammock could be seen partly hidden by leaves, about halfway13 up the tree, and what business other than that of marauder had the sombre-hued enemy upon it?
Now the blackbird has no secrets in his life; the whole world is welcome to know his affairs, and in fact he proclaims them loudly himself. It was easy to see that he had anxiety enough[Pg 5] of his own just then, without thinking of disturbing his neighbors, for he was engaged in the task of introducing his young family to the world, and every bird watcher knows that is attended with almost as many difficulties as is the same operation in what we call "society."
If the youngster escape the dangers peculiar14 to the nest, the devouring15 jaws16 of squirrel or owl17, the hands of the egg thief, being shaken out by the wind, smothered18 by an intrusive cow-bunting, or orphaned19 by the gun of a "collector;" if, neither stolen, eaten, thrown out, nor starved, he arrives at the age that his wings begin to stir and force him out of the leafy green tent of his birth, a new set of dangers meet him at the door. He may entangle20 himself in a hair of the nest-lining, and hang himself at the very threshold of life—a not uncommon21 occurrence; or he may safely reach the nearest twig22 and from there fall and break his neck—not a rare accident; he may be attacked by a bird who questions his right to be on the tree; he may fly, and, not reaching his goal, come to the ground, an easy prey23 to any prowler.
In this blackbird family one of the little ones had taken his first ambitious flight to the oriole's tree, where he must and should be fed and comforted, in spite of the hostile reception of its[Pg 6] gayly dressed proprietor24. The father took upon himself this duty, and many times during the day the above-mentioned scene was re?nacted, loud blackbird calls, husky baby notes, the musical war-cry of the oriole, and a chase.
A second infant had wisely confined his wandering to his own tree, one of a group of tall pines that towered above the roofs of the village. This one could be easily watched as he stood on one branch for an hour at a time, sometimes in the nest attitude, head sunk in shoulders and beak25 pointed26 toward the sky, again looking eagerly around on his new world, turning his head from side to side, changing position to see the other way, and showing himself wide awake although the yellowish baby-down was still on his head, and his tail was not an inch long. Now and then the mother was heard calling in the distance, and as she approached he became all excitement, fluttering his wings, and answering in the husky tones of the family. A moment later, after a quick glance around, but without alighting and reconnoitring the whole neighborhood, as the robin27 does, she came down beside the eager youngling, administered to the wide open mouth what looked like two or three savage28 pecks, but doubtless were nothing worse than mouthfuls of food, and instantly flew again, while the refreshed[Pg 7] infant stretched his wings and legs, changed his place a little, and settled into comfortable quiet after his lunch.
The urchin29 in the enemy's tree was not the most unfortunate of the nestlings. One already lay dead on the ground under the nest where it had fallen, and another came down during the day, though happily without injury. This one was not very bright, or perhaps his baby wits were dazed by his sudden descent. He made no objection to staying in my hand as long as I liked to look at him, and when I placed him on a low branch, as a hint that it was safer there, he declined to accept my advice, but flew off and came to the ground again. He was a scraggy looking, rusty30 black little fellow, the most unattractive young bird I ever saw. Shortly after this he clambered up on a pile of brush about a foot high, without so much as a leaf to screen him, and there he stayed all day, motionless, being fed at long intervals31; and there I left him at night, never expecting to see him again. But in the morning he appeared on a low shrub on the lawn, and about nine o'clock he took courage to launch himself on wing. He flew very low across the street, and dropped into the tall grass at the foot of a lilac bush. Why the parents considered that less safe than the open lawn I could not see, but they evidently[Pg 8] did, for one of them perched upon the lilac, and filled the air with anxious "chucks," announcing to all whom it might concern—after the fashion of some birds—that here was a stray infant to be had for the picking up. Perhaps, however, the hue-and-cry kept off the quiet-loving cat; at any rate nothing happened to him, I think, for in a day or two the three young birds became so expert on wing that the whole family left us, and I hope found a place where they were more welcome than in that colony of house and orchard33 birds.
Not so quiet in their ways are the babies of another blackbird family—the redwings; restless and uneasy, the clumsy little creatures climb all about the bushes and trees, and keep both parents busy, not only in filling their gaping34 mouths, but in finding them when the food is brought. They are always seeking a new place, and from the moment of leaving the nest show in a marked way the unrest, the impatience35 of the redwing family.
