As soon as it was spread abroad that I was engaged with the history of birds and their figures, I was in consequence led into a seemingly endless correspondence with friends and amateurs; so much so, that I often felt myself unable duly to acknowledge the obligations I owed them, and many a letter I have written after being wearied out with the labours of the day.
At the beginning of this undertaking11 I made up my mind to copy nothing from the works of others, but to stick to nature as closely as I could; and for this purpose, being invited by Mr. Constable12, the then owner of Wycliffe, I visited the extensive museum there, collected by the late Marmaduke Tunstal, Esq., to make drawings of the birds. I set off from Newcastle on the 16th July, 1791, and remained at the above beautiful place nearly two months, drawing from the stuffed specimens14. I lodged15 in the house of John Goundry, the person who preserved the birds for Mr. Tunstal; and boarded at his father’s, George Goundry, the old miller there. Whilst I remained at Wycliffe, I frequently dined with the Rev16. Thomas Zouch,[30] the rector of the parish. He watched my going out of church on the Sundays, where I attended, accompanied by old Goundry, to invite me to dine with him. On these occasions he often made the character of his late neighbour, Mr. Tunstal, and of George Goundry, the subject of his conversation, and dwelt with great pleasure on the excellence17 of both. Mr. Tunstal was a Roman Catholic, and had a chapel18 in his own house; Mr. Zouch was a Church of England minister; and George Goundry was a Deist; and yet these three uncommonly19 good men, as neighbours, lived in constant charity and goodwill20 towards each other. One might dwell long with pleasure on such singularly good characters. I wish the world was better stocked with them.
I have often reflected with pain on the asperity21 with which one description of Christians22 has commonly treated others who differed from them in opinion on religious matters; or, rather, as to their different modes of faith; and I have thought that the time would come when that cruel, bloody23, and disgusting portion of history would not be believed, which has recorded the fact that one denomination24 of Christians actually burned others alive, who differed from them in opinion on matters which ought to have been considered beneath contempt. But, judging from the past, it is certain that, when men give up their reason, and substitute faith, or anything else, in lieu thereof, there is nothing however absurd that may not be believed, and no punishments, however cruel, that may not be resorted to, to enforce that belief. Men thus degraded may fairly be called man-tigers, being fitted for any cruel, wicked purpose; and, under equally wicked governments, they have been guided and commanded to deluge25 the earth with blood. It is strange to think that this should have been the case, when it is considered that the whole of the authorities are derived26 from one and the same pure source; bewildered, indeed, by the twisted imaginations of ignorance, bigotry27, and superstition28.
The inspired and benevolent29 Author of Christianity taught neither intolerance nor persecution30. The doctrines31 He laid down are plain, pure, and simple. They hold out mercy to the contrite32, aid to the humble33, and eternal happiness to the good. For my own part, it is long since I left off bewildering myself with dogmas and creeds34, and I feel pity for those that do so. I am quite clear and willing to believe and to allow, that, whatever modes of faith honest and well-meaning people think best to adopt, they may in sincerity35 of heart, and to the best of their judgments36, be doing what is called serving God. They surely ought not to interfere37 with the creeds of others, who are equally as sincere as themselves in the means they pursue for the same end. However various these modes of faith may be, there is one rule that ought to guide the whole, and it appears to me to be simple and easy to comprehend,—and that one is, that all men, to the utmost of their power, should endeavour through life to steer38 clear of everything that may degrade their own souls; that the mysterious, incorporated compound may not, when summoned to leave this world, have to appear before Omnipotence39 polluted and debased. The man who attends to this will fear nothing, but that of erring40 and doing wrong. He will fear the face of no man. The little, strutting41 authorities of despotism he will despise, and the virtuous42 magistrate43 will ever be his friend. He will break no good laws that have been made for the guidance of man in society; and, as to his religion, that is an affair between himself and his Maker44 only. With the Author of his Being he will, with unentangled mind, commune freely, at all times, when his spirit moves him to do so; and no man ever did, or ever will, feel himself happy that does not pursue this course through life.
