Birds are able sometimes to discriminate2 between protectors and persecutors, but seldom very well I should imagine; they do not view the face only, but the whole form, and our frequent change of dress must make it difficult for them to distinguish the individuals they know and trust from strangers. Even a dog is occasionally at fault when his master, last seen in black and grey suit, reappears in straw hat and flannels3.
Nevertheless, if birds once come to know those who habitually4 protect them and form a trustful habit, this will not be abandoned on account of a little rough treatment on occasions. A lady at Worthing told me of her blackbirds breeding in her garden that they refused to be kept from the strawberries when she netted the ripening5 fruit. One or more of the birds would always manage to get under the net; and when she would capture the robber and carry him, screaming, struggling and pecking at her fingers, to the end of the garden and release him, he would immediately follow her back to the bed and set himself to get at the fruit again.
In a bird's relations with other mammals there is no room for doubt or confusion; each consistently acts after its kind; once hostile, always hostile; and if once seen to be harmless, then to be trusted [Pg_39] for ever. The fox must always be feared and detested6; his disposition7, like his sharp nose and red coat, is unchangeable; so, too, with the cat, stoat, weasel, etc. On the other hand, in the presence of herbivorous mammals, birds show no sign of suspicion; they know that all these various creatures are absolutely harmless, from the big formidable-looking bull and roaring stag, to the mild-eyed, timorous8 hare and rabbit. It is common to see wagtails and other species attending cattle in the pastures, and keeping close to their noses, on the look-out for the small insects driven from hiding in the grass. Daws and starlings search the backs of cattle and sheep for ticks and other parasites9, and it is plain that their visits are welcome. Here a joint10 interest unites bird and beast; it is the nearest approach to symbiosis11 among the higher vertebrates of this country, but is far less advanced than the partnership12 which exists between the rhinoceros13 bird and the rhinoceros or buffalo14, and between the spur-winged plover15 and crocodile in Africa.
One day I was walking by a meadow, adjoining the Bishop's palace at Wells, where several cows were grazing, and noticed a little beyond them a number of rooks and starlings scattered16 about. Presently a flock of about forty of the cathedral [Pg_40] jackdaws flew over me and slanted17 down to join the other birds, when all at once two daws dropped out of the flock on to the back of the cow standing18 nearest to me. Immediately five more daws followed, and the crowd of seven birds began eagerly pecking at the animal's hide. But there was not room enough for them to move freely; they pushed and struggled for a footing, throwing their wings out to keep their balance, looking like a number of hungry vultures fighting for places on a carcase; and soon two of the seven were thrown off and flew away. The remaining five, although much straitened for room, continued for some time scrambling19 over the cow's back, busy with their beaks20 and apparently22 very much excited over the treasure they had discovered. It was amusing to see how the cow took their visit; sinking her body as if about to lie down and broadening her back, and dropping her head until her nose touched the ground, she stood perfectly23 motionless, her tail stuck out behind like a pump-handle. At length the daws finished their feeding and quarrelling and flew away; but for some minutes the cow remained immovable in the same attitude, as if the rare and delightful25 sensation of so many beaks prodding26 and so many sharp claws scratching her hide had not yet worn off. [Pg_41]
Deer, too, like cows, are very grateful to the daw for its services. In Savernake Forest I once witnessed a very pretty little scene. I noticed a hind24 lying down by herself in a grassy27 hollow, and as I passed her at a distance of about fifty yards it struck me as singular that she kept her head so low down that I could only see the top of it on a level with her back. Walking round to get a better sight, I saw a jackdaw standing on the turf before her, very busily pecking at her face. With my glass I was able to watch his movements very closely; he pecked round her eyes, then her nostrils28, her throat, and in fact every part of her face; and just as a man when being shaved turns his face this way and that under the gentle guiding touch of the barber's fingers, and lifts up his chin to allow the razor to pass beneath it, so did the hind raise and lower and turn her face about to enable the bird to examine and reach every part with his bill. Finally the daw left the face, and, moving round, jumped on to the deer's shoulders and began a minute search in that part; having finished this he jumped on to the head and pecked at the forehead and round the bases of the ears. The pecking done, he remained for some seconds sitting perfectly still, looking very pretty with the graceful29 red head for a stand, the hind's [Pg_42] long ears thrust out on either side of him. From his living perch30 he sprang into the air and flew away, going close to the surface; then slowly the deer raised her head and gazed after her black friend—gratefully, and regretting his departure, I could not but think.
