Men very early discovered that the nerves were in some way ministrant to Sensation and Movement; a divided nerve always being accompanied by insensibility and immobility in the limb. Galen, observing that paralysis4 of movement sometimes occurred without insensibility, suggested that there were two kinds of nerve; but no one177 was able to furnish satisfactory evidence in support of this suggestion until early in the present century, when the experiments of Charles Bell, perfected by those of Majendie and Müller, placed the suggestion beyond dispute.
24. Fig. 12 is a diagram (not a drawing of the actual aspect, which would be hardly intelligible7 to readers unversed in such matters) representing two transverse sections of the spinal cord just where the nerve-roots issue. The gray substance is somewhat in the form of a rude H, in the dorsal region, and of the expanded wings of a butterfly in the lumbar enlargements (Figs. 4–6); the extremities8 of this gray substance are the anterior9 and posterior horns. We have already said that from the anterior horns of each half issue the roots of the motor nerves, which pass to the muscles. From the posterior horns issue the sensory10 nerves, which, soon after leaving the cord, enter the ganglia before joining the motor nerves, and then pass to the skin, in the same sheath with their companions, separating again as they reach the muscles and surfaces where they are to be distributed. When this mixed nerve is cut through, or tied, all sensation and movement disappear from the parts innervated. But if only one of the roots be cut through, above the ganglion, there will then be only a loss of movement or a loss of sensation. Thus suppose the section be made at a, b, A: we have then divided a sensory nerve, and no pinching or pricking11 of the part innervated by that nerve will be felt; but movement will take place if the under nerve be irritated, or if a sensation elsewhere be excited. Now reverse the experiment, as at B, c, d. Then, pricking of the skin will be felt, but no movement will respond. The nerve which enters the cord at the upper (posterior) part is therefore a sensory nerve; that which enters at the under (anterior) part is motor. The direction is in each case indicated by178 the arrow. The central end b, if irritated, will produce sensation; whereas the peripheral12 end a produces neither sensation nor movement. The central end d produces neither sensation nor movement; the peripheral end c produces movement.
25. Two facts are proved by these experiments. First, that the co-operation of the centre is necessary for Sensation, but not for Movement. Although normally all the muscles of the trunk are moved only when their centre has been excited, yet any irritation13 applied14 directly to the muscle nerve, even when separated from its centre, produces a movement. And to this we may add that a slighter stimulus15 will move the muscle by direct irritation of the nerve, than by indirect irritation through the centre; a slighter stimulus also will suffice when applied to the nerve than when applied to the muscle itself.
26. The second fact proved is known as Bell’s Law, that the sensory and motor channels are respectively the posterior and anterior nerves. The fact is indisputable, but its theoretic interpretation16 can no longer be accepted in its original form. Bell supposed the two nerves to be different in kind, endowed with different specific energies, the one sensitive, the other motor. The majority of writers still express themselves as if they adopted this view. We shall, however, presently see reason for replacing it by the more consistent interpretation which assigns one and the same property to both nerves, marking their distinction by the terms afferent and efferent; the one set being anatomically so disposed that it conveys stimuli17 from the surfaces to the centre, and the other set conveying stimuli from the centre to the muscles, glands18, and other cells.89
179 27. Bell’s discovery was rapidly generalized. The principle of localization was extended to all nerves, and of course to the posterior and anterior columns of the spinal cord, which indeed were assumed to be continuations of the nerves. Bell, who was greater as an anatomist than as a philosopher, always maintained that anatomical deduction19 was superior to experiment. But this was to misunderstand the reach of deduction, which is only valid20 to the extent of its premises21.90 In the present case, the premises assumed that the posterior columns were continuations of the posterior roots, and carried impressions to the brain, the anterior columns carrying back from the brain the “mandates of the will.” Experiment has, however, decisively shown that it is not through the posterior columns that sensory impressions travel to the brain, but through the central gray substance.
28. The spinal cord with its central gray substance is at each point a centre of reflexion. Connected as it is with different organs, we artificially consider it as a chain of different centres, and try to detect the functional22 relations of its parts. The inquiry23 is important, but we must bear in mind the cardinal24 principle that diversity of Function depends on the organs innervated, and not on a diversity of Property in the nervous tissue. Although all nerves have a common structure and common property, yet we distinguish them as sensory and motor; and the sensory we subdivide25 into those of Special Sensation and those of Systemic Sensation. The motor we divide into muscular, vasomotor, and glandular26. The hypothesis of specific energies must be relinquished27 (§ 63).