Ever since I habituated myself to think, I have always seen, as clearly as I could see anything, that, it is the intention of the Deity45 that mankind should live in a state of civilised society, and that no period of human existence can be comfortable without the pleasures and endearments46 of social intercourse47. Every object in nature that can be contemplated48 shews this; and the full and exact fitness of all its component49 parts clearly prove that man, from his social nature, is destined50 to live in this state. He has been endowed with reason, as his guide, for the purpose of regulating and conducting the whole; but, when that guide is neglected, and he suffers his selfish propensities51 and bad passions to mislead him from the path of rectitude, from that moment, everything, so far as this reaches, goes wrong. For reasons of this kind, it is necessary that equitable52 and just laws should be made and enforced, to restrain vice53 from breaking down the barriers that are erected54 to protect virtue55 and patriotism56. To break through these laws is sin. But, in the present wretched state of society, it may be difficult to bring about such a reformation of manners as would ensure the accomplishment57 of so desirable an end; for it appears to me that the character of mankind ought to be new modelled before this can effectually be done.
Having long busied myself in wading58 through systems of natural history,—the orders, genera, species and varieties,—the whim59 has often struck me to lay down an imaginary one of classing mankind. The genus homo may be made to consist of three species and their varieties. The first (including in one, the wise and the good) is honest men; the second is knaves60; and the third fools. These and their gradations and varieties, gliding61 into each other, form the present jumbled62 mass of society—the community of which we all form a part. As any of these may happen to predominate in the government of society, so, in exact proportion, will the good, bad, and indifferent effects of their management be felt by the whole people. I think it will be admitted that, out of the first species ought to be chosen the persons,—every man according to his mental powers and the education he may have received to call forth63 these powers,—to fill every public office from the constable upwards64. Out of the two latter species, when conjoined, are formed the great mass of the wicked, gross, vulgar herd65 (high and low) of mankind. Amongst these, knaves of great ability ought to be particularly guarded against. They are a kind of splendid devils who have from time immemorial spread abroad much misery66 in the world; but, notwithstanding their abilities, they would not have got forward in their public wickedness, nor have formed their majorities, had they not enlisted67, as tools, their ready-made auxiliaries—the fools; and, if we take only a slight glance at individual misery, it will be seen that most of it is inflicted68 by one man upon another:—
“Man’s inhumanity to Man
Could this be remedied, what a beautiful world would this appear to thousands, instead of their being obliged to view it through the medium of an almost perpetual cheerless gloom.
I have often amused myself in considering the character of the canine70 species, and of comparing it, and its varieties, with those of the untutored part of mankind; and it is curious and interesting to observe the similarity between them. To his master the dog is an uncommonly submissive, obedient, and faithful servant, and seems to look upon him as if he were a god; his sagacity and his courage are equally conspicuous71; and, in defence of his master, he will suffer death. But to his own species he is ill-behaved, selfish, cruel, and unjust; he only associates with his fellows for the purpose of packing together to destroy other animals, which cannot be effected otherwise. He will sometimes, indeed, let a supplicating72 dog, into which he has inspired terror, sneak73 off; and I have often watched to see the wary74, circumspect75 plan that a strange dog adopts on his being obliged to pass through a village, or through amongst those of his equally ill-behaved brethren, the butchers’ dogs in a town. It is curious to see the stranger, upon these occasions, view his danger, and then affect lameness76, and go “hirpling” through amongst them unmolested. I knew their instinct was surprising, but some of their reasoning powers I had not tried; and, for this purpose, when a boy, I cut two thin slices of meat and plastered the insides with mustard, and then threw it to one of my father’s dogs. This, he being very apt at “kepping” caught in his mouth, and, as quickly as he could, got quit of it again; and, from that time, he would rather run the risk of losing it than “kep” any more. To prove how far selfishness and malignity77 would operate upon him, I placed two basins filled with very hot, fat broth78, at a distance from each other, when he ran from one to the other to prevent a spaniel bitch from partaking of either of them. His attention was so taken up with thus watching her, that at length his patience was exhausted80, by going so often from one basin to the other, that, with the utmost vengeance81, he seized her, and tore away his mouthful of skin from her side.