Some birds when breeding exhibit great anxiety at the approach of any animal to the nest; but even when most excited they behave very differently towards herbivorous mammals and those which they know to be at all times the enemies of their kind. The nest of a ground-breeding species may be endangered by the proximity31 of a goat, sheep, deer, or any grazing animal, but the birds do not winnow32 the air above it, scream, make threatening dashes at its head, and try to lead it away as they would do in the case of a dog or fox. When small birds dash at and violently attack large animals and man in defence of their nest, even though the nest may not have been touched, the action appears to be purely33 instinctive34 and involuntary, almost unconscious, in fact. Acts of this kind are more often seen in humming-birds than in birds of other families; and humming-birds do not appear to discriminate between rapacious35 and herbivorous mammals. When they see a large animal moving [Pg_43] about they fly close to and examine it for a few moments, then dart36 away; if it comes too near the nest they will attack it, or threaten an attack. When examining their nests I have had humming-birds dash into my face. The action is similar to that of a stingless, solitary37 carpenter bee, common in La Plata: a round burly insect with a shining steel-blue body: when the tree or bush in which this bee has its nest is approached by a man it darts38 about in an eccentric manner, humming loudly, and at intervals40 remains41 suspended motionless for ten or fifteen seconds at a height of seven or eight yards above his head; suddenly it dashes quick as lightning into his face, inflicting42 a sharp blow. The bee falls, as if stunned43, a space of a couple of feet, then rises again to repeat the action.
There is certainly a wide difference between so simple an instinctive action as this, which cannot be regarded as intelligent or conscious, and the actions of most birds in the presence of danger to their eggs or young. In species that breed on the ground in open situations the dangers to which bird and nest are exposed are of different kinds, and, leaving out the case of that anomalous44 creature, man, we see that as a rule the bird's judgment45 is [Pg_44] not at fault. In one case it is necessary that he should guard himself while trying to save his nest; in another case the danger is to the nest only, and he then shows that he has no fear for himself. The most striking instance I have met with, bearing on this last point, relates to the action of a spur-winged lapwing observed on the Pampas. The bird's loud excited cries attracted my attention; a sheep was lying down with its nose directly over the nest, containing three eggs, and the plover was trying to make it get up and go away. It was a hot day and the sheep refused to stir; possibly the fanning of the bird's wings was grateful to her. After beating the sheep's face for some time it began pecking sharply at the nose; then the sheep raised her head, but soon grew tired of holding it up, and no sooner was it lowered than the blows and peckings began again. Again the head was raised, and lowered again with the same result, and this continued for about twelve or fourteen minutes, until the annoyance46 became intolerable; then the sheep raised her head and refused to lower it any more, and in that very uncomfortable position, with her nose high in the air, she appeared determined47 to stay. In vain the lapwing waited, and at last began to make little jumps at the face. The nose was out of reach, [Pg_45] but by and by, in one of its jumps, it caught the sheep's ear in its beak21 and remained hanging with drooping48 wings and dangling49 legs. The sheep shook her head several times and at last shook the bird off; but no sooner was it down than it jumped up and caught the ear again; then at last the sheep, fairly beaten, struggled up to her feet, throwing the bird off, and lazily walked away, shaking her head repeatedly.
How great the confidence of the plover must have been to allow it to act in such a manner!
