Society's ingratitude1 to its heroes and leaders is proverbial. Earth's bravest souls have been misunderstood in youth, maligned3 in manhood and neglected in old age. The fathers slay4 the prophets, the children build the sepulchres, and the grandchildren wear deeply the path the heroes trod. History teems5 with illustrations of this principle. Socrates is the wisest prophet, the noblest teacher, the truest citizen and patriot6 that Athens ever had, and Athens rewards him with a cup of poison. In a critical hour Savonarola saves the liberty of his city, and Florence burns him in the market-place. Cervantes writes the only world-wide thing in Spanish literature, and for an abiding7 place Spain rewards him, not with a mansion8, but with a blanket in a dungeon9, feeds him, not upon the apples of Paradise, but on the apples of Sodom, and gives him to drink, not the nectar of the gods, but vinegar mingled10 with gall11.
[Pg 85]Next to the Bible in influence upon English literature comes the Pilgrim's Progress. England kept John Bunyan in jail at Bedford for twelve years, as his reward. For some reason, nations reserve their wreaths of recognition until the heart is broken, until hope is dead, and the ambitions are in heaven. The history of the other great leaders, therefore, leads us to expect that the greatest, because the most typical, Englishman of all time, shall be unique in his obloquy12 and shame, as he was signal in his supreme13 gifts. During his life the very skies rained lies and cruel taunts14; in his death the mildewed15 lips of slander16 took up new falsehoods. In the grave the very dust of this hero furnished a sure foundation for the temple of liberty, but his grave was despoiled17. With pomp and pageantry Charles the Second ordered his bones to be exhumed18, and the skeleton hung between thieves at Tyburn to satisfy his hatred19. For twelve years Cromwell's skull20 was elevated upon a pole above Westminster Hall, where it stood exposed to the rains of twelve summers and the snows of twelve winters.
And now that two hundred and fifty years have passed away, these centuries have not availed for extinguishing the fires of hatred and controversy21, or for doing justice to the[Pg 86] memory of this man, Oliver Cromwell, God's appointed king.
We would naturally expect that time would have availed to clear the name and fame of Cromwell and to secure for him the recognition that his achievements deserve. But it was hard for some royalists to forgive this man who turned his hand against the sacred person of the King. For nearly three centuries the conflict has raged. The royal historians count Cromwell the greatest hypocrite in history, the trickster, the regicide, the political Judas of all time. For a hundred years after his death, no man was found brave enough to mention the name of Oliver Cromwell in Windsor Castle or the House of Lords. England's Abbey has made a place for the statues of that one-talent general, Burgoyne, whose chief business was to surrender his troops to our colonial soldiers, but the Abbey has no niche23 for a bust24 of the only English general who ranks with the great soldiers of history—Alexander, C?sar, Napoleon, Grant, and now Foch—these six and no more.
The British Houses of Parliament are crowded with statues of politicians who gave the people what they wanted, and some statesmen who gave the people what they ought to have. And there, too, are found the busts25 of[Pg 87] kings and queens, Bloody26 Mary, contemptible27 John, those little feeblings and parasites28 named the Georges. But low down and bespattered with mud she has written the name of her greatest monarch29, and the most powerful ruler that ever sat upon a throne.
Not until Carlyle came forward did the cloud of slander begin to lift. When the three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Cromwell was celebrated30, Great Britain awakened31 to the fact that too little recognition had been given to the great reformer whose career was one of the marvels32 of English history. The measure of a nation's greatness is the kind of man it admires. To-day, it is of little consequence what we think of Cromwell, but it is of the first importance that Cromwell should approve the leaders of our world-capitals. Only in the last generation has the tide turned, and the reaction begun to set in. John Morley, busied with his biography of Gladstone, took time to write a history of the man whom he calls the maker33 of English history. Professor Gardiner asserts that England has done injustice34 to Cromwell and that the time has come for her to right a great wrong. All the world has at last begun to recognise the fact that the farmer of Huntingdon was an uncrowned king, ruling of his own natural right.
[Pg 88]The world's ingratitude to Cromwell becomes the more striking when we remember what he did for Great Britain, for her people, to right the wrongs of her poor, to found her free institutions and to give her a place among the nations of the earth. Oliver Cromwell found England almost next to nothing in the scale of European politics. France pitied poor little England, and Spain, the one world-wide force of the time, despised her. He found her people a group of quarrelling sects35, divided, hostile and full of hate. Her soil was scored with countless36 insurrections; her commerce was dead; her navy was so miserably37 weak that pirates sailed up the Thames, dropped anchor in the night in front of Westminster Hall, and flung defiance38 to the frightened merchants. In a single year, three thousand Englishmen were impressed by these pirates and sold in the slave markets of Algiers, Constantinople and the West Indies. He found the king a tyrant39, who one day made the boast that he had brought every man who had opposed his will to the Tower or the scaffold. He found Parliament saying, "We have struggled for twenty years, and every attempt has ended with a halter, and it is better to endure a present ill than flee to others that we know not of."