180 In like manner all centres have a common structure and a common property, with a great diversity of functional relations. Here also the hypothesis of specific energies has been generally adopted, owing to a mistaken conception of the biological principle just mentioned. The cerebral28 hemispheres are credited with the properties of sensation, thought, and volition29; the cerebellum with the property of muscular co-ordination; the spinal cord with the property of reflexion.
29. No attempt to assign the true functional relations of the centres will be made at the present stage of our exposition. We must learn more of the processes in Sensation, Thought, and Volition, before we can unravel30 the complex physiological31 web on which they depend. But here, provisionally, may be set down what observation and experiment have disclosed respecting the part played by certain centres. We know, for example, that when the cerebral hemispheres are carefully removed from a reptile32 or a bird, all the essentially33 vital functions go on pretty much as before, but a great disturbance34 in some of the psychical35 functions is observed. The brainless bird eats, drinks, sleeps, moves its limbs separately and in combination, manifests sensibility to light, sound, and touch, performs such instinctive36 actions as preening37 its feathers, or thrusting the head under the wing while roosting. Throw it into the air and it will fly. In its flight it will avoid obstacles, and will alight upon a ledge38, or your shoulder. But it will not fly unless thrown into the air; it will not escape through the open door or window; it will avoid objects, but will show no fear of them,—alighting on your head, for example, without hesitation39. It is sensitive to light, and may in a certain sense be said to see; but it fails to perceive what is seen. It will eat and drink, if food and water be administered, but it will starve near a heap of grain and never peck it, not181 even if the beak40 be thrust into the heap. A grain, or strip of meat, may be thrust inside the beak; there it will remain unswallowed, unless it touches the back of the mouth, then swallowing at once follows the stimulus. The bird with its brain will fly away if you turn the finger, or stick, on which it is perching; without its brain, it makes no attempt to fly, but flutters its wings, and balances itself. If you open the mouth of a cat, or rabbit, and drop in some bitter fluid, the animal closes its mouth firmly, and resists your efforts to repeat the act; without its brain, the animal shows the same disgust at the taste, but never resists the preliminaries of the repetition.
30. These, and analogous41 facts, have been noted42 by various experimenters. They are very far from proving what is usually concluded; but they prove the important negative position that the cerebrum is not the centre of innervation for any of the organs on which the observed actions depend. Thus, the cerebrum is not necessary to sight: ergo it does not innervate the eye. It is not necessary to hearing: ergo it does not innervate the ear.91 It is not necessary to breathing, swallowing, flying, etc.: ergo it does not innervate the organs of these functions.
What then is lost? We have only to remember that the cerebrum is continuous with the thalami and corpora striata, and, through its crura, with the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis, to foresee that its removal must more or less affect the whole neural43 axis, and consequently disturb the actions of the whole organism; this disturbance will often have the appearances which would182 be due to the removal of a central apparatus44, so that we shall be apt to attribute the cessation of a function to the loss of its organ, when in fact the cessation is due simply to an arrest of the organ by irritation. Thus the cessation of consciousness, or of any particular movements, when the cerebrum is removed, is no decisive proof that the cerebrum is the organ of consciousness, or of the movement in question. This point will be duly considered hereafter. What we have now to consider is the facts observed after removal of the cerebrum.
First, we observe a loss of that power of combining present states with past states, present feelings with feelings formerly45 excited in conjunction with them, the power which enables the animal to adjust its actions to certain sensations now unfelt but which will be felt in consequence of the adjustment. Secondly46, we observe a loss of Spontaneity: the bird, naturally mobile and alert, now sits moveless for hours in a sort of stupor47, occasionally preening its feathers, but rarely quitting its resting-place. All the most conspicuous48 phenomena49 which we assign to Intelligence and Will seem absent. The sensations are altered and diminished. Many Instincts have disappeared, but some remain. The sexual feeling is preserved, although the bird has lost all power of directing its actions so as to gratify the desire. But these effects are only observed when the whole of both hemispheres have been removed. If a small portion remain the bird retains most of its faculties50, though with less energy. In frogs and fishes there is little discernible effect observed when a large portion of the cerebrum is removed.