This perfect confidence which birds have in the mammals they have been taught by experience and tradition to regard as harmless must be familiar to any one who has observed partridges associating with rabbits. The manners of the rabbit, one would imagine, must be exceedingly "upsetting" to birds of so timorous a disposition. He has a way, after a quiet interval39, of leaping into activity with startling suddenness, darting50 violently away as if scared out of his senses; but his eccentric movements do not in the least alarm his feathered companions. One evening early in the month of March I witnessed an amusing scene near Ockley, in Surrey. I was walking towards the village about half an hour after sunset, when, hearing the loud call of a partridge, [Pg_46] I turned my eyes in the direction of the sound and saw five birds on a slight eminence51 nearly in the centre of a small green field, surrounded by a low thorn hedge. They had come to that spot to roost; the calling bird was standing erect52, and for some time he continued to call at intervals after the others had settled down at a distance of one or two yards apart. All at once, while I stood watching the birds there was a rustling53 sound in the hedge, and out of it burst two buck54 rabbits engaged in a frantic55 running fight. For some time they kept near the hedge, but fighting rabbits seldom continue long on one spot; they are incessantly56 on the move, although their movements are chiefly round and round now one way—flight and pursuit—then, like lightning, the foremost rabbit doubles back and there is a collision, bitings, and rolling over and over together, and in an instant they are up again, wide apart, racing57 like mad. Gradually they went farther and farther from the hedge; and at length chance took them to the very spot on which the partridges had settled, and there for three or four minutes the duel58 went on. But the birds refused to be turned out of their quarters. The bird that had called still remained standing, expectant, with raised head, as if watching for the appearance of some loiterer, [Pg_47] while the others all kept their places. Their quietude in the midst of that whirlwind of battle was wonderful to see. Their only movement was when one of the birds was in a direct line with a flying rabbit, when, if it stayed still, in another moment it would be struck and perhaps killed by the shock; then it would leap a few inches aside and immediately settle down again. In this way every one of the birds had been forced to move several times before the battle passed on towards the opposite side of the field and left the covey in peace.
Social animals, Herbert Spencer truly says, "take pleasure in the consciousness of one another's company;" but he appears to limit the feeling to those of the same herd59, or flock, or species. Speaking of the mental processes of the cow, he tells us just how that large mammal is impressed by the sight of birds that come near it and pass across its field of vision; they are regarded in a vague way as mere60 shadows, or shadowy objects, flitting or blown about hither and thither61 over the grass or through the air. He didn't know a cow's mind. My conviction is that all animals distinctly see in those of other species, living, sentient62, intelligent beings like themselves; and that, when birds and mammals meet together, they take pleasure in the consciousness of one [Pg_48] another's presence, in spite of the enormous difference in size, voice, habits, etc. I believe that this sympathy exists and is just as strong between a cow and its small volatile63 companion, the wagtail, as between a bird and mammal that more nearly resemble each other in size; for instance, the partridge, or pheasant, and rabbit.
The only bird with us that appears to have some such feeling of pleasure in the company of man is the robin64. It is not universal, not even very common, and Macgillivray, in speaking of the confidence in men of that bird during severe weather, very truly says, "In ordinary times he is not perfectly disposed to trust in man." Any person can prove this for himself by going into a garden or shrubbery and approaching a robin. We see, too, that the bird shows intense anxiety when its nest is approached by a man; this point, however, need not be made much of, since all visitors, even its best friends, are unwelcome to the breeding bird. Still, there is no doubt that the robin is less distrustful of man than other species, but not surely because this bird is regarded by most persons with kindly65 feelings. The curious point is that the young birds find something in man to attract them. This is usually seen at the end of summer, when the old birds have gone into [Pg_49] hiding, and it is then surprising to find how many of the young robins66 left in possession of the ground appear to take pleasure in the company of human beings. Often before a person has been many minutes in a garden strolling about, he will discover that the quiet little spotted67 bird is with him, hopping68 and flying from twig69 to twig and occasionally alighting on the ground, keeping company with him, sometimes sitting quite still a yard from his hand. The gardener is usually attended by a friendly robin, and when he turns up the soil the bird will come down close to his feet to pick up the small grubs and worms. Is it not probable that the tameness of the tame young robin so frequently met with is, like that of the robin who keeps company with the gardener or woodman, an acquired habit; that the young bird has made the discovery that when a person is moving about among the plants, picking fruit perhaps, lurking70 insects are disturbed at the roots and small spiders and caterpillars71 shaken from the leaves? We are to the robin what the cow is to the wagtail and the sheep to the starling—a food finder.