[Pg 89]And in the very darkest hour of England's history, this farmer flung himself into the breach40 and besought41 his countrymen to unite in one supreme effort to achieve liberty for the common people. For forty years he had been a plain country gentleman, content with his farm; ten years later he was "the most famous military captain in Europe, the greatest man in England, and the wisest ruler England ever had." He lived to hold the destinies of his country in his hands, to enthrone justice and toleration over a great part of Europe, received overtures42 for alliances from many kings, and died in the royal palace at Whitehall, and was buried amid the lamentations of many who had been his bitter enemies.
Cromwell's greatness stirs our sense of wonder the more, because he accomplished43 what others had sought to achieve and failed. Balfour or Lloyd George trained for years to his task, is like one who stands in the midst of an arsenal44, protected by walls and battlements, and served by cannon45 and machine guns. To employ Carlyle's expressive46 figure, a dwarf47 who stands with a match before a cannon can beat down a stronghold, but he must be a giant indeed who can capture an armed fortress48 with naked fists, as did Oliver Cromwell.[Pg 90] He lived in an age of great men. The era of Shakespeare, of Marlowe, Jonson and Bacon was closing. It was the era of John Pym, called "The Old Man Eloquent49." It was the era of Hampden, the patrician50, the orator51 and hero. It was the time of Sir Harry52 Vane, the distinguished53 gentleman who came to Boston to be made ruler of that new city, and whom Wendell Phillips called the noblest patriot that ever walked the streets of the new capital. Coke was on the bench, meditating54 his decisions, while Lyttleton was perfecting his interpretations55 of the Constitution. John Milton was making his plea for the liberty of the press. Owen and Sherlock and Howe were in the pulpits.
These were among the bravest spirits that have ever stood upon our earth. All hated tyranny, and all loved liberty. All sought to overthrow56 the rule of the despot and yet, when all had done their best, England was sold like a slave in the market-place. It was the farmer of Huntingdon who, in that critical hour, came forward and showed himself equal to the emergency. It was this country gentleman, without political experience, this general who became a statesman without the discipline of statecraft, who became the shepherd of his people and overthrew57 that citadel58[Pg 91] of iniquity59 called the Divine Right of Kings; who rid England of her pirates, developed a great commerce, built up the most powerful navy that then sailed the sea—a possession England has never lost—corrected the code, rectified60 the Constitution, laid the foundation for the present Bill of Rights. This is why John Morley asks us to study carefully the lineaments of this man whose body England, to her undying shame, and in the days of her dishonour61, hung in chains at Tyburn.
If we are to understand Cromwell's character and career and his place among the world's leaders, we must recall his age and time and the England of that far-off day, when he wrought62 his work and dipped his sword in heaven. What of the religious condition of England in the era of intolerance, when the prophet of God was anointed with the ointment63 of war, black and sulphurous? It is the year 1630, and Cromwell is still in his early manhood. One bright morning, with St. Paul's to his back, Cromwell entered Ludgate Circus. In the midst of the circus stood a scaffold and around it was a great throng64, crowding and pressing toward the place of torture. At the foot of the scaffold was a venerable scholar, his white hair flowing upon his shoulders, a man of stainless65 character[Pg 92] and spotless life, renowned66 for his devotion, eloquence67 and patriotism68. When the executioner led the aged22 pastor69 up the steps, the soldiers tore off his garments. He was whipped until blood ran in streams down his back, both nostrils70 were slit71 and his ears cropped off, hot irons were brought and two letters, "S-S"—sower of sedition—were burned into his forehead.
What crime had this pastor committed? Perhaps he had lifted a firebrand upon the King's palace; perhaps he had organized some foul72 gunpowder73 plot to overthrow the throne itself. Perhaps he had been guilty of treason, or some foul and nameless sin against the State. Not so. The reading of the decision of the judge and the decree of the punishment made clear the truth. It seemed that a fortnight before, the aged pastor had been commanded to give up his extempore prayers and the singing of the Psalms74, and had been commanded to read the written prayers and sing the hymns76 prescribed by the state Church. But the gentle scholar had disregarded the command, and on the following Sunday walked in the ways familiar and dear to him by reason of long association. He had dared to sing the same old Psalms and lift his heart to God in extempore prayer, after the manner[Pg 93] of his fathers. And when the executioner announced that on the following Saturday at high noon the old scholar would be brought a second time into Ludgate Circus, and there scourged78 before the people, the cloud upon Oliver Cromwell's brow was black as the thunder-storm that stands upon the western sky, black and vociferous79 with thunder. Kings, the head of the Church of Jesus Christ!
