BY CHAS. W. PENROSE, OF THE "COUNCIL OF TWELVE APOSTLES."
The question is often asked, what do the "Mormons" believe, and wherein do their doctrines differ from those of other religious denominations4? A reply will be found in the following epitome of "Mormonism," or rather of its leading principles, for it embraces all truth from every source.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the proper name of the body of religious worshipers commonly known as "Mormons." It was organized by the authority and commandment of God in the State of New York on the 6th day of April, 1830. It derives5 all its doctrines, ordinances6, discipline and order of Priesthood from direct divine revelation.
FIRST PRINCIPLES.
The first principle of the Gospel as taught by this Church is faith. This embraces faith in God the Father and in his son Jesus Christ and in the Holy Ghost.
The Father is a glorified8 and perfect person, and Jesus Christ the Son is in His express image and likeness9. One is an individual as much as the other. Each is a spirit clothed with a spiritual, yet tangible11, immortal12 body. Spirit is substance, not immateriality. It is eternal in its essence, and so are the elements of that which is known as matter.
The Holy Spirit is not a personage of tabernacle, and His influence permeates13 all things and extends throughout the vast domain14 of space, which is boundless15 and occupied by limitless elements, and that Spirit, proceeding16 from the presence of God, gives life and light to all things animate17, and is the power by which they are governed, and by which the Father and the Son are everywhere present.
Man is a dual10 being, also in the image of God, who is the Father of his spirit and the Creator of his body. Jesus was the First-born in the spirit and the Only-begotten in the flesh. {30} All men and women are the sons and daughters of God, and Jesus is their Elder Brother. By obedience18 to His Gospel in all things, mankind, through the redemption He has wrought19, may be exalted20 with Him as joint21-heirs to the eternal inheritance of the Sons of God, and become like Him and reign22 with Him in the Ineffable23 Presence forever.
Faith in God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost leads to the second principle of the Gospel, which is repentance25. That is, conviction of sin, regret for its commission, and reformation by turning away from it, by ceasing to do evil and beginning and continuing to do well.
Repentance leads to remission of sins, which comes through baptism administered by one having authority, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
Baptism is the third principle, and is immersion26 in water in the likeness of a burial, succeeded by a birth. Becoming dead to sin by repentance, the believer is buried in the liquid grave and brought forth27 from the womb of waters, thus being born of water to a new life in Christ Jesus.
The repentant28 believer, thus baptized, obtains the remission of sins through the shedding of Christ s blood. He who knew no sin died that sinners might be saved by obedience to His commandments. He did that for them which they could not do themselves; what they are able to do is required of them, in order that they may receive the benefits of His atonement.
Thus cleansed29 from sin, the new-born disciple30 is prepared to receive the Holy Ghost. The fourth principle is the bestowal31 of that gift by the laying on of hands of men called and ordained32 of God to thus officiate in His name.
Born of the water and of the spirit, the regenerated34 soul becomes a member of Christ's Church, and is entitled to such spiritual gifts as he or she may deserve and obtain by the exercise of faith. Some of these are wisdom, knowledge, prophecy, visions, speaking in tongues, interpretation35 of tongues, discerning of spirits, healing the sick, etc., etc. All the manifestations36 of the power of God enjoyed in former times may be and are enjoyed in His Church in latter times.
The gift of the Holy Ghost opens the avenue to all intelligence. That Spirit leads into all truth and shows things to come. It is the Comforter and the Revealer. It bears witness of the Father and the Son, and brings mortals into communion with them and into union with one another. It is the true light given to every one in coming into the world, but is bestowed37 and manifested in a higher and fuller degree when conferred as a gift to the baptized, repentant believer.
{31} No person has the right to baptize or lay on hands or administer any ordinance7 of the Church, unless he is called of God and ordained to act in the name of Deity38. The commission given to the Apostles of old does not confer any authority upon men in this age. It was for them alone upon whom it was bestowed, and those whom they were inspired and directed to ordain33 unto the same power. Without divine communication now, there can be no divine authority today.
When the Apostles of Christ were killed and their immediate40 successors appointed, the disciples41 were tortured and slain42, and gradually darkness came over the world and pagan institutions were mingled43 with the rites44 and order of the Church, until the apostolic authority and the true Christian45 spirit and doctrine3 were entirely46 subverted47. Reforms that were subsequently introduced merely lopped off some evils and made some improvements; but did not and could not restore the authority and power of the primitive48 Christian Church and Priesthood.