Among the birds of the homestead the swallow is another somewhat exceptional species in his way of regarding man. He is too much a creature of [Pg_50] the air to take any pleasure in the company of heavy animals, bound to earth; the distance is too great for sympathy to exist. When we consider how closely he is bound and how much he is to us, it is hard to believe that he is wholly unconscious of our benefits, that when he returns in spring, overflowing72 with gladness, to twitter his delightful airy music round the house, he is not singing to us, glad to see us again after a long absence, to be once more our welcome guest as in past years. But so it is. When there were no houses in the land he built his nest in some rocky cavern73, where a she-wolf had her lair74, and his life and music were just as joyous75 as they are now, and the wolf suckling her cubs76 on the stony77 floor beneath was nothing to him. But if by chance she climbed a little way up or put her nose too near his nest, his lively twittering quickly changed to shrill78 cries of alarm and anger. And we are no more than the vanished wolf to the swallow, and so long as we refrain from peeping into his nest and handling his eggs or young, he does not know us, and is hardly conscious of our existence. All the social feelings and sympathy of the swallow are for creatures as a?rial and swift-winged as itself—its playmates in the wide fields of air.
Swallows hawking79 after flies in a village street, [Pg_51] where people are walking about, is a familiar sight, Swifts are just as confident. A short time ago, while standing in the churchyard at Farnham, in Surrey, watching a bunch of ten or twelve swifts racing through the air, I noticed that on each return to the church they followed the same line, doubling round the tower on the same side, then sweeping80 down close to the surface, and mounting again. Going to the spot I put myself directly in their way—on their race-course as it were, at that point where it touched the earth; but they did not on that account vary their route; each time they came back they streamed screaming past my head so near as almost to brush my face with their wings. But I was never more struck by the unconcern at the presence of man shown by these birds—swallows, martins, and swifts—as on one occasion at Frensham, when the birds were very numerous. This was in the month of May, about five weeks after I had witnessed the fight between two rabbits, and the wonderful composure exhibited by a covey of partridges through it all. It was on a close hot morning, after a night of rain, when, walking down to Frensham Great Pond, I saw the birds hawking about near the water. The may-flies were just out, and in some mysterious way the news had been [Pg_52] swiftly carried all over the surrounding country. So great was the number of birds that the entire population of swallows, house- and sand-martins, and swifts, must have been gathered at that spot from the villages, farms, and sand-banks for several miles around. At the side of the pond I was approaching there is a green strip about a hundred and twenty or a hundred and thirty yards in length and forty or fifty yards wide, and over this ground from end to end the birds were smoothly81 and swiftly gliding82 backwards83 and forwards. The whole place seemed alive with them. Hurrying to the spot I met with a little adventure which it may not be inapt to relate. Walking on through some scattered furze-bushes, gazing intently ahead at the swallows, I almost knocked my foot against a hen pheasant covering her young chicks on the bare ground beside a dwarf84 bush. Catching85 sight of her just in time I started back; then, with my feet about a yard from the bird, I stood and regarded her for some time. Not the slightest movement did she make; she was like a bird carved out of some beautifully variegated86 and highly-polished stone, but her bright round eyes had a wonderfully alert and wild expression. With all her stillness the poor bird must have been in an agony of terror and suspense87, and I [Pg_53] wondered how long she would endure the tension. She stood it for about fifty seconds, then burst screaming away with such violence that her seven or eight chicks were flung in all directions to a distance of two or three feet like little balls of fluff; and going twenty yards away she dropped to the ground and began beating her wings, calling loudly.