Two hundred years later, Abraham Lincoln, standing80 in the market-place of New Orleans, was to see a coloured child torn from its mother's arms, held by the auctioneer upon the block and sold to the highest bidder81. With a lump in his throat, Abraham Lincoln turned to his brother and said: "If the time ever comes when I can strike, I will hit slavery as hard a blow as I can." And when Cromwell turned away from that scene in Ludgate Circus he went home to dream about the era of toleration and liberty and charity, and registered a vow82 to strike, when the time came, the hardest blow he could against the citadel of intolerance and bigotry83 on the part of the Church.
But political England was as dark and troublesome as the religious world of that day. One of the noblest men of the time was Sir[Pg 94] John Eliot. He was the child of wealth and opportunity. The university had lent him culture, travel had lent breadth, and leisure had given him the opportunity to grow wise and ripe. His nature was singularly lofty and devout84, his temper ardent85 and chivalric86. His one ambition was to serve his mother country. A vice-admiral, he was given power to defend the commerce of the country and overthrow the pirates. After many attempts, by a clever but dangerous maneuver87 he entrapped88 the king of the pirates, Nutt, who had taken one hundred and twenty English ships and sold the sailors in the slave market of Algiers and Tripoli. But King Charles freed the pirate, and punished the vice-admiral by four months' imprisonment89, for he had taken bribes90 against his own sailors.
When Sir John Eliot had been released, he charged the King with complicity in a crime. For reply the King levied91 an illegal fine. Sir John Eliot was rich, and he might have bought immunity92. In his home dwelt a beautiful wife and little children, and with flight he might have escaped his prison. His wealth would have enabled him to live abroad in ease, but he preferred to stay at home and die in London Tower for principle. And no martyr93, going to his stake, no hero, falling[Pg 95] at the head of a battle line, ever did a nobler thing than Sir John Eliot, when he refused to pay his fine and preferred death to enjoying the pleasures of expediency94 for a season. For three years the hero bore his imprisonment and endured the tortures of confinement95. The rigours of the Tower could not break his dauntless spirit. One day he found blood upon his handkerchief. Fearing that death was near, he sent a request to the royal palace. "A little more air, your majesty96, that I may gain strength to die in!" But John Eliot had thwarted97 the King's policy, and Charles carried his vindictiveness98 even to death. "Not humble100 enough," was the King's reply. Blows cannot break the will, waters cannot drown the will, flames cannot consume the will, and in the hour of Eliot's death, Charles knew that his opponent had conquered. One day John Eliot's son petitioned the King that he might carry his father's remains101 to Cornwall to lie with those of his ancestors. Charles wrote on the petition: "Let Sir John Eliot's body be buried in the parish where he died, and his ashes lie unmarked in the Chapel102 of the Tower."
But the social England of the era of Cromwell is a darker picture still. If our age is the era of the rise and reign103 of the common[Pg 96] people, that was an age when the middle-class was as yet almost unknown. Feudalism still survived. There were the plebeians104 on the one hand, and the patrician class on the other. Theoretically the King owned the land, and the lords and gentlemen were agents under him. Kenilworth Castle and its lord stand for the social England of that day. My lord dwelt in a castle—the people dwelt in mud huts. He wore purple and fine linen—his people wore coats of sheepskin, slept on beds of straw, ate black bread, knew sorrow by day and misery105 by night. Did a farmer sow a field and reap the harvest? Every third shock belonged to the lord of the castle. Did the husbandman drive his flocks afield? In the autumn, every third sheep and bullock belonged to my lord. Was the grain ripe in the field? If the peasant owed twenty days' labour without return at the time of sowing to my lord, he had to give ten days more to the lord of the castle in the time of the harvest. Again without recompense. And so it generally came about that for want of proper time to plough and plant and for opportunity of reaping in the hour when his grain was ripe, the serf fronted the winter with an empty granary, and the cry of his children was exceeding bitter.
[Pg 97]There were few bridges across the streams, there was no glass in the farmer's window, not one in a thousand owned a book, sanitation106 was almost unknown, every other babe died in infancy107; if the upper classes came out of the Black Death almost unscathed, about a third of the peasant class was swept off by that scourge77, which the physicians now know was caused by insufficient108 food and decayed grain. It was an era of ignorance and brutality109 among the poor, an era of snobs110 and of criminals. Cromwell found a hundred laws upon the English statute111 books that involve hanging for petty infringements112 against the rights of the King. He found woman a chattel113 and one day saw a man sell his wife in the market-place and beheld114 the purchaser lead the girl off in a halter. When the traveller rode up to London, he passed between a line of gibbets, where corpses115 hung rotting in chains. Highwaymen rode even into London, at nightfall, and tied their horses in Hyde Park, robbed people in the streets, broke into stores and rode away unmolested. One advertisement read thus: "For sale, a negro boy, aged eleven years. Inquire at the Coffee House, Threadneedle Street, behind the Royal Exchange."