31. Now take away from this mutilated bird its cerebellum: all the functions continue as before except that some combined movements can no longer be effected; flight is impossible; walking is a mere51 stagger. Remove183 only the lateral52 lobes53, and though flight is still possible great incoherence of the wings is observed, whereas walking is not much affected54. If only the cerebellum be removed, the cerebrum being intact, the phenomena are very different. All the perceptions and almost all the emotions, all the spontaneity and vivacity55 are retained; but the sexual instinct, which was manifested when the cerebrum was removed, is now quite gone. What we call Intelligence seems unaffected. The bird hears, and understands the meaning of the sounds, sees and perceives, sees and fears, sees and adjusts its movements with a mental vision of unseen consequences.92
32. Are we from these facts to conclude that the cerebrum is the “organ of the mind”; that it is “the seat” of sensation, thought, emotion, volition; and that the cerebellum is the “seat” of the sexual instinct, and muscular co-ordination? Such conclusions have found acceptance, even from physiologists56 who would have been startled had any one ventured to affirm that the medulla oblongata was the “organ” of Respiration57, because Respiration ceases when this centre is destroyed. I shall have to combat this notion at various stages of my exposition. Here let me simply say that it is irreconcilable58 with any clear conception of organ and function; and is plainly irreconcilable with any survey of psychical phenomena in animals in whom the cerebrum does not exist, and in animals from whom it has been removed.
What the facts indisputably prove is that the cerebrum has an important part in the mechanism59 by which the most complex psychical combinations are effected, and that the cerebellum has an important part in the mechanism by which the most complex muscular combinations184 are effected. The supreme60 importance of the cerebrum may be inferred from its dominating all the other centres, and from its preponderance in size. In man it stands to all the other cranial centres together in the relation of 11 to 3. It is about five times as heavy as the spinal cord—that is to say from 1,100 to 1,400 grammes, compared with 27 to 30 grammes. The quantity of blood circulating through it is immense. Haller estimated the cranial circulation as one fifth of the whole circulation. If, therefore, the Nervous Centres are agents in the production of Sensation and Intelligence, by far the largest share must be allotted61 to the cranial centres, and of these the largest to the Cerebrum.
33. It is, however, one thing to recognize the Cerebrum as having an important part in the production of psychical phenomena, another thing to localize all the phenomena in it as their organ and seat—a localization which soon becomes even more absurd, when of all the cerebral structure the multipolar cells alone are admitted as the active agents!
As was said just now, we recognize in the Medulla Oblongata the nervous centre of Respiration, but we do not suppose that Respiration has its seat there, nor that this centre is absolutely indispensable for the essential part of the process. We respire by our skin, as well as by our lungs; many animals respire who have nothing like a medulla oblongata; as many animals feel, and manifest will, who have nothing like a cerebrum. The destruction of centres is of course a disturbance of the mechanisms62 which they regulate. But even the observed results of a destruction require very close examination, and are liable to erroneous interpretations63. The disappearance64 of a function following the destruction, or disease of a particular part, is not to be accepted as a proof that this part is the organ of the lost function; because precisely185 the same phenomena may often be observed following the destruction of a totally different part.93 But one result may always be relied on, and that is the persistence65 of a function after removal of a particular part. Thus there is a certain spot of the cerebral convolutions from which movements of the limbs are excited when the electrodes are applied to it; removal of the substance is immediately followed by paralysis of the limbs. Are we to conclude that this spot is the organ of the function? It is true that the function is called into action by a stimulus applied to this spot: true that the function suddenly vanishes when the substance of this spot is destroyed. Nevertheless, what seems a loss of function is only a disturbance. In two or three days the paralysis begins to disappear, and at the end of a week the limbs are moved nearly in the normal manner. And the same is true when the spot in question is destroyed on both sides. The recovery of the function shows that the absent part was not its organ. There is a paradoxical experiment recorded by M. Paul Bert which may be cited here. He removed the right cerebral hemisphere from a chameleon66, and found that the limbs on the left side were paralyzed; but on his then removing the left cerebral hemisphere the limbs of the left side recovered their activity. A similar result was obtained by Lussana and Lemoigne by extirpation67 of the thalami. When we find combined movements persisting after the cerebellum has been destroyed, we may be sure that the cerebellum is186 not the organ by which such combinations take place; and when we find sensation and volition manifested after the cerebrum has been removed, we may be sure that the cerebrum is not the organ for these sensations and volitions.