Quite as erratic36 is a much smaller bird, the yellow throated warbler, whose baby ways I have seen at the South. One of these bantlings no bigger than the end of a thumb will easily keep its parent frantically37 busy rushing about after food, and hunting up the capricious wanderer on its return.[Pg 9]
The wood thrush, on the contrary, is patience itself. A youngster of this lovely family sits a half hour at a time motionless and silent on a branch, head drawn39 down upon his shoulders, apparently40 in the deepest meditation41. When he sees food coming he is gently agitated42, rises upon his weak legs, softly flutters his wings and opens his mouth, but never—never cries. Should one put a hand down to take him, as seemingly could be done easily, he will slip out from under it, drop to the ground, and disappear, in perfect silence.
The cry-baby of the bird world is the Baltimore oriole. As soon as this fluffy43 young person appears outside of his nursery, sometimes even before, he begins to utter a strange almost constant "chrr-r-r." He is not particularly active of movement, but he cannot keep silent. One little oriole mother whom I watched in Massachusetts had no help in raising her brood, her mate spending his time on the upper branches of the tree. He could not be blamed, however; he was, so far as I could see, perfectly44 willing to aid in the support of the family, but Madam actually would not allow him even to visit the homestead. When the young were out he assumed his share of the labor45. The first yellow-haired bairn mounted the edge of the nest one morning, and after a little stretching[Pg 10] and pluming46, tried to fly. But alas47 he was held! Two or three times he renewed the attempt, his struggles always ending in failure, and I feared I should see a tragedy. Half an hour later the mother returned, and whether she pushed him down, or merely advised him to go back and try again, I cannot say. The fact is that he did disappear in the nest, where he remained for two or three hours, for it is probably safe to assume that the urchin who came up later was the same. This time, without delay upon the brink48, he climbed upon a twig, hopped49 about a little, and before long flew several feet, alighting on a small branch of the same tree. Hardly had he established himself safely and resumed his ordinary call, when down upon him from above came a robin, who, strange to say, had a nest in one of the upper branches of the same tall maple50. This robin had always recognized the right of the oriole parents to their share of the tree, but the young one was a stranger, and he fell upon him accordingly. He knocked him off his perch32; the unfortunate little fellow fell a few feet, then gathered himself, fluttered and caught at the outside of a clump51 of leaves on the end of a twig, where after frantic38 struggling he managed to secure a hold. Perhaps the robin saw his mistake, for he paid no more attention to the[Pg 11] new-comer, who did not stay long on the tree after this second disaster.
The next morning came up out of the nest quite an unnatural52 oriole baby—he did not cry. Silently, he stepped out upon a twig, and looked about in the new world around him. He carefully dressed his feathers, and often rose to his full height and stretched his legs, as if it were legs and not wings he needed in his new life. The third scion53 of the household had also a marked character of his own. Having planted himself on the threshold, and found it a convenient place to intercept54 all food on its way to the younger ones still unseen, he remained. Every time the mother came with a mouthful, he fluttered and coaxed55, and usually got it. It was too good a situation to leave and he seemed to have settled for life; but his wings overpowered his inertia56 or greed, about four o'clock in the afternoon.
So long had the third young oriole occupied his position, that the fourth made his appearance almost immediately, as though he had been waiting. There does appear to be some regulation of this sort among the orioles, for in all that I have noticed, no two ever came out together (excepting once, when both went back almost instantly, and one returned alone). This late comer had not the whole long sunny day to[Pg 12] loiter away, and he flew in an hour. The fifth and last came up early the next morning evidently in haste to join the scattered57 family, for he bade farewell to the native tree in a short time. No more orioles appeared upon the maple from this day, but for two weeks I saw the little party about; the father, whom I had missed after the flight of the first infant, working like a drudge58, with two or three hungry urchins59 wherever he went, excepting when he sought food in the new-cut grass on the ground. He gave us no more songs, but his sweet, low call sounded all day on the place.