Drunkenness and gambling116 were all but universal.[Pg 98] One Secretary of State was notorious as the greatest drunkard and the most unlucky gambler of his era. A Prime Minister was allowed to appear at the opera house with his mistress, and was esteemed117 the finest public man of his century. We are face to face with corruption118 in politics, incompetence119 in council and paganism in religion. To-day a member of the Cabinet who would use his private information for purposes of gambling in Wall Street would be instantly ruined. But in that era, the King and his courtiers filled their coffers by such methods without any criticism.
In such an era, Cromwell saw that there was no hope for England until there was a middle class. He determined120 to destroy the castles that offered shelter to the princes who had spoiled and robbed and outraged121 the poor, who had no defense122 to which they could flee when they had outraged the law. It has often been said that he was an iconoclast123; in razing124 the castles of England to the ground and overthrowing125 the strongholds he was the greatest criminal of his age; but if he loved the castles and architecture less, it was because he loved the poor more. He levelled stones down that he might have a foundation upon which the poor could climb up, and[Pg 99] thereby126 he destroyed the strongholds of feudalism and laid the foundations of the Bill of Rights of 1832, and was the forerunner127 of our own Washington and Lincoln.
Who is this King Charles who stands for the old order, and who is the great representative of the doctrine128 of the divine right of kings? He was a grandson of Mary, Queen of Scots, who, in fleeing from Scotland, seized the hand of Lord Lindsay, her foe129, and holding it aloft in her grasp swore by it, "I will have your head for this, so I assure you." His father was James the First of England and Sixth of Scotland, who had some gifts and also virtues130, but who after all was simply an animated131 stomach, carried far by a handful of intellectual faculties132. That Charles the First had qualities denied to his father all must confess. He was gifted with a certain taste for pictures, he had some imagination, and loved good literature. During his imprisonment he read Tasso, Spenser's Faerie Queen, and, above all, Shakespeare. He was methodical and decorous, but his favourite essay was Bacon's "Essay on Simulation and Dissimulation133." As a diplomat134 he believed that Machiavelli's Prince was the ideal to be followed, in that truth is so precious a quantity that it ought not to be wasted on the common people. He[Pg 100] was not renowned for chivalry135 or a sense of gratitude2. Witness his foul desertion of Strafford in the hour when Strafford exclaimed: "Put not your trust in princes!"
Again and again, through his selfishness, he spoiled his people. To obtain money he sold to one of his favourites the exclusive right to use sedan chairs in London, and put chains across the streets and made it a criminal offense136 for a gentleman to drive his coach into the limits of the city. He taxed the shoes the people wore, the salt they ate, the beds on which they slept, and the very windows through which the light came. He hired spies to make out a list of merchants who had an income of more than ￡2,000 a year and by indirect blackmail137 obtained money therefrom. When the Black Death broke out, and the streets of London were piled with corpses, and the committee of relief asked for public subscriptions139, Charles the First fled to Hampton Court and made no subscription138, large or small, to the relief fund.
And how did he amuse himself during those days when every house in London was left desolate140? In his far-off palace, surrounded by guards, beyond whom no messenger could pass, Charles the First sat, surrounded by his court. He sent to Amsterdam for jewellers[Pg 101] and paid ￡10,400 for a necklace. He paid ￡8,000 for a gold collar for himself, and ￡10,000 for a diamond ring for the Queen. On the ground that Parliament had not imposed taxes sufficient for his expenses, he made a tax proclamation for himself. Then Parliament, led by Pym and Hampden and Eliot, brought in a bill of remonstrance141. They assumed that the King ruled under pre?xisting laws. They declared that if Charles refused to call a Parliament and arrogated142 its power to himself, twelve peers might call a Parliament, and if this failed, the citizens might come together through a committee and elect their representatives.
But the King was consumed with egotism and vanity. He sent orders to Parliament to deliver to him the five leaders who stood for the liberties of the people, and with a mob of soldiers he entered the House of Commons to seize Hampden and Pym. But the House refused to give up its members, and helped them to escape through one of the windows, and the next day it brought them back in a triumphal procession. Returning to his palace, the King found the streets crowded with people, silent, sullen143, dark with anger. He heard threats and growls144 from every side. One prophet of righteousness called out, "To[Pg 102] your tents, O Israel!" Suddenly Charles the First realized that his people, driven to bay, had at last bestirred themselves, and, fearing he might be driven into a corner, his cheek went white as marble. That night, conscious of his danger, he fled to Hampton Court, while the whole city applauded the five leaders who had escaped the snare145. He had furnished the dynamite146 to blow up his throne. The people, represented by Parliament, stood over against the peers, represented by the King, as enemies. It was "either your neck, or my neck," and when a few weeks passed, there began the era of civil war, with blazing towns and castles and strongholds. "Whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad."
