Notwithstanding the superior degree of development which, according to the facts elaborated by scientists, must belong to the female in all the orders of life below mankind, Mr. Darwin would have us believe that so soon as the human species appeared on the earth the processes which for untold4 ages had been in operation were reversed, and that through courage and perseverance5, or patience, qualities which were the result of extreme selfishness, or which were acquired while in pursuit of animal gratification, man finally became superior to woman. The following furnishes an example of Mr. Darwin’s reasoning upon this subject. He says:
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The chief distinction in the intellectual powers of the two sexes is shown by man’s attaining6 to a higher eminence7, in whatever he takes up, than can woman—whether requiring deep thought, reason, or imagination, or merely the use of the senses and the hands. If two lists were made of the most eminent9 men and women in poetry, painting, sculpture, music (inclusive both of composition and performance), history, and philosophy, with half-a-dozen names under each subject, the two lists would not bear comparison....
Now, when two men are put into competition, or a man with a woman, both possessed10 of every mental quality in equal perfection, save that one has higher energy, perseverance, and courage, the latter will generally become more eminent in every pursuit, and will gain the ascendency. He may be said to possess genius—for genius has been declared by a great authority to be patience; and patience, in this sense, means unflinching, undaunted perseverance.50
Doubtless, for the purpose of strengthening his position, Mr. Darwin quotes the following from John Stuart Mill: “The things in which man most excels woman are those which require most plodding11 and long hammering at single thoughts.” And in summing up the processes by which man has finally gained the ascendency over woman he concludes:
Thus man has ultimately become superior to woman. It is, indeed, fortunate that the law of the equal transmission of characters to both sexes prevails76 with mammals; otherwise it is probable that man would have become as superior in mental endowment to woman, as the peacock is in ornamental12 plumage to the peahen.51
Notwithstanding this conclusion of Mr. Darwin, in view of the facts elaborated by himself, we cannot help thinking that it is indeed fortunate that the law of the equal transmission of characters to both sexes prevails with mammals, otherwise it is probable that man would never have had any higher ambition than the gratification of his animal instincts, and would never have risen above those conditions in which he struggled desperately13 for the possession of the female. All the facts which have been observed relative to the acquirement of the social instincts and the moral sense prove them to have originated in the female constitution, and as progress is not possible without these characters, it is not difficult to determine within which of the sexes the progressive principle first arose. Even courage, perseverance, and energy, characters which are denominated as thoroughly14 masculine, since they are the result of Sexual Selection, have been and still are largely dependent on the will or choice of the female.
In his zeal15 to prove the superiority of man over woman, and while emphasizing energy, perseverance, and courage as factors in development, Mr. Darwin seems to have overlooked the importance77 of the distinctive16 characters belonging to the female organism, viz., perception and intuition, combined with greater powers of endurance, the first two of which, under the low conditions occasioned by the supremacy17 of the animal instincts, have thus far had little opportunity to manifest themselves. A fairer statement relative to the capacities of the two sexes and their ability to succeed might have been set forth as follows:
When a man and a woman are put in competition, both possessed of every mental quality in equal perfection, save that one has higher energy, more patience, and a somewhat greater degree of physical courage, while the other has superior powers of intuition, finer and more rapid perceptions, and a greater degree of endurance (the result of an organism freer from imperfections), the chances of the latter for gaining the ascendency will doubtless be equal to those of the former as soon as the animal conditions of life are outgrown18, and the characters peculiar19 to the female constitution are allowed expression. Mr. Darwin’s quotation20 from J. Stuart Mill, that the things in which man excels woman are those which require most plodding and long hammering at single thoughts, is evidently true, and corresponds with the fundamental premises21 in the theory of development as set forth by all naturalists. The female organism is not a plodding machine, neither is the telephone nor the telegraph, yet these latter devices accomplish78 the work formerly22 done by the stagecoach23 much more rapidly, and in a manner better suited to civilized24 conditions. So soon as women are freed from the unnatural25 restrictions26 placed upon them through the temporary predominance of the animal instincts in man, their greater powers of endurance, together with a keener insight and an organism comparatively free from imperfections, will doubtless give them a decided27 advantage in the struggle for existence. While patience is doubtless a virtue28, and while during the past ages of human experience it has been of incalculable value to man, it will not, under higher conditions, be required in competing for the prizes of life.