34. And this we do find. Physiologists, indeed, for the most part, deny it; or rather, while they admit the observed facts, they refuse to admit the only consistent interpretation, biassed68 as they are by the traditional conception of the brain. After having for many years persistently69 denied Sensibility to any centre except the cerebrum, they are now generally agreed in including the medulla oblongata within the privileged region; but they still exclude the medulla spinalis.
35. If all the cranial centres as far as the medulla oblongata are removed from young rabbits, dogs, or cats, there are unmistakable evidences of Sensibility in their cries when their tails are pinched, their moving jaws70 (as in mastication) when bitters are placed in their mouths, and their raised paws rubbing their noses, when irritating vapors71 are applied. It is said indeed that the cries are no signs of pain; and this is probable; but they are assuredly signs of Sensibility.
35. The frog thus mutilated has lost indeed all its special senses, except Touch, but it still breathes, struggles when grasped, thrusts aside the pincers which irritate it, or wipes away acid dropped on its skin. If the eye be lightly touched, the eyelid72 closes; if the touch be repeated three or four times, the foreleg is raised to push the irritant away; if still repeated, the head is turned aside; but however prolonged the irritation, the frog neither hops73, nor crawls away, as he does when the cerebellum remains74. Place the brainless frog on his back, and if the medulla oblongata remains he will at once regain75 the normal position; but if that part is absent he will lie helpless on his back. The power of preserving equilibrium76 in difficult187 positions—which of course implies a nice co-ordination of muscles—resides in the so-called optic lobes of the frog (what in mammals are called the corpora quadrigemina).
37. With the destruction of each part of the central mass there will necessarily be some disturbance of the mechanism; but difficult as may be the task of detecting by experiment what is the normal action of any one part, there ought to be no hesitation in recognizing the persistence of functions after certain parts are destroyed. The spinal cord is anatomically known to be the centre from which the limbs, trunk, and genito-urinary organs are innervated. So long as the mechanism of the actions involving such organs is intact, no removal of other parts will prevent this mechanism from exhibiting its normal action. There may indeed arise, and there has arisen, the doubt whether Sensibility is involved in the action of any nerve centre below the medulla oblongata. But this doubt is founded on the traditional hypothesis respecting the seat of Sensation, and is flagrantly at variance77 with the logical conclusions of Anatomy78 and Experiment.
38. Anatomy shows that the structure of the spinal cord is in all essential characters the same as that of the medulla oblongata; and indeed that the whole central axis has one continuous tissue, somewhat variously arranged, and in relation with various organs.
Abundant Experiment has shown that the spinal cord, apart from the encephalon, is capable of acting79 as a sensorial and volitional80 centre. The striking facts advanced by Pflüger, Auerbach, and myself, have not been impugned;94 but their interpretation has been generally188 rejected. We showed that a brainless frog responded to stimulation81 in actions which bore so close a resemblance to actions admitted to be sensorial and volitional—showed the frog adapting itself to new conditions, and acquiring dexterity82 in executing actions which at first were impossible or difficult, devising combinations to effect a purpose which never by any possibility could have formed part of its habits—manifesting, in a word, such signs of Sensibility, that no one witnessing the experiments could hesitate as to the interpretation, had he not been biassed by the traditions of the schools.
39. Our opponents argued that in spite of all appearances there were profound differences between the actions of the normal and the brainless animal, and that the latter were due simply to Reflex Action. I also insist on profound differences; but underlying83 these there are fundamental identities. As to the Reflex Action, two points will hereafter be brought forward: 1°, that all central action is reflex, the cerebral no less than the spinal; 2°, that the hypothesis of Reflex Action being purely84 mechanical, and distinguished85 from Voluntary Action in not involving Sensibility, is an hypothesis which must be relinquished.