On my return from Wycliffe, being thoroughly82 drenched83 with an incessant84 rain, I called upon an old and much-esteemed schoolfellow, at Bishop85 Auckland, and spent a day or two with him, in busy converse86 about our former transactions at school, &c. Perhaps few have passed through life without experiencing the pleasure that a retrospect87 of the times gone by thus afford to old cronies, in talking over the recollections of youthful frolics, and even of the discipline which followed in consequence of them.
As soon as I arrived in Newcastle, I immediately began to engrave88 from the drawings of the birds I had made at Wycliffe; but I had not been long thus engaged till I found the very great difference between preserved specimens and those from Nature; no regard having been paid, at that time, to fix the former in their proper attitudes, nor to place the different series of the feathers so as to fall properly upon each other. It has always given me a great deal of trouble to get at the markings of the dishevelled plumage; and, when done with every pains, I never felt satisfied with them. I was on this account driven to wait for birds newly shot, or brought to me alive, and in the intervals89 employed my time in designing and engraving90 tail-pieces, or vignettes. My sporting friends, however, supplied me with birds as fast as they could; but none more so than my kind friend the late Major H. F. Gibson, of the 4th Dragoons. Lieut.-Col. Dalton, Major Shore, Captain (now General) Dalbiac, and other officers of the same regiment91, also shewed great attention to the growing work. Besides these, many birds were sent to me by friends from various parts of the Kingdom, but the obligations I owe are mostly acknowledged in their proper places in the work. After working many a late hour upon the cuts, the first volume of the book was at length finished at press in September, 1797. Mr. Beilby undertook the writing or compilation92 of this the first volume, in which I assisted him a great deal more than I had done with the Quadrupeds. After this, Mr. Beilby gave up the engraving business, and dedicated93 his whole time to the watch-crystal and clock manufactory, in which he had been long engaged before our separation.
The printing of other editions of the first volume of the Birds still met with a ready sale; but some disputes happening respecting the printing of the Quadrupeds, Mr. Beilby, who now sought repose94, and could not be turmoiled with disputes of any kind, sold me his share of that publication. Sometime before the second volume of the Birds was put to press, he also sold me his share of the first volume. I had no sooner agreed to give the price demanded than many recollections of the past crowded upon my mind, and, looking at the unfavourable side, I could not help thinking of the extra labour and time I had spent in the completion of these works, wherein he had born comparatively a small part—not even an equivalent in time and labour in the other department of our business; and in this instance I could not help thinking that he had suffered greediness to take possession of his mind; but, having promised to pay the sum, I made no further observations to any one. On the other side of this account, I called to my remembrance the many obligations I owed him, for the wise admonitions he had given, and the example he had set me, while I was only a wild and giddy youth. These I never could forget, and they implanted so rooted a respect for him that I had grudged95 nothing I could do to promote his happiness. I had noticed, for some time past, that he had been led under a guidance and influence that made an alteration96 in his conduct for the worse; and he appeared to me not to be the Ralph Beilby[31] he had been. I used to think him careful and sometimes penurious97, and this disposition98 might indeed have crept and increased upon him; but, whatever natural failings might be in his composition, these had heretofore been checked and regulated by the rules of morality and religion. It seemed to me that it must have been a maxim99 with him to do justice to all, but not to confer favours upon any one; and yet he often joined me in conferring such, in various ways, upon our apprentices100 and others of our workpeople, for which we commonly had dirt thrown in our faces.
It does not require any great stretch of observation to discover that gratitude101 is a rare virtue, and that, whatever favours are conferred upon an ungrateful man, he will conclude that these would not have been bestowed upon him had he not deserved them. In these our gifts, I was to blame in thus conferring favours that it would have been as well to let alone. In other charities he was not backward in contributing his mite102, but in these matters he was led by wisdom. In the former case, mine, by giving vent79 to my feelings, were led by folly103; but, indeed, these follies104 were trivial compared with others relative to money matters, in which I had been led away by my feelings, in lending money to some, and in being bound for the payment of it for others, which, if I had been more of his disposition, would not have happened; and I now clearly see and feel that, had it not been for these imprudences, I should, at this day, have found myself in better and very different circumstances than those I am in. My partner, indeed, often watched, and sometimes prevented me, from engaging in such ruinous concerns, and would remark to me that it was impossible to serve any man who would not serve himself.