Woman’s rapid perceptions, and her intuitions which in many instances amount almost to second sight, indicate undeveloped genius, and partake largely of the nature of deductive reasoning; it is reasonable to suppose therefore that as soon as she is free, and has for a few generations enjoyed the advantages of more natural methods of education and training, and those better suited to the female constitution, she will be able to trace the various processes of induction29 by which she reaches her conclusions. She will then be able to reason inductively up to her deductive conceptions.
The worthlessness of Mr. Darwin’s comparison between men and women in performing the various activities of life is already clearly apparent. Although less than half a century has elapsed since The Descent of Man was written women are already79 successfully competing with men in nearly all the walks of life both high and low, and this too notwithstanding the fact that these occupations have heretofore been regarded as belonging exclusively to men. We have seen that Mr. Darwin mentions music as a vocation30 in which man’s superiority over woman is manifested, yet already in the United States, there is not one male musician who would be willing to match his skill against that of any one of the four best woman performers.
It is a well understood fact that neither individuals nor classes which upon every hand have been thwarted31 and restrained, either by unjust and oppressive laws, or by the tyranny of custom, prejudice, or physical force, have ever made any considerable progress in the actual acquirement of knowledge or in the arts of life. Mr. Darwin’s capacity for collecting and formulating32 facts seems not to have materially aided him in discerning the close connection existing at this stage of human progress between the masculinized conditions of human society and the necessary opportunities to succeed in the higher walks of life; in fact, he seems to have forgotten that all the avenues to success have for thousands of years been controlled and wholly manipulated by men, while the activities of women have been distorted and repressed in order that the “necessities” of the male nature might be provided for. Besides, it seems never to have occurred to him that as man has still not outgrown the animal in his nature,80 and as the intellectual and moral age is only just beginning to dawn, the time is not yet ripe for the direct expression of the more refined instincts and ideas peculiar to the female organism, and, as thus far, only that advancement33 has been made which is compatible with the supremacy of the lower instincts, woman’s time has not yet come.
Although women are still in possession of their natural inheritance, a finer and more complex organism comparatively free from imperfections, and although, as a result of this inheritance, their intuitions are still quicker, their perceptions keener, and their endurance greater, the drain on their physical energies, caused by the abnormal development of the reproductive energies in the opposite sex, has, during the ages of man’s dominion34 over her, been sufficient to preclude35 the idea of success in competing with men for the prizes of life. Although an era of progress has begun, ages will doubtless be required to eradicate36 abuses which are the result of constitutional defects, and especially so as the prejudices and feelings of mankind are for the most part in harmony with such abuses.
If we examine the subject of female apparel, at the present time, we shall observe how difficult it is to uproot37 long-established prejudices which are deeply rooted in sensuality and superstition38; and this is true notwithstanding the fact that such prejudices may involve the comfort and even the health of half the people, and seriously affect the81 welfare of unborn generations. An examination of the influences which have determined39 the course of modern fashions in woman’s clothing will show the truth of this observation.
Of all the senses which have been developed, that of sight is undoubtedly40 the most refined, and when in the human species it is cultivated to a degree which enables its possessor to appreciate the beautiful in Nature and in Art, we are perhaps justified41 in designating it as the intellectual sense. In point of refinement42, the sense of hearing comes next in order, yet among creatures as low in the scale of being as birds, we find that females not only appreciate the beautiful, but that they are charmed by pleasing and harmonious43 sounds, and that if males would win their favour it must be accomplished44 by appeals through these senses to the higher qualities developed within them.
Although the female of the human species, like the female among the lower orders of life, is capable of appreciating fine colouring, and to a considerable extent the beautiful in form, the style of dress adopted by women is not an expression of their natural ideas of taste and harmony. On the contrary, it is to Sexual Selection that we must look for an explanation of the incongruities45 and absurdities46 presented by the so-called female fashions of the past and present. The processes of Sexual Selection, which, so long as the female was the controlling agency in courtship, worked on the male, have in these later ages been reversed.82 For the reason that the female of the human species has so long been under subjection to the male, the styles of female dress and adornment47 which have been adopted, and which are still in vogue49, are largely the result of masculine taste. Woman’s business in life has been to marry, or, at least, it has been necessary for her, in order to gain her support, to win the favour of the opposite sex. She must, therefore, by her charms, captivate the male.
With the progress of civilization and since women as economic and sexual slaves have become dependent upon men for their support, no male biped has been too stupid, too ugly, or too vicious to take to himself a mate and perpetuate50 his imperfections. This unchecked freedom of the male to multiply his defects is responsible for present conditions.