I then walked on, and in three or four minutes was on the green ground in the thick of the swallows. They were in hundreds, flying at various heights, but mostly low, so that I looked down on them, and they certainly formed a curious and beautiful spectacle. So thick were they, and so straight and rapid their flight, that they formed in appearance a current, or rather many currents, flowing side by side in opposite directions; and when viewed with nearly closed eyes the birds were like black lines on the green surface. They were silent except for the occasional weak note of the sand-martin; and through it all they were perfectly regardless of me, whether I stood still or walked about among them; only when I happened to be directly in the way of a bird coming towards me he would swerve88 aside just far enough to avoid touching89 me.
In the evening of that very day the behaviour of a number of gold-crests, disturbed at my presence, [Pg_54] surprised and puzzled me not a little; their action had a peculiar90 interest just then, as the encounter with the pheasant, and the sight of the multitude of swallows and their indifference91 towards me were still very fresh in memory. The incident has only an indirect bearing on the subject discussed here, but I think it is worth relating.
About two miles from Frensham ponds there is a plantation92 of fir-trees with a good deal of gorse growing scattered about among the trees; in walking through this wood on previous occasions I had noticed that gold-crests were abundant in it. Soon after sunset on the evening in question I went through this wood, and after going about eighty to a hundred yards became conscious of a commotion93 of a novel kind in the branches above my head—conscious too that it had been going on for some time, and that absorbed in thought I had not remarked it. A considerable number of gold-crests were flitting through the branches and passing from tree to tree, keeping over and near me, all together uttering their most vehement94 cries of alarm. I stopped and listened to the little chorus of shrill squeaking95 sounds, and watched the birds as well as I could in the obscurity of the branches, flitting about in the greatest agitation96. It was perfectly clear that I [Pg_55] was the cause of the excitement, as the birds increased in number as long as I stood at that spot, until there could not have been less than forty or fifty, and when I again walked on they followed. One expects to be mobbed and screamed at by gulls97, terns, lapwings, and some other species, when approaching their nesting-places, but a hostile demonstration98 of this kind from such minute creatures as gold-crests, usually indifferent to man, struck me as very unusual and somewhat ridiculous. What, I asked myself, could be the reason of their sudden alarm, when my previous visits to the wood had not excited them in the least? I could only suppose that I had, without knowing it, brushed against a nest, and the alarm note of the parent birds had excited the others and caused them to gather near me, and that in the obscure light they had mistaken me for some rapacious animal. The right explanation (I think it the right one) was found by chance three months later.
In August I was in Ireland, staying at a country house among the Wicklow hills. There were several swallows' nests in the stable, one or two so low that they could be reached by the hand, and the birds went in and out regardless of the presence of any person. In a few days the young were out, sitting [Pg_56] in rows on the roof of the house or on a low fence near it, where their parents fed them for a short time. After these young birds were able to take care of themselves they still kept about the house, and were joined by more swallows and martins from the neighbourhood. One bright sunny morning, when not fewer than two or three score of these birds were flying about the house, gaily99 twittering, I went into the garden to get some fruit. All at once a swallow uttered his loud shrill alarm cry overhead and at the same time darted100 down at me, almost grazing my hat, then mounting up he continued making swoops101, screaming all the time. Immediately all the other swallows and martins came to the spot, joining in the cry, and continued flying about over my head, but not darting at me like the first bird. For some moments I was very much astonished at the attack; then I looked round for the cat—it must be the cat, I thought. This animal had a habit of hiding among the gooseberry bushes, and, when I stooped to pick the fruit, springing very suddenly upon my back. But pussy102 was nowhere near, and as the swallow continued to make dashes at me, I thought that there must be something to alarm it on my head, and at once pulled off my hat and began to examine it. In a [Pg_57] moment the alarm cries ceased and the whole gathering103 of swallows dispersed104 in all directions. There was no doubt that my hat had caused the excitement; it was of tweed, of an obscure grey colour, striped or barred with dark brown. Throwing it down on the ground among the bushes it struck me that its colour and markings were like those of a grey striped cat. Any one seeing it lying there would, at the first moment, have mistaken it for a cat lying curled up asleep among the bushes. Then I remembered that I had been wearing the same delusive105, dangerous-looking round tweed fishing-hat on the occasion of being mobbed by the gold-crests at Frensham. Of course the illusion could only have been produced in a bird looking down upon the top of the hat from above.