But who is the man who shall do for England what Savonarola did for Florence, and Luther for Germany, and William Tell for Switzerland, and Washington and Lincoln for our own country? Oliver Cromwell was of Celtic stock and noble family. It is a singular coincidence that he was a ninth cousin of that Charles whose death warrant he was to sign; that seventeen of his relatives were in Parliament to sign the Great Remonstrance, and that ten of his blood-relatives joined with him in signing the death warrant of the King. Cromwell was sixteen years of age, and enrolled[Pg 103] himself as a student at Cambridge on the very day that great Shakespeare died in Stratford. The greatest thing England ever did in literature ended on the day when perhaps the greatest thing she did in action began. John Milton said that Cromwell nursed his great soul in silence and solitude147. He was but a child when the news of the Gunpowder Plot filled his father's house with excitement. He was but a child when a dispatch was laid in his father's hands announcing the death of Henry of Navarre, the founder148 of Protestantism in France. From boyhood he loved the story of the brave and gallant149 Sir Walter Raleigh, and the announcement that he was to be executed to please the King of Spain filled him with tumultuous indignation.
In appearance he was above medium stature150, built like Daniel Webster and Brougham and Beecher, with great, beautiful head, bronzed face, heavy, projecting eyebrows151, large forehead, two eyes burning like flames of fire beneath the overhanging cliffs. He was of sandy complexion152, like Alexander and Napoleon. But if he were thick set, he was of finely compacted fiber153, and this man, who was to deal a crushing blow at Marston Moor154, and sign the King's death warrant and "grasp the scepter of a throne" and raze155 to the[Pg 104] ground the citadels156 of iniquity, the old strong castles of feudalism, was also strong enough to lift little England with her six millions to a level with the thirty millions of mighty157 Spain. Not until he was forty years of age did this farmer enter Parliament. One day, in the House of Commons, Sir Philip Warwick, while listening to a sharp voice, said to John Hampden, whose seat was near him: "Mr. Hampden, who is that sloven158 who spoke159 just now, for I see he is on our side, by his speaking so warmly?" "That sloven," replied Hampden, "whom you see before you—that sloven, I say—if we ever come to a breach with the King—God forbid—that sloven, I say, would, in that case, be the greatest man in England." But Hampden knew him also as gentle and lovable, tender toward his friends, loved by his rustic160 neighbours, though this vehement161 man, with sword stuck close to his side, had stern and uncompromising work, and the most difficult task ever set before an Englishman. "A larger soul, I think," writes Carlyle, "had seldom dwelt in a house of clay than was his."
Much of the criticism of Cromwell that has been so bitter, so rabid and so persistent162 would at once disappear if it were understood that the central element in Cromwell's life was religion.[Pg 105] He was first of all a Puritan, essentially163 a religious reformer and incidentally a politician. This is the clue to the maze164, this is the key to the problem, and the solution to this historical enigma165. He was by nature a poet and a prophet, haunted by sublime166 vision, dreaming of heaven and hell, as did Dante and Bunyan. "Verily," said he, "I think the Lord is with me. I undertake strange things, yet do I go through them to great profit and gladness and furtherance of the Lord's great work. I do feel myself lifted on by a strange force. I cannot tell why. By night and by day I am urged forward in the great work."
Had he lived in the days of Jeremiah, he would have dreamed dreams and seen visions and foretold167 retribution upon the wrongdoers. Had he lived in the days of Socrates, he would have made much of the voice of God. Had he lived in the time of Bernard the Monk168, or Francis of Assisi, he would have dwelt apart from men and fed his soul in solitude. Like John Bunyan, he was a melancholy169, brooding, lonely figure, who sometimes fought with Apollyon in the Valley of Humiliation170, and sometimes was lifted to the heights of the Delectable171 Mountains. He was a man of singular sincerity172, who confessed like Paul:[Pg 106] "Oft have I been in hell, and sometimes have I been caught up into the seventh heaven and heard things not lawful173 to utter." Blackness of darkness on one day, blinding radiance of light on another—both experiences were his. "I think I am the poorest wretch174 that lives, but I love God, or rather I am beloved of God." There speaks the religious leader, and not the ambitious politician.
"In the whole history of Europe," writes Frederic Harrison, "Oliver Cromwell is the one ruler into whose presence no vicious man could ever come, into whose service no vicious man might ever enter." What an army was that which he collected! When one of his officers was guilty of profanity and vulgarity in his presence, he was immediately dismissed. Cromwell sought out men like John Milton to be associated with him in diplomatic work. "If I were to choose," he writes, "any servant—the meanest officers of the army of the Commonwealth—I would choose a godly man that hath principle, especially where a trust is to be committed, because I know where to find a man that hath principle." He believed, also, and practiced prayer, for more things are wrought by prayer than are dreamed of in man's philosophy. With Tennyson, he held that "with prayer men are bound as with[Pg 107] chains of gold about the feet of God." One day, overpressed with work, he went into the country to spend the night with an old friend. After the Lord Protector had retired175, the host heard words, as of one speaking. Standing by the door of Cromwell's room, in which he feared that some enemy might have found entrance, he heard Cromwell pouring out his heart to God, telling Him that this was not a work that he had taken up for himself; that it was God's work; that the people were God's children, and the world God's world. Little wonder that the modern politician cannot understand Oliver Cromwell, and finds his life full of contradictory176 elements.