As for thousands of years women have been dependent on men not only for food and clothing but for the luxuries of life as well, it is not singular that in the struggle for life to which they have been subjected they should have adopted the styles of dress which would be likely to secure to them the greatest amount of success. When we remember that the present ideas of becomingness or propriety51 in woman’s apparel are the result of ages of sensuality and servitude, it is not remarkable52 that they are difficult to uproot, and especially so as many of the most pernicious and health-destroying styles involve questions of83 female decorum as understood by a sensualized age.
Mr. Darwin calls attention to the fact that women “all over the world” adorn48 themselves with the gay feathers of male birds. Since the beautiful plumage of male birds has been produced according to female standards of taste, and since it is wholly the result of innate53 female ideas of harmony in colour and design, it is not perhaps remarkable that women, recognizing the original female standards of beauty, should desire to utilize54 those effects which have been obtained at so great an expenditure55 of vital force to the opposite sex, especially as men are pleased with such display, and, as under present conditions of male supremacy, the female of the human species is obliged to captivate the male in order to secure her support.
Ever since the dominion of man over woman began a strict censorship over her dress has been maintained. Although in very recent times women are beginning to exercise a slight degree of independence in the matter of clothes, still, because of existing prejudices and customs they have not yet been able to adopt a style of dress which admits of the free and unrestricted use of the body and limbs. It is believed that woman, the natural tempter of man, if left to her own sinful devices, would again as of old attempt to destroy that inherent purity of heart and cleanliness of life which characterize the male consti84tution. Woman’s ankles and throat seem to be the most formidable foes56 against which innocent man has to contend, so the concealment57 of these offending members is deemed absolutely necessary for his protection and safety. Ecclesiastics58, a class whose duty it has ever been to regulate and control the movements of women, seem to think that the ankles and throats of women were intended not for the use and convenience of their possessors but as snares59 to entrap60 holy men.
It would thus appear that the present fashions for female apparel have a deeper significance than we have been in the habit of ascribing to them. We are still living under conditions peculiar to a sensual age, and have not yet outgrown the requirements which condemn61 women to a style of dress which hinders the free movements of the body and which checks all the activities of life. In one way the woman of the present time may be said to resemble the male Argus pheasant, whose decorations, although they serve to please his mate, greatly hinder his power of motion and the free use of his body and limbs.
When we consider that apparel is but one, and a minor62 one, of the strictures under which women have laboured during the later era of human existence and when we consider all the ignoble63 and degrading uses to which womanhood has been subjected, the wonder is not that women have failed in the past to distinguish themselves in the various fields of intellectual labour in which men have85 achieved a limited degree of success, but that they have had sufficient energy and courage left to enable them even to attempt anything so far outside the boundary of their prescribed “sphere,” or that they have been able to transmit to their male offspring those powers through which they have gained their present stage of progress.
With regard to Mr. Darwin’s comparison of the intellectual powers of the two sexes, and his assertion that man attains64 to a higher eminence in whatever he takes up than woman—that, for instance, he surpasses her in the production of poetry, music, philosophy, etc., the facts at hand suggest that if within mankind no higher motives65 and tastes had been developed than those derived66 from selfishness and passion, there would never have arisen a desire for poetry, music, philosophy, or science, or, in fact, for any of the achievements which have been the result of the more exalted67 activities of the human intellect. However, because of the subjection of the higher faculties68 developed in mankind, the poetry, music, and painting of the past betray their sensuous69 origin and plainly reveal the stage of advancement which has been reached, while history, philosophy, and even science, judging from Mr. Darwin’s methods, have not yet wholly emerged from the murky70 atmosphere of a sensuous age.
It will be well for us to remember that the doctrine71 of the Survival of the Fittest does not imply that the best endowed, physically72 or otherwise,86 have always succeeded in the struggle for existence. By the term Survival of the Fittest we are to understand a natural law by means of which those best able to overcome the unfavourable conditions of their environment survive and are able to propagate their successful qualities. We must bear in mind that neither the growth of the individual nor that of society has proceeded in an unbroken or uninterrupted line; on the contrary, during a certain portion of human existence on the earth, the forces which tend toward degeneration have been stronger than whose which lie along the line of true development.
