If I have reasoned correctly in the foregoing observations, it is, then, desirable that sports and pastimes should be resorted to that might, in many cases, turn out to public good. For this purpose, I have often thought that small sums might be subscribed22 and collected to be given as a prize to the best shot at a mark. The utility and national purpose of this scheme may at some time be felt; for, so long as surrounding despots can gather together immense mercenary armies, they ought to be effectually guarded against, and they certainly might be as effectually checked by hundreds of thousands of riflemen, (including the militia), thus trained for the defence of the kingdom, at a comparatively small expense. They might have their bullets made of baked clay, which would probably be as efficient as those made of lead, and cost almost nothing.
The last subject I shall notice, as being kept up by unequal and unjust laws, is the fisheries, throughout the kingdom. The laws made respecting them originated in the times of feudal23 tyranny, when “might was right,” and everything was carried with a high hand. It was then easy for an overbearing aristocracy, by their influence, to get grants and charters made entirely24 on their own behalf. The rights of the community were set at nought25, or were treated with contempt. But those days are passed away; the march of intellect is spreading over the world; and all public matters are now viewed with feelings of a very different kind than when such laws were made, and which ought to have been repealed26 long since; but they are still in force, and will continue so as long as the potent27 feelings of over-stretched self-interest are allowed to guide those who have the power to keep the grasp of this their antiquated28 hold: for such can hear no reason against their private interest, however unanswerable it may be. No reasonable plea can ever be set up, to show that the fish of rivers ought to be the private property of any one. Can it be pretended that because a river or a rivulet29, passes through an estate, whether the owner of it will or not, that the fish which breed in it, or which live in it, ought to be his? They are not like the game, which are all fed by the farmer, for fish cost nobody anything; therefore, in common justice, they ought to belong to the public, and ought to be preserved for the public good, in every county through which the rivers pass, and be let at a rental from the clerk of the peace, and the money arising therefrom applied30 to making bridges and roads, or for county or other rates. Stewards31 ought to be appointed to receive the rents, and a committee of auditors32 elected annually33, by ballot34, as a check upon the management of the whole. If the fisheries were not thus rented, the public would derive35 little benefit from such an immense supply of food; for without they were thus disposed of each county would soon be over-run with such numbers of poachers as would become intolerable. All this, however, ought to be well considered; for, notwithstanding the selfish principle which dictated36 the original grants of the fisheries,—long since obtained,—the present possessors are not to blame, and suddenly to deprive any man of what he has been accustomed to receive may be deemed a harsh measure, and in some cases a cruel one; therefore some equitable37 sum should be paid to the owners at once, as a remuneration in lieu of all future claims; as fish ought not to be considered as an inheritance to descend38 to the heirs of any one.
From about the year 1760 to ’67, when a boy, I was frequently sent by my parents to purchase a salmon39 from the fishers of the “strike” at Eltringham ford40. At that time, I never paid more, and often less, than three halfpence per pound (mostly a heavy, guessed weight, about which they were not exact). Before, or perhaps about this time, there had always been an article inserted in every indenture41 in Newcastle, that the apprentice42 was not to be obliged to eat salmon above twice a week, and the like bargain was made upon hiring ordinary servants. It need not be added that the salmo tribe then teemed43 in abundance in the Tyne, and there can be little doubt that the same immense numbers would return to it again were proper measures pursued to facilitate their passage from the sea to breed. All animals, excepting fish, only increase, but they multiply, and that in so extraordinary a degree as to set all calculation at defiance44. It is well known that they ascend45 every river, rivulet, and burn, in search of proper places to deposit their spawn46; and this is the case both with those kinds which quit the sea, and those which never leave the fresh water. In their thus instinctively47 searching for proper spawning48 places, they make their way up to such shallows as one would think it impossible for any animal wanting legs and feet ever to crawl up to; therefore every improper49 weir50 or dam that obstructs51 their free passage ought to be thrown down, as they are one great cause of the salmon quitting the proper spawning places in the river, to return to spawn in the sea as well as they can; where, it is fair to conclude, their fry, or their roe52, are swallowed up by other fish, as soon as they, or it, are spread abroad along the shores.