THE RESTORATION.
In these latter days the Father and the Son have appeared and revealed anew the Gospel. Angels have ministered to man. John the Baptist brought to earth the authority of the Lesser49 or Aaronic Priesthood which he held when in mortality. Peter, James and John have conferred their keys of Apostleship received under the hands of Jesus of Nazareth, and the power and authority of the higher or Melchisedek Priesthood. Elijah the Prophet and others of the ancients have bestowed the keys they held, and they are all in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Under that authority the Church has been built up after the original pattern and with the same spirit, ordinances, gifts and blessings50.
Joseph Smith, after accomplishing the work entrusted51 to him by the Lord, sealed his testimony52 with his blood, being cruelly slain with his brother Hyrum, at Carthage, Illinois, by a mob disguised, on June 27, 1844.
Joseph Smith was the instrument in the hands of the Lord to commence the work of restitution53, and open the last dispensation, that of "the fulness of times." He received that divine authority under the hands of those heavenly messengers. He, by revelation and commandment, ordained others. Today there are on earth Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists, {32} Elders, Bishops54, Priests, Teachers and Deacons, divinely called and authorized56 to teach and administer the things of the Kingdom of heaven, and the power of God attends their ministrations.
Faith, repentance and baptism of water and of the Spirit administered by divine authority are essential to salvation57. There is only one way. There is some good in all religions, but there is and can be but one divine religion, that is, the Gospel of Jesus Christ. It is to be preached to every creature. Persons who have died after reaching years of accountability without an opportunity of receiving it, will hear it in the spirit world, and may there obey or reject it. Heathens, Jews and all races, creeds59 and tongues will thus have the door of redemption opened to them. Infants who die before they become accountable need no baptism, but are all redeemed60 by the blood of Christ.
The spirit of man is the intelligent, responsible being, an entity61 both before and after dwelling62 in the body. It was in the beginning with the Father. The sons and daughters of God, after probation63 in the flesh, return to Him and then, until the resurrection, associate in such sphere as they have fitted themselves to occupy; the good with the spirits of the just, the evil with the spirits of the unjust. A disembodied spirit can learn, believe, repent24 and yield obedience, but cannot be baptized in water, the earthly medium of purification.
REDEMPTION OF THE DEAD.
The living may be baptized for the dead. One who has received the ordinances of the Gospel can stand proxy64 for departed ancestors, who will receive the benefit of the earthly ordinances on obedience to the Gospel in the spirit. As the Spirit of Christ preached to the spirits in prison while His body was in the sepulchre, so His servants, bearing His authority, preach to "the dead" after finishing their work on earth. Ordinances for and in behalf of the dead are administered in temples built after a pattern revealed from heaven. Thus the living become saviors to the dead under Jesus Christ the Captain of their Salvation.
The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth was "the first-fruit of them that slept." All persons who have breathed the breath of life will also be raised from the dead, receiving their bodies again as He did. But everyone in his own order. Those who have put on Christ by obeying His Gospel will be Christ's at His coming, and will be quickened by His glory, the celestial65, typified by the sun. After the lapse66 of a day of the Lord-a {33} thousand of our years-the rest of the dead will come forth, some in the terrestrial glory, typified by the moon, and others in the telestial glory, typified by the stars in their different magnitudes, the rest in a kingdom not of any degree of glory. All will be judged according to their works.
Progress is the eternal order of creation. The condemned67 will be punished for sin, as Divine justice shall determine both as to the severity and to the duration. The purpose of punishment is the vindication68 of the law and the reclamation69 of the transgressor70. Eventually all who can be redeemed will be placed in some degree of glory and advancement71. Only the sons of perdition who deny the Holy Ghost after having received it, who willfully pervert72 the power given to them to attain73 the highest exaltation and who shed innocent blood will be utterly74 lost.
The glory of those who are in Christ and become joint heirs with Him is to "inherit all things," and follow and participate with the Son and the Eternal Father forever in their glorious works. They will inherit the earth when it is purified and crowned with the glory and presence of God. They will reign as kings and priests and be ministers unto those of a lesser degree of glory in the eternal mansions75.
This is the last dispensation. In it Israel will be gathered, Jerusalem be rebuilt, and Palestine be the abode76 of the sons of Judah. The elect of God will gather from all nations to Zion on the American continent. The earth will be cleansed from corruption77. Paradise will bloom again, war will cease, peace will prevail, the enmity will depart from man and brute78, the curse will be removed and this globe will be glorified, shining in its own light developed to perfection.