We are assured that the principles of construction and destruction are mutually employed in the reproductive processes, that continuous death means continuous life,—the katabolic or disruptive tendencies of the male being necessary to the anabolic or constructive73 habits of the female. As it is in reproduction, so has it been through the entire course of development. Side by side, all along the line, these two tendencies have been in operation; the grinding, rending74, and devouring75 processes which we denominate Natural Selection, alongside those which unite, assimilate, and protect. As a result of the separation of the sexes there have been developed on the one side extreme egoism, or the desire for selfish gratification; on the other, altruism76, or a desire for the welfare of others outside of self. Hence, throughout the later ages of human exist87ence, since the egoistic principles have gained the ascendency, may be observed the unequal struggle for liberty and justice, against tyranny, and the oppressors of the masses of the human race. From present appearances it would seem, that the disruptive or devouring forces have always been in the ascendency. The philosophy of history however, teaches the contrary. With a broader view of the origin and development of the human race, and the unexpected light which within the last few years has been thrown upon prehistoric77 society and the grandeur78 of past achievement, a close student of the past is able to discern a faint glimmering79 of a more natural age of human existence, and is able to observe in the present intense struggles for freedom and equality, an attempt to return to the earlier and more natural principles of justice and liberty, and so to advance to a stage of society in which selfishness, sensuality, and superstition no longer reign80 supreme81.
The status of women always furnishes an index to the true condition of society, one or two superficial writers to the contrary notwithstanding. For this phenomenon there is a scientific reason, namely: society advances just in proportion as women are able to convey to their offspring the progressive tendencies transmissible only through the female organism. It is plain, therefore, that mankind will never advance to a higher plane of thinking and living until the restrictions upon the liberties of women have been entirely82 removed,88 and until within every department of human activity, their natural instincts, and the methods of thought peculiar to them be allowed free expression. The following is from Mr. Buckle’s lecture on “The Influence of Women on the Progress of Knowledge”:
I believe and I hope before we separate to convince you, that so far from women exercising little or no influence over the progress of knowledge, they are capable of exercising, and have actually exercised an enormous influence; that this influence, is, in fact, so great that it is hardly possible to assign limits to it; and that great as it is, it may with advantage be still further increased. I hope, moreover, to convince you that this influence has been exhibited not merely from time to time in rare, sudden, and transitory ebullitions, but that it acts by virtue of certain laws inherent in human nature; and that, although it works as an undercurrent below the surface, and is therefore invisible to hasty observers, it has already produced the most important results, and has affected83 the shape, the character, and the amount of our knowledge.
Through the processes involved in the differentiation of sex and the consequent division of functions, it has been possible during the past six thousand or seven thousand years (a mere8 tithe84 of the time spent by mankind upon the earth) for women to become enslaved, or subjected to the lower impulses of the male nature. Through the capture of women for wives, through the exigencies89 of warfare85, the individual ownership of land, and the various changes incident to a certain stage of human existence, the finer sensibilities which characterize women have been overshadowed, and the higher forces which originated within them and which are transmitted in the female line, have been temporarily subdued86 by the great sexual ardour inherent in the opposite sex; it is not, therefore, singular that the degree of progress attained87 should appear to be wholly the result of male activity and acumen88. Yet, notwithstanding the degradation89 to which women in the position assigned them by physical force have been obliged to submit, their capacity for improvement has suffered less from the influences and circumstances of their environment than has that of men. As the higher faculties are transmitted through women equally to both sexes, in the impoverishment90 of their inheritance on the female side, men have suffered equally with women, while, through their male progenitors91, they have inherited appetites and habits (the result of a ruder and less developed structure) which weaken and degrade the entire constitution.
Doubtless, so soon as women have gained sufficient strength to enable them to maintain their independence, and after the higher faculties rather than the animal propensities92 rule supreme, men, through the imperfections in their organism, and the appetites acquired through these imperfections, will, for a considerable length of time, find90 themselves weighted in the struggle for supremacy, and this, too, by the very characters which under lower conditions are now believed to have determined their success.
It is not unlikely, however, that through Sexual Selection the characters or qualities unfavourable to the higher development of man will in time be eliminated. The mother is the natural guardian93 and protector of offspring; therefore, so soon as women are free they will doubtless select for husbands only those men who, by their mental, moral, and physical endowments are fitted to become the fathers of their children. Only those women will become mothers who hope to secure to their offspring immunity94 from the giant evils with which society is afflicted95. In this way, and this way only, may these evils be eradicated96.