Another family of little folk came upon the maple after the orioles were gone, a nuthatch tribe. There were three or four of them exactly like the mother excepting a shorter tail, and they followed her like a flock of sheep, over and under branches, around the trunk, up or down or any way, never pausing more than an instant, not even when she plumped a morsel60 into a waiting mouth. She led her little procession by her querulous-sounding "quank," while they replied with a low "chir-up" in the same tone. It was a very funny sight. They could fly nicely, but never seemed to think of looking for food, and it was plain that the busy little mother had no time to teach them. It was interesting to see her deal with a moth[Pg 13] which she found napping on a fence. She ran at once to a crack or some convenient hole in the rough rail, thrust it in and hammered it down. When it was quiet she snipped61 off the wings, dragged it out, and beat it on the fence till it was fit for food, the family meanwhile gathered around her, clinging closely to the fence, and gently fluttering. These nuthatches were remarkably62 silent, but some that I once saw living near the top of two or three tall pines were quite noisy, and I spent much time trying to see what they were forever complaining about. There always seemed to be some catastrophe63 impending64 up in that sky parlor65, but it never appeared to reach a climax66.
Charming to watch is the bluebird nestling; cheery and gentle like the parents, he seems to escape the period of helplessness that many birds suffer from, perhaps because he is patient enough to stay in the nest till his wings are ready to use. The mocking-bird baby has a far different time. Victim of a devouring ambition that will not let him rest till either legs or wings will bear him, he scrambles67 out upon his native tree, stretches, plumes68 a little in a jerky, hurried way, and then boldly launches out in the air—alas!—to come flop69 to the ground, where he is an easy prey to boys and cats, both of whom are particularly fond of young[Pg 14] mocking-birds. These parents are wiser than the crow blackbirds, for not a sound betrays the accident in the family, unless, indeed, the little one is disturbed, when they make noise enough. They keep out of sight, no doubt closely watching the straggler until he gets away from people, for although he has proved that he cannot fly, the young mocker is by no means discouraged; he trusts to his legs, and usually at once starts off on a run "anywhere, anywhere, out (in) the world." When far enough away for them to feel safe in doing so, the parents come down and feed and comfort the wanderer, and it is a day or two before his wings are of much use to him.
The most imperious young bird I know is the robin. He is perfectly sure he has a right to attention, and he intends to have it. If he is neglected too long and gets hungry, he calls loudly and impatiently, jerking himself up with a ludicrous air of stamping his feet. Even when he does condescend70 to go to the lawn with mamma, it is not to seek his food—far from it! It is to follow her around, and call every moment or two for something to eat. The idea that his individual exertions71 have anything to do with the food supply seems never to occur to him. He expects the fat morsels72 to fall into his mouth as they always have, and[Pg 15] why should they not? He will soon be taught, for even baby-birds have to be educated.
We have assumed in our easy-going way that birds "toil73 not" because they "do not spin," because they have not surrounded themselves with a thousand artificial wants, as we have. But the truth is that nobody can work harder than a pair of robins74, for example, with four or five hungry mouths to fill, and every mouthful to be hunted up as it is wanted. No one would guess what an ever-yawning cavern75 a baby robin's mouth is, till he has tried to bring up a nestling himself. I once kept two small boys busy several days at high wages, digging worms for one young bird, and then I believe he starved to death.
The training of our winged neighbors is most interesting, but so cautiously carried on that we rarely see it, though we may often hear the robin, oriole, whip-poor-will, and many others receive instruction in singing. I have once or twice surprised young birds at their lessons, as for instance, a pewee family learning to hover76 over the daisies, a beautiful operation of their parents which I never tired of watching. I was behind a blind when they came, a little flock of five or six. They were very playful, and kept near together, flying low over the grass, alighting in a row on the edge of a pail, coming[Pg 16] up on the clothes-line, banging awkwardly against the house, and in every way showing ignorance and youth. I studied one for a long time as he balanced himself on the clothes-line and looked off at the antics of his brothers trying to learn the hovering77. One of the parents flew out over the tall flowers, poising78 himself gracefully79, his body held perfectly erect80, legs half drawn up, turning his head this way and that, hanging thus in the air several seconds in one spot, then suddenly darting81 off to another like a humming-bird. The little ones in a row close together on a low branch of a shrub, looked on, and in a moment two or three sallied out and tried the same movement. They could fly well enough, but when they tried to pause on wing the failure was disastrous82. Some tumbled out of sight into the daisies, others recovered themselves with violent efforts and returned hastily to the perch, complaining loudly. Then the parents brought food, and this went on for some time, while all the time the air was full of gentle twitters and calls, much baby-talk, and a little parental83 instruction no doubt.