THE BOOK OF MORMON.
The Prophet of the nineteenth century was directed by the angel of God to the spot where the records of the history of the former inhabitants of this continent were deposited. He obtained and translated a portion of them into the English language. It is called the Book of Mormon, because the Prophet Mormon made an abridgment79 of more ancient records than his own, and inscribed80 them upon metallic81 plates in hieroglyphics82 reformed from the Egyptian.
That book has since been translated into other languages. It gives the history of two races. The first springing from a colony brought upon this land at the time of the dispersion from the Tower of Babel. The second descending83 from the families directed to this continent from Jerusalem six hundred {34} years before the Christian era, at the time when Zedekiah was king of Judea. It relates the wars, travels, religion, progress and decadence84 of those races-the progenitors85 of the American Indians, describes their cities, temples, forts, etc., and contains an account of the visit to this land of Jesus Christ, after His resurrection and ascension, with particulars of His ministry86 in establishing His Church here with the same principles, precepts87, ordinances, Priesthood and blessings as in the Church on the Asiatic continent. It also speaks of the gradual apostasy of the people and the woes88 that came upon them through transgression89.
The Book of Mormon does not take the place of the Bible, but is auxiliary90 to it and corroborates91 and supports it. The Bible is the record of God's dealings with His people in the eastern world; the Book of Mormon is the record of his dealings with His people on this western land, separated from the other hemisphere, and then unknown to its inhabitants. They, with the book of Doctrine and Covenants92 and the Pearl of Great Price, are the standards of doctrine and discipline of the Church.
Inspiration by the Holy Ghost as bestowed upon the ancient Hebrew prophets, is viewed as revelation by the Latter-day Saints. It conveys the word and will of God. Every individual in the Church is entitled to it for his or her own guidance. The President of the Church, who is a prophet, a seer and a revelator, is entitled to divine communication by any of the means which God chooses to use for this purpose. But revelation does not come by the will of man. It is God who reveals His word at the time and in the manner which He selects. Revelation for the whole Church comes through the head alone, and thus order is preserved and conflicting doctrines excluded.
CELESTIAL MARRIAGE.
The doctrine of celestial, that is eternal marriage, is a feature of the "Mormon" faith. By the authority vested in the head of the Church, that which is sealed on earth is sealed in heaven, and the man and woman united under that authority in an everlasting94 covenant93 are joined forever. Such was the marriage of Adam and Eve before death came by sin. The redemption of Christ restored them to their primeval state, and they stand at the head of their posterity95, immortal, perfected and eternal. By obedience and fidelity96 to the laws of God, men and women may attain to a similar estate and enjoy unending bliss97, "the man being not without the woman nor the {35} woman without the man in the Lord." The family, the home, the relation of parents and children are thus the basis of present and future happiness, and the increase thereof being perpetual, therein is the glory of the redeemed, who dwell in the presence of God and the Holy Ones, continued forever.
CHURCH GOVERNMENT.
The government of the Church of Christ devolves upon those who have been divinely appointed and have been accepted by the body of the Church, in which all things are to be done by common consent.
At the head is the Prophet, Seer and Revelator with two counselors98. These three presiding High Priests thus selected form the First Presidency99, having jurisdiction100 over the Church in all the world.
Next are the Twelve Apostles, forming a body equal in authority to the Presidency and constituting that Presidency at the death or removal of the head. They set in order the affairs of the Church in all the world under the direction of the First Presidency.
The patriarchs are Evangelists and are specially101 ordained to pronounce blessings on the Saints by the laying on of hands, declaring their lineage and predicting events in which they will figure in time and in eternity102. There is a Patriarch to the whole Church, having authority to bless all its officers and members from the greatest to the least, holdings the keys of that power. There are other Patriarchs who hold authority within the various Stakes of Zion wherein they are appointed and in which they administer the sealing blessings.
The Seventy are a body of Elders forming an appendage103 to the Apostleship and traveling under their direction. Seven of the number preside over that body. There are a hundred and fifty of these "quorums," as they are called, each presided over by seven of their number, and all under direction of the First Seven Presidents. They form the chief missionary104 corps105 of the Church.