Not all present-day politicians could stand the prayer test. Cromwell was a God-intoxicated man. He believed that the Sermon on the Mount and the law of Sinai were the basis of all political creeds177. "We think," writes the historian, "that religion is a part of life; the Puritan thought it was the whole of life." That which was morally right could not be politically wrong, that which was politically right could not be morally wrong. The principles of justice and honesty that made the individual life worthy178 were one with the principles that made national life worthy. Between man and man you expected truth.[Pg 108] Was it a matter of indifference179 for the King to lie to his ministers, his people, and his Parliament? Is a king to be excused who broke all pledges, and laid dishonest taxes on his people? These questions were incidentally political questions, but primarily moral problems. And they thrust Cromwell, the religious recluse180, into the whirl and turmoil181 of politics, and made him a soldier and a statesman.
What a study in contrasts is the story of this farmer of Huntingdon! One day Parliament makes remonstrance; it sends the King word that he must call Parliament at regular intervals182; that taxes must be voted by Parliament; that in the event of the King's refusing to call a Parliament for the correction of injustice, the peers may issue the call; that if the peers refuse, the judges may issue it, and if the judges play false, the people may come together for election. Hampden, Pym and Cromwell indict99 the King for wrong and tyranny. Charles gives orders that the five leaders of Parliament shall be delivered to the Keeper of the Tower. The King flees to Hampton Court, and sends the gold plate and the crown jewels to Paris, hires foreign troops, lands them upon English shores and England is plunged183 into civil war.
[Pg 109]For the time being, Parliament is stunned184, and the leaders seem paralyzed. But one man is equal to the emergency. This farmer, in rural England, assembles the gentlemen who live in his neighbourhood. They crowd under the trees in his orchard185, he reads a psalm75, kneels down and prays with them, then tells them that on the morrow a representative of the King is to be in Cambridge to call for troops. Cromwell announces that to-morrow he proposes to hang the King's representative at the crossroads, and to seize the gold plate of the university to hire troops. "I want no tapsters, or gamesters or cowards, but only gentlemen who fear God and keep His commandments." A few weeks later, Prince Rupert and Charles meet Lord Essex and the Parliamentary forces at Marston Moor, and at first are overwhelmingly successful. When the Puritans are defeated, Lord Essex orders Cromwell to bring up his regiment186, and the stroke of Cromwell's Ironsides is the stroke of an earthquake. The farmer turns defeat into victory.
Then comes the overthrow of Charles at Naseby, and "God's crowning mercy" at Worcester. When Scotland tries to force the Presbytery upon England, Cromwell leads his troops north to Edinburgh. When the Irish[Pg 110] rise up at Drogheda, he marches into Ireland. When Charles breaks all his pledges, and his private correspondence is discovered, exhibiting him in the light of traitor187 to the liberties of England, Oliver Cromwell becomes executioner, for he has to decide between the head of the King, or the neck of the Parliament. Offered the throne, with the right of descent passing over to his son, he refuses the crown, for he wishes to be the protector, to guard the precious seeds of liberty until such time as a worthy successor for the throne shall appear. If for a time he rules as military dictator, it grows out of the necessities of the times, for Parliament is weak, divided into hostile camps, refusing to correct the laws, investigate the abuses of judges, revise the principles of taxation188, do anything for the navy, lighten the burdens of the common people. Divided into little cliques189, Parliament wastes weeks and months, and at last Oliver Cromwell enters the House of Commons and dissolves Parliament, charging them with having thrown away a great opportunity. "May God choose between you and me!" exclaims the one man who understands the emergency. He is the true king who can do the thing that needs to be done!
What were the qualities that made Cromwell[Pg 111] the great hero that he was? Lord Morley tells us that Cromwell was first of all a practical man, tactful, straightforward190, and going straight to his object. With the instincts of the true general, for soldiers he selected sturdy farmers, country gentlemen, men of iron nerve, who did not drink nor gamble, but with whom war meant business. He gave to each of his soldiers a pocket-Bible, and when he hurled191 his regiments192 against the jaunty193 and dapper youths who made up the army of Prince Rupert, his troops swept through the royalist army "as a cannon ball goes through a heap of egg-shells." "Pray, but keep your powder dry," was his motto. He had also the genius of hard work, and the love of detail. He could toil194 terribly. Nothing escaped his vigilance.
One day he was asked whether he knew that Charles II, then living in Paris, had a representative in England? "Certainly," he replied. "He has one representative who sleeps in such a house, and another who sleeps near the palace. The correspondence of the first is in a trunk under his bed. The letters of the second are in a certain inn."