A delightful84 field of work awaits the young naturalist85 of to-day. Our predecessors86 have devoted87 their energies to classifying and arranging. They have dissected88 and weighed and[Pg 17] measured every part of the little bodies; they know to a fraction the length of wings and tails; they have pulled to pieces the nests, "clutched" the eggs, and blown and mounted and labeled and set up in cases the whole external of the little creatures. All that can be learned by violence, all the characteristics evolved by fear and distress are duly set down in the books. You shall find a catalogue of the robin's possessions in the shape of feathers and bones, pictures of his internal anatomy89, illustrations of his work in nest building, and specimens90 in all stages, but in the whole world of these books you shall not find the robin. The soul of the robin has escaped them, it is not to be taken by force.
I do not find fault; it needed to be done, but happily—let us hope—it is done, and a more enticing91 field is now open, namely: to make personal acquaintance with the birds, find out how they live, their manners and customs, and their individual characters. This is one of the most charming studies in the world, but much more is required than a gun and a little or much scientific knowledge. There is infinite patience, perseverance92, untiring devotion, and more,—a quick eye and ear, and a sympathetic heart. If you do not love the birds you cannot understand them.[Pg 18]
This is the pleasant path opening now, and in some ways it is particularly suited to woman with her great patience and quiet manners. Once interested in the lives in the "upper stories," you will find them most absorbing; novels will pall93 upon you, fancy work seem frivolous94, society duties a bore, and talk—loud enough to interfere95 with listening—an impertinence.
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1
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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2
prattle
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| n.闲谈；v.（小孩般）天真无邪地说话；发出连续而无意义的声音 | |
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3
oblivious
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| adj.易忘的，遗忘的，忘却的，健忘的 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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attuned
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| v.使协调( attune的过去式和过去分词 )；调音 | |
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intrusive
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| adj.打搅的；侵扰的 | |
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shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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medley
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| n.混合 | |
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10
clamorous
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| adj.吵闹的，喧哗的 | |
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11
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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halfway
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| adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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16
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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owl
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| n.猫头鹰，枭 | |
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18
smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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orphaned
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| [计][修]孤立 | |
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entangle
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| vt.缠住，套住；卷入，连累 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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robin
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| n.知更鸟，红襟鸟 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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urchin
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| n.顽童；海胆 | |
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rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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34
gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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erratic
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| adj.古怪的，反复无常的，不稳定的 | |
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frantically
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| ad.发狂地, 发疯地 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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40
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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41
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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43
fluffy
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| adj.有绒毛的，空洞的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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45
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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46
pluming
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| 用羽毛装饰（plume的现在分词形式） | |
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47
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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48
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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49
hopped
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| 跳上[下]( hop的过去式和过去分词 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花 | |
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50
maple
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| n.槭树，枫树，槭木 | |
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51
clump
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| n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走 | |
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52
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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53
scion
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| n.嫩芽，子孙 | |
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54
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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55
coaxed
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| v.哄，用好话劝说( coax的过去式和过去分词 )；巧言骗取；哄劝，劝诱 | |
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56
inertia
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| adj.惰性，惯性，懒惰，迟钝 | |
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57
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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58
drudge
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| n.劳碌的人；v.做苦工，操劳 | |
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59
urchins
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| n.顽童( urchin的名词复数 )；淘气鬼；猬；海胆 | |
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60
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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snipped
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| v.剪( snip的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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62
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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parlor
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| n.店铺，营业室；会客室，客厅 | |
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climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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67
scrambles
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| n.抢夺( scramble的名词复数 )v.快速爬行( scramble的第三人称单数 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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68
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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flop
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| n.失败(者)，扑通一声；vi.笨重地行动，沉重地落下 | |
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condescend
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| v.俯就，屈尊；堕落，丢丑 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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72
morsels
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| n.一口( morsel的名词复数 )；（尤指食物）小块，碎屑 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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74
robins
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| n.知更鸟，鸫( robin的名词复数 )；（签名者不分先后，以避免受责的）圆形签名抗议书（或请愿书） | |
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cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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76
hover
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| vi.翱翔，盘旋；徘徊；彷徨，犹豫 | |
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hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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poising
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| 使平衡( poise的现在分词 )； 保持（某种姿势）； 抓紧； 使稳定 | |
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gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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parental
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| adj.父母的；父的；母的 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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85
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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dissected
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| adj.切开的，分割的，（叶子）多裂的v.解剖（动物等）( dissect的过去式和过去分词 )；仔细分析或研究 | |
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anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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enticing
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| adj.迷人的；诱人的 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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pall
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| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
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frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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