It will readily be perceived, that the fishers’ weirs53 are made chiefly with a view of preventing their neighbour fishers from coming in for their due share; but, were the fisheries let, as before named, the different fishing places would then be planned out by the stewards, as well as remedying other faults with an impartial54 hand. There are, besides weirs and dams, other causes which occasion the falling off of the breed of salmon, by greatly preventing them from entering and making their way up rivers for the purpose of spawning. They have a great aversion to passing through impure55 water, and even snow-water stops them; for they will lie still, and wait until it runs off. The filth56 of manufactories is also very injurious, as well as the refuse which is washed off the uncleaned streets of large towns by heavy rains. Were this filth in all cases led away and laid on the land, it would be of great value to the farmer, and persons should be appointed to do that duty, not in a slovenly57 or lazy manner, but with punctuality and despatch58. In this the health and comfort of the inhabitants of towns ought to be considered as of great importance to them, as well as that of keeping the river as pure as possible on account of the fish.
Should the evils attendant upon weirs and dams, and other matters, be rectified59, then the next necessary step to be taken should be the appointment of river conservators and vigilant60 guards to protect the kipper, or spawning fish, from being killed while they are in this sickly and imbecile state. They are then so easily caught, that, notwithstanding they are very unwholesome as food, very great numbers are taken in the night, which are eaten by poor people, who do not know how pernicious they are. But, should all these measures be found not fully62 to answer public expectation, the time now allowed for fishing might be shortened, and in some years, if ever found necessary, the fishing might be laid in for a season.
The next important question for consideration, is respecting what can be done to prevent the destruction of salmon on their first entering a river, and while they are in full perfection, by their most powerful and most conspicuously63 destructive enemy, the porpoise64.
I have seen a shoal of porpoises65, off Tynemouth, swimming abreast66 of each other, and thus occupying a space of apparently67 more than a hundred yards from the shore, seawards, and crossing the mouth of the river, so that no salmon could enter it. They went backward and forward for more than a mile, along shore, and with such surprising rapidity that, in their course, they caused a foam68 to arise, like the breakers of the sea in a storm. Might not a couple of steam packets, with strong nets, sweep on shore hundreds of these at a time? Perhaps by giving premiums69 for catching70 them they might be greatly thinned, and their tough skins be tanned, or otherwise prepared, so as to be applied to some use. Oil might be obtained partly to pay for the trouble of taking this kind of fish; and, lastly, they might be used as an article of food. They were eaten formerly71 even by the gentry72: and why not make the attempt to apply them to that purpose again? Perhaps, by pickling or drying them, and by other aids of cookery, they might prove good and wholesome61; for every animal in season is so, which, when out of season, is quite the reverse.
If the parent fishes of the salmo tribe were protected, the fry would soon be seen to swarm73 in incredible numbers, and perhaps a pair of them would spawn more than all the anglers from the source to the mouth of any river could fairly catch in one season. Having from a boy been an angler, it is with feelings painfully rankling74 in my mind that I live in dread75 (from hints already given) of this recreation being abridged76 or stopped. Angling has from time immemorial been followed, and ought to be indulged in unchecked by arbitrary laws, as the birthright of everyone, but particularly of the sedentary and the studious. It is cruel to think of debarring the fair angler, by any checks whatever; the salmon fishers may, indeed, begrudge77 to see such fill his creel with a few scores of the fry; because what is taken might in a short time return to them as full-grown salmon (for all fish, as well as birds, return to the same places where they were bred); but, for reasons before named, this selfishness should not be attended to for a moment, and the fisheries ought to be taken subject to this kind of toll78 or imaginary grievance79.