High Priests and Elders not belonging to the councils above mentioned, are local officers for local ministrations, but may be called into the missionary field if necessary. Ninety-six Elders form a "quorum," presided over by three of their number. There are a great many of these organizations. All these officers hold the Priesthood after the order of Melchisedek.
The Bishops stand at the head the Aaronic or lesser Priesthood, an appendage to the higher of Melchisedek Priesthood. {36} There are three who form the Presiding Bishopric of the Church. Other Bishops have charge of wards106 of the Church, and the function of the Bishopric is to minister in the temporalities of the Church. Priests, forty-eight of whom form a "quorum," presided over by a Bishop55 and two counselors; Teachers, twenty-four of whom form a "quorum," presided over by three of their number; and Deacons, twelve of whom form a "quorum," presided over by three of their number, constitute the rest of the organizations of the lesser Priesthood. They exist in all the wards, and are under the direction of the respective Bishoprics.
Apostles, Patriarchs, Seventies, High Priests and Elders may preach, baptize and lay on hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost, and perform any duty of the Aaronic Priesthood, as the greater includes the less. Aaronic Priests may preach, teach and baptize for the remission of sins, but cannot confer the Holy Ghost by the laying on of hands. Teachers visit the members and see there is no iniquity108 permitted to remain in the Church. Deacons attend to temporal duties under the Bishops.
A Bishop should be a lineal descendant of Aaron, but in the absence of one of that lineage, a High Priest is selected and ordained to that office. With his two counselors, also High Priests, he has charge of an organized ward107 and sits in judgment109 upon transgressors and in cases of disputes between members. An appeal is allowed to the High Council.
Members residing in a given locality form a ward. A number of wards, generally those within a county, are organized into a Stake of Zion, presided over by three High Priests. A High Council, consisting of twelve High Priests, constitutes an ecclesiastical tribunal, to which appeals may be taken from decisions of the Bishops' courts. It is presided over by the Stake Presidency, who have jurisdiction over all the wards and their officers in the Stake. There are now fifty-five of these Stakes of Zion and a number of conferences and mission organizations in addition. A High Council decision is subject to review by the Presidency of the Church.
All the officers of the Church are presented twice a year before the body of the Church for their acceptance or rejection110. The Stake and ward authorities are periodically subject to a similar regulation. All serve without salaries. Persons engaged constantly in Church service are supported, or partly sustained, according to needs, from Church funds. Missionaries112 have no stipends113, but travel "without purse or scrip," either paying their own expenses or relying upon friends whom the Lord raises up to their aid.
{37} The revenue of the Church is derived114 from the tithes115. One-tenth of a member's interest or increase each year is tithing. It is a free-will offering, not a tax. Temples, church buildings, etc., are erected116 and maintained from the tithing, and large amounts are expended117 for the support of the poor and the benefit of new settlements.
On the first Sunday of every month a fast is held, and the amount saved from fasting is donated to the poor. The Bishops have charge of those in need and are required to see that none are left to want.
AUXILIARY SOCIETIES.
The Relief Societies, composed of ladies, are organized auxiliary bodies who also minister to the poor, aged111 and afflicted118, and help prepare the dead for burial. They hold meetings of their own for instruction in women's work and intellectual, moral and spiritual advancement.
The younger women and also the younger men are organized into Mutual119 Improvement associations, which they, separately, conduct themselves, but sometimes assemble in joint session.
The Primary associations are organizations of children under older supervision120, for training in Gospel principles and moral conduct.
There are Sunday schools in all the wards and Stakes of Zion, connected with the Sunday School union, and all thoroughly121 organized and ably conducted.
Religion classes are organized in the different wards for the purpose of giving systematic122 training in the principles and doctrines of religion to little children, thus supplying the kind of tuition which cannot be given in the public schools, from which all religious teachings are entirely excluded.
Amusements are provided for the members of the Church under direction of committees appointed by Church or ward authority. Music is of universal use, both vocal123 and instrumental, and is cultivated assiduously.
Education is an essential feature in the Church system, and academies and colleges are maintained according to the funds available. All truth is recognized as Divine and an accepted motto is: "The glory of God is intelligence."
The public school system is separate and apart from the Church schools, and is entirely under the direction of the State, no doctrinal or denominational teaching being permitted therein. It is supported by taxation124.
{38}
DIVINE AUTHORITY.
The great distinctive125 feature of "Mormonism" among the "Christian" denominations is its claim of direct divine origin. Present and continuous revelation from God to the Church through its earthly head, and to every member who seeks for it in his or her own behalf and guidance, is a fundamental principle of the "Mormon" faith. Divine authority is associated with it.