Under purer conditions of life, when by the higher powers developed in the race the animal propensities have become somewhat subdued by man, we may reasonably hope that the “struggle for existence,” which is still so relentlessly97 waged, will cease, that man will no longer struggle with man for place or power, and that the bounties98 of earth will no longer be hoarded99 by the few, while the many are suffering for the necessities of life; for are we not all members of one family, and dependent for all that we have on the same beneficent parent—Nature?
Although the two principles, the constructive and destructive, are closely allied100, the higher facul91ties have been acquired only through the former—the highest degree of progress is possible only through union or co-operation, or, through the uniting and binding101 force, maternal102 love from which has been developed, first, sympathy among related groups, and later an interest which is capable of extending itself not only to all members of the human race, but to every sentient103 creature. There is, therefore, little wonder that for thousands of years of human existence, the female principle was worshipped over the entire habitable globe as the source of all light and life—the Creator and Preserver of the Universe.
We are only on the threshold of civilization. Mankind may as yet have no just conception of their possibilities, but so soon as, through the agencies now in operation for the advancement of the race, the “necessities” of the male nature no longer demand and secure the subjection of women and the consequent drain on the very fountain whence spring the higher faculties, a great and unexpected impetus104 will be given to progress.
The fact that a majority of women have not yet gained that freedom of action necessary to the absolute control of their own persons, nor acquired a sufficient degree of independence to enable them to adopt a course of action in their daily life which they know to be right, shows the extent to which selfishness, twin brother to sensuality, has clouded the conscience and warped105 the judgment106 in all matters pertaining107 to human92 justice. So closely has women’s environment been guarded that in addition to all the restrictions placed upon their liberties, a majority of them are still dependent for food and clothing on pleasing the men, who still hold the purse-strings. Yet Mr. Darwin, the apostle of original scientific investigation108, concludes:
“If men are capable of decided prominence109 over women in many subjects, the average mental powers in men must be above those of women.”
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1
differentiation
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| n.区别，区分 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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untold
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| adj.数不清的，无数的 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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plodding
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| a.proceeding in a slow or dull way | |
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ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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outgrown
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| 长[发展] 得超过（某物）的范围( outgrow的过去分词 )； 长[发展]得不能再要（某物）； 长得比…快； 生长速度超过 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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stagecoach
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| n.公共马车 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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induction
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| n.感应，感应现象 | |
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vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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thwarted
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| 阻挠( thwart的过去式和过去分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
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formulating
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| v.构想出( formulate的现在分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示 | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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eradicate
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| v.根除，消灭，杜绝 | |
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uproot
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| v.连根拔起，拔除；根除，灭绝；赶出家园，被迫移开 | |
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superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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incongruities
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| n.不协调( incongruity的名词复数 )；不一致；不适合；不协调的东西 | |
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absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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adornment
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| n.装饰；装饰品 | |
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adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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utilize
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| vt.使用，利用 | |
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expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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ecclesiastics
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| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
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snares
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| n.陷阱( snare的名词复数 )；圈套；诱人遭受失败（丢脸、损失等）的东西；诱惑物v.用罗网捕捉，诱陷，陷害( snare的第三人称单数 ) | |
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entrap
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| v.以网或陷阱捕捉，使陷入圈套 | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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sensuous
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| adj.激发美感的；感官的，感觉上的 | |
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murky
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| adj.黑暗的，朦胧的；adv.阴暗地，混浊地；n.阴暗；昏暗 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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constructive
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| adj.建设的，建设性的 | |
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rending
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| v.撕碎( rend的现在分词 )；分裂；（因愤怒、痛苦等而）揪扯（衣服或头发等）；（声音等）刺破 | |
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devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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altruism
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| n.利他主义，不自私 | |
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prehistoric
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| adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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tithe
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| n.十分之一税；v.课什一税，缴什一税 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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acumen
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| n.敏锐，聪明 | |
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degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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impoverishment
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| n.贫穷，穷困；贫化 | |
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progenitors
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| n.祖先( progenitor的名词复数 )；先驱；前辈；原本 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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relentlessly
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| adv.不屈不挠地；残酷地；不间断 | |
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bounties
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| （由政府提供的）奖金( bounty的名词复数 )； 赏金； 慷慨； 大方 | |
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hoarded
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| v.积蓄并储藏（某物）( hoard的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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sentient
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| adj.有知觉的，知悉的；adv.有感觉能力地 | |
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impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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105
warped
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| adj.反常的；乖戾的；（变）弯曲的；变形的v.弄弯，变歪( warp的过去式和过去分词 )；使（行为等）不合情理，使乖戾， | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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107
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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