I have always felt extremely disgusted at what is called preserved waters (except fish ponds); that is, where the fish in these waters are claimed exclusively as private property. The disposition80 which sets up claims of this kind is the same as would—if it could—sell the sea, and the use of the sun and the rain. Here the angler is debarred by the surly, selfish owner of the adjoining land, the pleasure of enjoying the most healthful and comparatively the most innocent of all diversions. It unbends the minds of the sedentary and the studious, whether it may be those employed at their desks, or “the pale artist plying81 his sickly trade,” and enables such to return to their avocations82, or their studies, with renovated83 energy, to labour for their own or for the public good. But as any thing, however good in itself, may be abused, therefore some regulations should be laid down as a guide to the fair angler in this his legitimate84 right, and some check imposed upon the poacher, who might be inclined to stop at nothing, however unfair. I think Waltonian societies would be all-sufficient to manage these matters, if composed of men of good character and good sense. There ought to be one of these societies established in the principal town in each district, and to have its honorary members branched out into the more distant parts. Perhaps a fine imposed, or even the frowns of the society, might be sufficient to deter85 poachers. The object ought to be, to regulate the times for angling, and to discountenance, or send to Coventry, such as spend almost the whole of their time in “beating the streams.” They ought also to keep a watchful86 eye over such as care not how or in what manner they take fish, so as they may only get plenty of them. The “Honourable Society of Waltonians” ought to use every means in their power to protect the “glittering inhabitants of the waters” from being unfairly taken or destroyed. Pought nets ought to be prohibited, as well as all catching of the salmon fry in mill races, by putting thorn bushes into them, to stop their passing through, and then letting off the water. In this way, a cart load of these have often been known to be taken at once. Another method, still more destructive than this, is far too often put in practice; that is, what is called liming the burns. This ought to be utterly87 put a stop to by severe punishments. A clown, from ignorance,—but, perhaps, from something worse,—puts a few clots88 of unslaked, or quick, lime into a pool, or hole, in a burn, for the sake of killing a few trouts that he sees in it; and thus poisons the water running down to the rivulet, or the river, destroying every living creature to such a distance as may seem incredible. The attentive89 angler must sometimes have observed the almost invisible, incipient90, living spawn in thousands, appearing only like floating mud, sunning themselves on a shallow sand-bank, which, as soon as the water thus poisoned reaches them, they drop down like mud indeed, and are no more seen.
How vividly91 do recollections of the enjoyment angling has afforded me return to the mind, now when those days have passed away, never more to return. Like the pleasing volume of the patriarch of anglers—Izaac Walton—volumes might yet be written to point out and to depicture the beautiful scenery of woods and water sides, in the midst of which the pleasures attendant upon this exhilarating and health-restoring, hungry, exercise is pursued. How many narratives92 of the exploits of the days thus spent might be raked up to dwell upon, when they are all over, like a pleasing dream!
Well do I remember mounting the stile which gave the first peep of the curling or rapid stream, over the intervening, dewy, daisy-covered holme—boundered by the early sloe, and the hawthorn-blossomed hedge—and hung in succession with festoons of the wild rose, the tangling93 woodbine, and the bramble, with their bewitching foliage—and the fairy ground—and the enchanting94 music of the lark95, the blackbird, the throstle, and the blackcap, rendered soothing96 and plaintive97 by the cooings of the ringdove, which altogether charmed, but perhaps retarded98, the march to the brink99 of the scene of action, with its willows100, its alders101, or its sallows—where early I commenced the days’ patient campaign. The pleasing excitements of the angler still follow him, whether he is engaged in his pursuits amidst scenery such as I have attempted to describe, or on the heathery moor102, or by burns guttered103 out by mountain torrents104, and boundered by rocks or grey moss-covered stones, which form the rapids and the pools in which is concealed105 his beautiful yellow and spotted106 prey107. Here, when tired and alone, I used to open my wallet and dine on cold meat and coarse rye bread, with an appetite that made me smile at the trouble people put themselves to in preparing the sumptuous108 feast; the only music in attendance was perhaps the murmuring burn, the whistling cry of the curlew, the solitary109 water ouzel, or the whirring wing of the moor game. I would, however, recommend to anglers not to go alone; a trio of them is better, and mutual110 assistance is often necessary.
It is foreign to my purpose to give any history, in this place, of the various kinds of fishes which anglers pursue; of this there is no need, for, I think, more treatises111 on this subject than on any other have been printed, to direct the angler to perfection in his art. But I cannot help noticing, as matter of regret, that more pains have not been taken to multiply fish, and to increase the breed of eels112, as every permanent pool might so easily be fully stocked with them; and the latter are, when properly cooked, the most delicious of all fish kind. Walton has been particular in describing his mode of cooking them; but, unless he killed them beforehand, his method is a very cruel one.
In thus dwelling113 on subjects which stimulate114 man eagerly to pursue the work of destruction, and to extend his power over those animals of which he considers himself as the lord and master, and that they are destined115 to contribute to his pleasures or to his support, yet he ought not totally to forget that what is sport to him is death to them, and that the less of cruelty the better.