The Church is, literally126, Christ's Church, because He established it by personal communication and guides it by present revelation and inspiration, and its ministers receive their commissions by His direction. The Holy Ghost is in and with the Church, exactly as with the primitive Church and the Prophets of old.
Thus, what is commonly called "Mormonism" is to its disciples verily the work of God; originating with Him and developed and promulgated127 under His commands and by His power; and, therefore, it will abide128 and prevail, and overcome all opposition129, and spread over the whole earth, preparing the way for the second advent130 of the Messiah and the redemption and regeneration of the earth. Every soul who receives it in sincerity131 is entitled to a witness from God of its truth, and herein is its strength and unity58 and vital force.
It has no conflict except with error. It wars against no nation, sect132 or society. It exercises no compulsion. It is the Gospel and Church and authority of Jesus Christ, restored to earth for the last days and for the last time, and therefore it will triumph and flood the world with light and truth, until darkness shall flee and Satan be bound and the kingdoms of this world become the kingdom of our God and His Christ, and He shall reign over all the ransomed133 globe for evermore.
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epitome
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| n.典型，梗概 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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denominations
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| n.宗派( denomination的名词复数 )；教派；面额；名称 | |
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derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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ordinances
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| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
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ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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glorified
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| 美其名的，变荣耀的 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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tangible
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| adj.有形的，可触摸的，确凿的，实际的 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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permeates
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| 弥漫( permeate的第三人称单数 )； 遍布； 渗入； 渗透 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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animate
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obedience
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wrought
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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joint
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reign
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ineffable
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repent
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repentance
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immersion
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forth
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repentant
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cleansed
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disciple
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bestowal
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| 赠与，给与； 贮存 | |
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ordained
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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ordain
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| vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命 | |
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regenerated
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interpretation
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manifestations
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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apostasy
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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subverted
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| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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48
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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49
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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50
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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51
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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52
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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53
restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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54
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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55
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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56
authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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57
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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58
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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59
creeds
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| （尤指宗教）信条，教条( creed的名词复数 ) | |
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60
redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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61
entity
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| n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物 | |
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62
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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63
probation
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| n.缓刑(期)，(以观后效的)察看；试用(期) | |
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64
proxy
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| n.代理权，代表权；（对代理人的）委托书；代理人 | |
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65
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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66
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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67
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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68
vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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69
reclamation
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| n.开垦；改造；（废料等的）回收 | |
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70
transgressor
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| n.违背者 | |
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71
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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72
pervert
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| n.堕落者，反常者；vt.误用，滥用；使人堕落，使入邪路 | |
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73
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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74
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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75
mansions
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| n.宅第，公馆，大厦( mansion的名词复数 ) | |
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76
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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77
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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78
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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79
abridgment
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| n.删节，节本 | |
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80
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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81
metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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82
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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83
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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84
decadence
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| n.衰落，颓废 | |
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85
progenitors
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| n.祖先( progenitor的名词复数 )；先驱；前辈；原本 | |
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86
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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87
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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88
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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89
transgression
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| n.违背；犯规；罪过 | |
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90
auxiliary
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| adj.辅助的，备用的 | |
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corroborates
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| v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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92
covenants
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| n.（有法律约束的）协议( covenant的名词复数 )；盟约；公约；（向慈善事业、信托基金会等定期捐款的）契约书 | |
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93
covenant
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| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
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94
everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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95
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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96
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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97
bliss
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| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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98
counselors
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| n.顾问( counselor的名词复数 )；律师；（使馆等的）参赞；（协助学生解决问题的）指导老师 | |
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99
presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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100
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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101
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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102
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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103
appendage
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| n.附加物 | |
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104
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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105
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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106
wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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107
ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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108
iniquity
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| n.邪恶；不公正 | |
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109
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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110
rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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111
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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112
missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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113
stipends
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| n.（尤指牧师的）薪俸( stipend的名词复数 ) | |
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114
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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115
tithes
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| n.（宗教捐税）什一税，什一的教区税，小部分( tithe的名词复数 ) | |
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116
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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117
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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118
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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119
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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120
supervision
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| n.监督，管理 | |
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121
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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122
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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123
vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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124
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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125
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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126
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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127
promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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128
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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129
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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130
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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131
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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132
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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133
ransomed
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| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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