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1
contradictory
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adj.反驳的,反对的,抗辩的;n.正反对,矛盾对立 | |
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2
discriminate
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v.区别,辨别,区分;有区别地对待 | |
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3
flannels
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法兰绒男裤; 法兰绒( flannel的名词复数 ) | |
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4
habitually
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ad.习惯地,通常地 | |
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5
ripening
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v.成熟,使熟( ripen的现在分词 );熟化;熟成 | |
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6
detested
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v.憎恶,嫌恶,痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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7
disposition
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n.性情,性格;意向,倾向;排列,部署 | |
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8
timorous
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adj.胆怯的,胆小的 | |
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9
parasites
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寄生物( parasite的名词复数 ); 靠他人为生的人; 诸虫 | |
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10
joint
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adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合 | |
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11
symbiosis
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n.共生(关系),共栖 | |
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12
partnership
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n.合作关系,伙伴关系 | |
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13
rhinoceros
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n.犀牛 | |
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14
buffalo
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n.(北美)野牛;(亚洲)水牛 | |
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15
plover
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n.珩,珩科鸟,千鸟 | |
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16
scattered
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adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的 | |
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17
slanted
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有偏见的; 倾斜的 | |
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18
standing
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n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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19
scrambling
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v.快速爬行( scramble的现在分词 );攀登;争夺;(军事飞机)紧急起飞 | |
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20
beaks
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n.鸟嘴( beak的名词复数 );鹰钩嘴;尖鼻子;掌权者 | |
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21
beak
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n.鸟嘴,茶壶嘴,钩形鼻 | |
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22
apparently
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adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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23
perfectly
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adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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24
hind
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adj.后面的,后部的 | |
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25
delightful
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adj.令人高兴的,使人快乐的 | |
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26
prodding
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v.刺,戳( prod的现在分词 );刺激;促使;(用手指或尖物)戳 | |
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27
grassy
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adj.盖满草的;长满草的 | |
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28
nostrils
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鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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29
graceful
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adj.优美的,优雅的;得体的 | |
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30
perch
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n.栖木,高位,杆;v.栖息,就位,位于 | |
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31
proximity
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n.接近,邻近 | |
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32
winnow
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v.把(谷物)的杂质吹掉,扬去 | |
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33
purely
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adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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34
instinctive
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adj.(出于)本能的;直觉的;(出于)天性的 | |
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35
rapacious
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adj.贪婪的,强夺的 | |
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36
dart
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v.猛冲,投掷;n.飞镖,猛冲 | |
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37
solitary
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adj.孤独的,独立的,荒凉的;n.隐士 | |
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38
darts
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n.掷飞镖游戏;飞镖( dart的名词复数 );急驰,飞奔v.投掷,投射( dart的第三人称单数 );向前冲,飞奔 | |
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39
interval
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n.间隔,间距;幕间休息,中场休息 | |
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40
intervals
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n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 );间隔时间;[数学]区间;(戏剧、电影或音乐会的)幕间休息 | |
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41
remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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inflicting
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把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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stunned
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adj. 震惊的,惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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anomalous
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adj.反常的;不规则的 | |
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judgment
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n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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annoyance
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n.恼怒,生气,烦恼 | |
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determined
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adj.坚定的;有决心的 | |
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drooping
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adj. 下垂的,无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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49
dangling
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悬吊着( dangle的现在分词 ); 摆动不定; 用某事物诱惑…; 吊胃口 | |
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darting
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v.投掷,投射( dart的现在分词 );向前冲,飞奔 | |
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eminence
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n.卓越,显赫;高地,高处;名家 | |
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erect