I think, had I not begun so early to be an angler, and before feelings of tenderness had entered the mind, my eagerness for angling might have been, on this score, somewhat abated116; but I argued myself into a belief that fish had little sense, and scarcely any feeling, and they certainly have very much less of either than any of the land animals; but we see through all nature that one kind of animal seems destined to prey upon another, and fishes are the most voracious117 of all.
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1
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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rental
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| n.租赁，出租，出租业 | |
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repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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curtail
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| vt.截短，缩短；削减 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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enjoyments
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| 愉快( enjoyment的名词复数 )； 令人愉快的事物； 享有； 享受 | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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pervades
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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acme
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| n.顶点，极点 | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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whet
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| v.磨快，刺激 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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obliquity
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| n.倾斜度 | |
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ennui
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| n.怠倦，无聊 | |
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subscribed
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| v.捐助( subscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；签署，题词；订阅；同意 | |
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23
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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nought
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| n.／adj.无，零 | |
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repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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antiquated
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| adj.陈旧的，过时的 | |
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rivulet
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| n.小溪，小河 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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stewards
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| （轮船、飞机等的）乘务员( steward的名词复数 )； （俱乐部、旅馆、工会等的）管理员； （大型活动的）组织者； （私人家中的）管家 | |
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auditors
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| n.审计员，稽核员( auditor的名词复数 )；（大学课程的）旁听生 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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ballot
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| n.（不记名）投票，投票总数，投票权；vi.投票 | |
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derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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indenture
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| n.契约；合同 | |
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apprentice
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| n.学徒，徒弟 | |
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teemed
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| v.充满( teem的过去式和过去分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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46
spawn
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| n.卵，产物，后代，结果；vt.产卵，种菌丝于，产生，造成；vi.产卵，大量生产 | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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48
spawning
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| 产卵 | |
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49
improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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50
weir
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| n.堰堤，拦河坝 | |
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51
obstructs
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| 阻塞( obstruct的第三人称单数 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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52
roe
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| n.鱼卵；獐鹿 | |
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53
weirs
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| n.堰，鱼梁（指拦截游鱼的枝条篱）( weir的名词复数 ) | |
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54
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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55
impure
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| adj.不纯净的，不洁的；不道德的，下流的 | |
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56
filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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57
slovenly
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| adj.懒散的，不整齐的，邋遢的 | |
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58
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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59
rectified
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| [医]矫正的，调整的 | |
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60
vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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61
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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62
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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64
porpoise
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| n.鼠海豚 | |
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porpoises
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| n.鼠海豚( porpoise的名词复数 ) | |
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66
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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68
foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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69
premiums
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| n.费用( premium的名词复数 )；保险费；额外费用；（商品定价、贷款利息等以外的）加价 | |
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70
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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71
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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72
gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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73
swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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rankling
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| v.（使）痛苦不已，（使）怨恨不已( rankle的现在分词 ) | |
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75
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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abridged
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| 削减的，删节的 | |
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begrudge
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| vt.吝啬，羡慕 | |
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78
toll
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| n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟) | |
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79
grievance
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| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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81
plying
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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82
avocations
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| n.业余爱好，嗜好( avocation的名词复数 )；职业 | |
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83
renovated
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| 翻新，修复，整修( renovate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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85
deter
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| vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住 | |
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86
watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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87
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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88
clots
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| n.凝块( clot的名词复数 )；血块；蠢人；傻瓜v.凝固( clot的第三人称单数 ) | |
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89
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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90
incipient
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| adj.起初的，发端的，初期的 | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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93
tangling
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| （使）缠结， （使）乱作一团( tangle的现在分词 ) | |
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enchanting
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| a.讨人喜欢的 | |
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95
lark
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| n.云雀，百灵鸟；n.嬉戏，玩笑；vi.嬉戏 | |
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soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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plaintive
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| adj.可怜的，伤心的 | |
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retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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99
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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100
willows
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| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
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101
alders
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| n.桤木( alder的名词复数 ) | |
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102
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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103
guttered
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| vt.形成沟或槽于…（gutter的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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104
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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105
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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106
spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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107
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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108
sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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109
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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110
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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111
treatises
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| n.专题著作，专题论文，专著( treatise的名词复数 ) | |
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112
eels
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| abbr. 电子发射器定位系统（=electronic emitter location system） | |
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113
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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114
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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115
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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116
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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117
voracious
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| adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 | |
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