When he came at length to live in a palace, Oliver Cromwell was simple in his tastes, pure in his morals, tireless in his pursuit of duty.[Pg 112] It is said that he was a Philistine195, and the enemy of culture. But he loved music and encouraged the opera. He loved literature, and his warmest friend was John Milton, the greatest poet and author of the age. If he levelled the castles of England to the ground, that feudalism might have no stronghold to which it could flee, it cannot be said that he hated art, for Cromwell bought the cartoons of Raphael for England, and preserved the art treasures of Charles the First. It stirs our sense of wonder that men should think that Cromwell represents opposition196 to culture, and that Charles the Second stands for the refinements197 of life. Charles the Second, the royalist, was a king who endeavoured to sell the cartoons of Raphael that Cromwell had preserved, to the King of France, to obtain money for his court. He encouraged bull-baiting and cock-fighting and pleasures steeped in animalism and vulgarity. No one claims that Cromwell himself was a piece of granite199, unhewn and unpolished. The fact is, neither the Puritan nor the royalist stood for full culture and refinement198. But of the two men, a thousand times preferable is the Cromwell who maintained friendship with John Milton, who represented genius united to the noblest character.
[Pg 113]But great as was Cromwell, the ruler, he was greater still as father, citizen and Christian200. Alone, amid conspiracies201 and plots, the weary Titan staggered on. At last the burden broke his heart. He held the realm in order by his will, gave law to Europe, and defended the weak, crushed the bigot, so that far away in Rome the Pope trembled at his name, and the sons of the martyrs202 blessed him. Suddenly he realized that his great work was done. On his death-bed he lay with one hand upon the breast of Christ, and the other stretched out toward Washington and Lincoln. For hours he lay, speaking great and noble words. The storm that passed over London that day and uprooted203 the trees in Hyde Park was the fitting dirge204 for the passing of this noble soul. "God is good," he murmured. Urged to take a potion and find sleep, he answered: "It is not my design to drink and sleep, but my wish is to make what haste I can to be gone." An hour later he lay calm and speechless. His work was done. He had shattered that citadel of iniquity, the Divine Right of Kings, and secured for the people of England the rights of conscience and religion. When the King returned, he returned to reign in accordance with the people's will. When the Church was restored, it was restored upon[Pg 114] the basis of the Act of Toleration, and the concession205 that no church can coerce206 the conscience of the people. Cromwell had compacted Scotland and England. He had outlined the movement of the reform bill of 1832. He had brought in an epoch207 when, for the first and only time in Europe, morality and religion were qualifications insisted upon in a court. Much of that which is best in the life and thought of America and England, the republic and the great monarchy208 alike owe to that stern workman of God, Oliver Cromwell.
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1
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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maligned
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| vt.污蔑，诽谤（malign的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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teems
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| v.充满( teem的第三人称单数 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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abiding
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| adj.永久的，持久的，不变的 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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dungeon
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| n.地牢，土牢 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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gall
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| v.使烦恼，使焦躁，难堪；n.磨难 | |
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obloquy
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| n.斥责，大骂 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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taunts
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| 嘲弄的言语，嘲笑，奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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15
mildewed
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| adj.发了霉的，陈腐的，长了霉花的v.（使）发霉，（使）长霉( mildew的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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18
exhumed
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| v.挖出，发掘出( exhume的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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21
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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24
bust
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| vt.打破；vi.爆裂；n.半身像；胸部 | |
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busts
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| 半身雕塑像( bust的名词复数 )； 妇女的胸部； 胸围； 突击搜捕 | |
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26
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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contemptible
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| adj.可鄙的，可轻视的，卑劣的 | |
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28
parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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30
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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31
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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32
marvels
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| n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 )；令人惊奇的事物（或事例）；不平凡的成果；成就v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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33
maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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37
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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39
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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40
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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41
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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42
overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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43
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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44
arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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45
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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46
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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47
dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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48
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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49
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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50
patrician
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| adj.贵族的，显贵的；n.贵族；有教养的人；罗马帝国的地方官 | |
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51
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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52
harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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53
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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54
meditating
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| a.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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55
interpretations
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| n.解释( interpretation的名词复数 )；表演；演绎；理解 | |
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56
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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57
overthrew
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| overthrow的过去式 | |
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58
citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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59
iniquity
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| n.邪恶；不公正 | |
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60
rectified
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| [医]矫正的，调整的 | |
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61
dishonour
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| n./vt.拒付（支票、汇票、票据等）；vt.凌辱，使丢脸；n.不名誉，耻辱，不光彩 | |
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62
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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63
ointment
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| n.药膏，油膏，软膏 | |
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64
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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65
stainless
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| adj.无瑕疵的，不锈的 | |
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66
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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67
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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68
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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69
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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70
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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71
slit
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| n.狭长的切口；裂缝；vt.切开，撕裂 | |
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72
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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73
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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74
psalms
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| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
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75
psalm
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| n.赞美诗，圣诗 | |
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76
hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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77
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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78
scourged
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| 鞭打( scourge的过去式和过去分词 )； 惩罚，压迫 | |
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79
vociferous
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| adj.喧哗的，大叫大嚷的 | |
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80
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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81
bidder
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| n.(拍卖时的)出价人，报价人，投标人 | |
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82
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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83
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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84
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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85
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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86
chivalric
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| 有武士气概的，有武士风范的 | |
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87
maneuver
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| n.策略[pl.]演习；v.(巧妙)控制；用策略 | |
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88
entrapped
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| v.使陷入圈套，使入陷阱( entrap的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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90
bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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91
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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92
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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93
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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94
expediency
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| n.适宜；方便；合算；利己 | |
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95
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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96
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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97
thwarted
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| 阻挠( thwart的过去式和过去分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
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98
vindictiveness
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| 恶毒；怀恨在心 | |
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99
indict
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| v.起诉，控告，指控 | |