As soon as Mr. Beilby left me, I was obliged, from necessity, not choice, to commence author. As soon as each bird was finished on the wood, I set about describing it from my specimen13, and at the same time consulted every authority I could meet with, to know what had been said; and this together with what I knew, from my own knowledge, were then compared; and, in this way, I finished as truly as I could the second volume of the History of Birds. I also examined the first volume, with a view to correct its errors, and to add many new figures and descriptions of them to it. Although all this could not be done but by close, and, indeed, severe confinement105 and application, yet I was supported by the extreme pleasure I felt in depicturing and describing these beautiful and interesting aerial wanderers of the British Isles106. I also hoped that my labours might perhaps have the effect of inveigling107 my youthful countrymen to be smitten108 with the charms which this branch,—and, indeed, every other department of Natural History,—imparts, and with the endless pleasures afforded to all who wish to “trace Nature up to Nature’s God.”
While I was thus proceeding109, I was encouraged and flattered by amateurs, who took a deep interest in my growing work, and seemed to partake of the ardour in which I had long indulged. From them birds were sent to me from far and near; but, to give a list of the names of these friends, and to detail the kindness I experienced first and last, might indeed be giving vent to my feelings of gratitude, but it would far exceed the bounds prescribed to this Memoir110.
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1
recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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pennant
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| n.三角旗；锦标旗 | |
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perused
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| v.读（某篇文字）( peruse的过去式和过去分词 )；（尤指）细阅；审阅；匆匆读或心不在焉地浏览（某篇文字） | |
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raptures
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| 极度欢喜( rapture的名词复数 ) | |
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ornithology
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| n.鸟类学 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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asperity
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| n.粗鲁，艰苦 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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denomination
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| n.命名，取名，(度量衡、货币等的)单位 | |
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deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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contrite
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| adj.悔悟了的，后悔的，痛悔的 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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creeds
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| （尤指宗教）信条，教条( creed的名词复数 ) | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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omnipotence
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| n.全能，万能，无限威力 | |
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erring
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| 做错事的，错误的 | |
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strutting
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| 加固，支撑物 | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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endearments
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| n.表示爱慕的话语，亲热的表示( endearment的名词复数 ) | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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component
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| n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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54
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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whim
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| n.一时的兴致，突然的念头；奇想，幻想 | |
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knaves
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| n.恶棍，无赖( knave的名词复数 )；（纸牌中的）杰克 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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jumbled
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| adj.混乱的；杂乱的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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68
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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69
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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70
canine
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| adj.犬的，犬科的 | |
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71
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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72
supplicating
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| v.祈求，哀求，恳求( supplicate的现在分词 ) | |
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73
sneak
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| vt.潜行(隐藏,填石缝)；偷偷摸摸做；n.潜行；adj.暗中进行 | |
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74
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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75
circumspect
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| adj.慎重的，谨慎的 | |
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76
lameness
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| n. 跛, 瘸, 残废 | |
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77
malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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78
broth
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| n.原(汁)汤(鱼汤、肉汤、菜汤等) | |
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79
vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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80
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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81
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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82
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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83
drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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84
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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85
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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86
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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87
retrospect
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| n.回顾，追溯；v.回顾，回想，追溯 | |
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88
engrave
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| vt.（在...上）雕刻，使铭记，使牢记 | |
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89
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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90
engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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91
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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92
compilation
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| n.编译，编辑 | |
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93
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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94
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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95
grudged
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| 怀恨（grudge的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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96
alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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97
penurious
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| adj.贫困的 | |
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98
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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99
maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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100
apprentices
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| 学徒，徒弟( apprentice的名词复数 ) | |
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101
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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102
mite
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| n.极小的东西；小铜币 | |
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103
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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104
follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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105
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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106
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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107
inveigling
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| v.诱骗，引诱( inveigle的现在分词 ) | |
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108
smitten
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| 猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去分词 ) | |
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109
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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110
memoir
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| n.[pl.]回忆录，自传；记事录 | |
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