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n./v.树立,建立,使竖立;adj.直立的,垂直的 | |
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rustling
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n. 瑟瑟声,沙沙声 adj. 发沙沙声的 | |
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buck
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n.雄鹿,雄兔;v.马离地跳跃 | |
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frantic
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adj.狂乱的,错乱的,激昂的 | |
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incessantly
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ad.不停地 | |
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racing
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n.竞赛,赛马;adj.竞赛用的,赛马用的 | |
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duel
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n./v.决斗;(双方的)斗争 | |
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herd
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n.兽群,牧群;vt.使集中,把…赶在一起 | |
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mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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thither
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adv.向那里;adj.在那边的,对岸的 | |
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sentient
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adj.有知觉的,知悉的;adv.有感觉能力地 | |
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volatile
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adj.反复无常的,挥发性的,稍纵即逝的,脾气火爆的;n.挥发性物质 | |
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robin
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n.知更鸟,红襟鸟 | |
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kindly
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adj.和蔼的,温和的,爽快的;adv.温和地,亲切地 | |
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robins
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n.知更鸟,鸫( robin的名词复数 );(签名者不分先后,以避免受责的)圆形签名抗议书(或请愿书) | |
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spotted
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adj.有斑点的,斑纹的,弄污了的 | |
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hopping
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n. 跳跃 动词hop的现在分词形式 | |
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twig
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n.小树枝,嫩枝;v.理解 | |
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lurking
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潜在 | |
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caterpillars
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n.毛虫( caterpillar的名词复数 );履带 | |
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overflowing
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n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的,充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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cavern
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n.洞穴,大山洞 | |
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lair
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n.野兽的巢穴;躲藏处 | |
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joyous
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adj.充满快乐的;令人高兴的 | |
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cubs
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n.幼小的兽,不懂规矩的年轻人( cub的名词复数 ) | |
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stony
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adj.石头的,多石头的,冷酷的,无情的 | |
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shrill
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adj.尖声的;刺耳的;v尖叫 | |
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hawking
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利用鹰行猎 | |
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sweeping
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adj.范围广大的,一扫无遗的 | |
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smoothly
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adv.平滑地,顺利地,流利地,流畅地 | |
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gliding
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v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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backwards
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adv.往回地,向原处,倒,相反,前后倒置地 | |
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dwarf
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n.矮子,侏儒,矮小的动植物;vt.使…矮小 | |
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catching
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adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住 | |
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variegated
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adj.斑驳的,杂色的 | |
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suspense
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n.(对可能发生的事)紧张感,担心,挂虑 | |
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swerve
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v.突然转向,背离;n.转向,弯曲,背离 | |
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touching
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adj.动人的,使人感伤的 | |
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peculiar
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adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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indifference
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n.不感兴趣,不关心,冷淡,不在乎 | |
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plantation
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n.种植园,大农场 | |
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commotion
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n.骚动,动乱 | |
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vehement
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adj.感情强烈的;热烈的;(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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squeaking
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v.短促地尖叫( squeak的现在分词 );吱吱叫;告密;充当告密者 | |
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agitation
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n.搅动;搅拌;鼓动,煽动 | |
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gulls
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n.鸥( gull的名词复数 )v.欺骗某人( gull的第三人称单数 ) | |
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demonstration
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n.表明,示范,论证,示威 | |
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gaily
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adv.欢乐地,高兴地 | |
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darted
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v.投掷,投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 );向前冲,飞奔 | |
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swoops
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猛扑,突然下降( swoop的名词复数 ) | |
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102
pussy
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n.(儿语)小猫,猫咪 | |
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103
gathering
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n.集会,聚会,聚集 | |
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dispersed
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adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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delusive
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adj.欺骗的,妄想的 | |
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