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100
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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101
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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102
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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103
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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104
plebeians
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| n.平民( plebeian的名词复数 )；庶民；平民百姓；平庸粗俗的人 | |
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105
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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106
sanitation
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| n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备 | |
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107
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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108
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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109
brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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110
snobs
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| （谄上傲下的）势利小人( snob的名词复数 )； 自高自大者，自命不凡者 | |
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111
statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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112
infringements
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| n.违反( infringement的名词复数 )；侵犯，伤害 | |
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113
chattel
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| n.动产；奴隶 | |
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114
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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115
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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116
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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117
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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118
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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119
incompetence
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| n.不胜任，不称职 | |
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120
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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121
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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122
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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123
iconoclast
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| n.反对崇拜偶像者 | |
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124
razing
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| v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的现在分词 ) | |
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125
overthrowing
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| v.打倒，推翻( overthrow的现在分词 )；使终止 | |
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126
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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127
forerunner
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| n.前身，先驱（者），预兆，祖先 | |
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128
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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129
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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130
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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131
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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132
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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133
dissimulation
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| n.掩饰，虚伪，装糊涂 | |
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134
diplomat
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| n.外交官，外交家；能交际的人，圆滑的人 | |
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135
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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136
offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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137
blackmail
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| n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索，胁迫，恫吓 | |
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138
subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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139
subscriptions
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| n.（报刊等的）订阅费( subscription的名词复数 )；捐款；（俱乐部的）会员费；捐助 | |
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140
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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141
remonstrance
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| n抗议，抱怨 | |
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142
arrogated
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| v.冒称，妄取( arrogate的过去式和过去分词 )；没来由地把…归属（于） | |
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143
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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144
growls
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的第三人称单数 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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145
snare
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| n.陷阱，诱惑，圈套；（去除息肉或者肿瘤的）勒除器；响弦，小军鼓；vt.以陷阱捕获，诱惑 | |
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146
dynamite
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| n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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147
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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148
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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149
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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150
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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151
eyebrows
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| 眉毛( eyebrow的名词复数 ) | |
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152
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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153
fiber
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| n.纤维，纤维质 | |
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154
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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155
raze
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| vt.铲平，把(城市、房屋等)夷为平地，拆毁 | |
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156
citadels
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| n.城堡，堡垒( citadel的名词复数 ) | |
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157
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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158
sloven
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| adj.不修边幅的 | |
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159
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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160
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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161
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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162
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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163
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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164
maze
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| n.迷宫，八阵图，混乱，迷惑 | |
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165
enigma
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| n.谜，谜一样的人或事 | |
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166
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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167
foretold
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| v.预言，预示( foretell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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168
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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169
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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170
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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171
delectable
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| adj.使人愉快的；美味的 | |
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172
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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173
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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174
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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175
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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176
contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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177
creeds
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| （尤指宗教）信条，教条( creed的名词复数 ) | |
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178
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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179
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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180
recluse
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| n.隐居者 | |
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181
turmoil
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| n.骚乱，混乱，动乱 | |
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182
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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183
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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184
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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185
orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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186
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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187
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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188
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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189
cliques
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| n.小集团，小圈子，派系( clique的名词复数 ) | |
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190
straightforward
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| adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的 | |
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191
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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192
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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193
jaunty
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| adj．愉快的，满足的；adv.心满意足地，洋洋得意地；n.心满意足；洋洋得意 | |
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194
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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195
philistine
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| n.庸俗的人；adj.市侩的，庸俗的 | |
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196
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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197
refinements
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| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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198
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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199
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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200
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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201
conspiracies
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| n.阴谋，密谋( conspiracy的名词复数 ) | |
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202
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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203
uprooted
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| v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的过去式和过去分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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204
dirge
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| n.哀乐，挽歌，庄重悲哀的乐曲 | |
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205
concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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206
coerce
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| v.强迫，压制 | |
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207
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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208
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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