40. Postponing86, however, all discussion of these points, let me here say that the doctrine87 maintained in these pages is that the whole cerebro-spinal axis is a centre of Reflexion, its various segments taking part in the performance of different kinds of combined action. It has one common property, Sensibility; and different parts of it minister to different functions—the optic centre being different from the auditory, the cerebral from the spinal; and so on. To make this intelligible, however, we must first learn what is known respecting the properties of nerve-tissue.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
axis
|
|
| n.轴，轴线，中心线；坐标轴，基准线 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
spinal
|
|
| adj.针的，尖刺的，尖刺状突起的；adj.脊骨的，脊髓的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
briefly
|
|
| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
paralysis
|
|
| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
fig
|
|
| n.无花果(树) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
dorsal
|
|
| adj.背部的，背脊的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
intelligible
|
|
| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
extremities
|
|
| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
anterior
|
|
| adj.较早的；在前的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
sensory
|
|
| adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
pricking
|
|
| 刺，刺痕，刺痛感 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
peripheral
|
|
| adj.周边的，外围的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
irritation
|
|
| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
applied
|
|
| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
stimulus
|
|
| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
interpretation
|
|
| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
stimuli
|
|
| n.刺激（物） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
glands
|
|
| n.腺( gland的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
deduction
|
|
| n.减除，扣除，减除额；推论，推理，演绎 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
valid
|
|
| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
premises
|
|
| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
functional
|
|
| adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
inquiry
|
|
| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
cardinal
|
|
| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
subdivide
|
|
| vt.细分（细区分，再划分，重分，叠分，分小类） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
glandular
|
|
| adj.腺体的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
relinquished
|
|
| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
cerebral
|
|
| adj.脑的，大脑的；有智力的，理智型的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
volition
|
|
| n.意志；决意 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
unravel
|
|
| v.弄清楚（秘密）；拆开，解开，松开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
physiological
|
|
| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
reptile
|
|
| n.爬行动物；两栖动物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
essentially
|
|
| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
disturbance
|
|
| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
psychical
|
|
| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
instinctive
|
|
| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
preening
|
|
| v.（鸟）用嘴整理（羽毛）( preen的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
ledge
|
|
| n.壁架，架状突出物；岩架，岩礁 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
hesitation
|
|
| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
beak
|
|
| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
analogous
|
|
| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
noted
|
|
| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
neural
|
|
| adj.神经的，神经系统的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
apparatus
|
|
| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
formerly
|
|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
secondly
|
|
| adv.第二，其次 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
stupor
|
|
| v.昏迷；不省人事 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
conspicuous
|
|
| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
phenomena
|
|
| n.现象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
faculties
|
|
| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
mere
|
|
| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
lateral
|
|
| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
lobes
|
|
| n.耳垂( lobe的名词复数 )；（器官的）叶；肺叶；脑叶 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
affected
|
|
| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
vivacity
|
|
| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
physiologists
|
|
| n.生理学者( physiologist的名词复数 )；生理学( physiology的名词复数 )；生理机能 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
respiration
|
|
| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
irreconcilable
|
|
| adj.（指人）难和解的，势不两立的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
mechanism
|
|
| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
supreme
|
|
| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
allotted
|
|
| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
mechanisms
|
|
| n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
interpretations
|
|
| n.解释( interpretation的名词复数 )；表演；演绎；理解 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
disappearance
|
|
| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
persistence
|
|
| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
chameleon
|
|
| n.变色龙，蜥蜴；善变之人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
extirpation
|
|
| n.消灭，根除，毁灭；摘除 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
biassed
|
|
| （统计试验中）结果偏倚的，有偏的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
69
persistently
|
|
| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
jaws
|
|
| n.口部；嘴 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
vapors
|
|
| n.水汽，水蒸气，无实质之物( vapor的名词复数 )；自夸者；幻想 [药]吸入剂 [古]忧郁（症）v.自夸，（使）蒸发( vapor的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
eyelid
|
|
| n.眼睑，眼皮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
hops
|
|
| 跳上[下]( hop的第三人称单数 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
remains
|
|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
regain
|
|
| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
equilibrium
|
|
| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
variance
|
|
| n.矛盾，不同 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
anatomy
|
|
| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
acting
|
|
| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
volitional
|
|
| adj.意志的，凭意志的，有意志的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
stimulation
|
|
| n.刺激，激励，鼓舞 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
dexterity
|
|
| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
underlying
|
|
| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
purely
|
|
| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
distinguished
|
|
| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
postponing
|
|
| v.延期，推迟( postpone的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
doctrine
|
|
| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |