There were scores of country squires5 and gentlemen who treated the paroled officers as guests and friends, and who no doubt secretly rejoiced when they heard of their escapes, but they could not forget that every escape meant a breach6 of solemnly-pledged honour, and I have met with very few instances of English ladies and gentlemen aiding and abetting7 in the escapes of paroled prisoners.
So profitable an affair was the aiding of a prisoner to escape that it soon became as regular a profession as that of smuggling8, with which it was so intimately allied9. The first instance I have seen recorded was in 1759, when William Scullard, a collar-maker at Liphook, Hampshire, was brought before the justices at the Guildford Quarter Sessions, charged with providing horses and acting10 as guide to assist two French prisoners of distinction to escape—whence is not mentioned. After 366a long examination he was ordered to be secured for a future hearing, and was at length committed to the New Jail in Southwark, and ordered to be fettered11. The man was a reputed smuggler12, could speak French, and had in his pocket a list of all the cross-roads from Liphook round by Dorking to London.
In 1812 Charles Jones, Solicitor13 to the Admiralty, describes the various methods by which the escapes of paroled prisoners are effected. They are of two kinds, he says:
‘1. By means of the smugglers and those connected with them on the coast, who proceed with horses and covered carriages to the dép?ts and by arrangement rendezvous14 about the hour of the evening when the prisoners ought to be within doors, about the mile limit, and thus carry them off, travelling through the night and in daytime hiding in woods and coverts15. The horses they use are excellent, and the carriages constructed for the purpose. The prisoners are conveyed to the coast, where they are delivered over to the smugglers, and concealed17 until the boat is ready. They embark18 at night, and before morning are in France. These escapes are generally in pursuance of orders received from France.
‘2. By means of persons of profligate19 lives who, residing in or near the Parole towns, act as conductors to such of the prisoners as choose to form their own plan of escape. These prisoners generally travel in post-chaises, and the conductor’s business is to pay the expenses and give orders on the road to the innkeepers, drivers, &c., to prevent discovery or suspicion as to the quality of the travellers. When once a prisoner reaches a public-house or inn near the coast, he is considered safe. But there are cases when the prisoners, having one among themselves who can speak good English, travel without conductors. In these cases the innkeepers and post-boys alone are to blame, and it is certain that if this description of persons could be compelled to do their duty many escapes would be prevented.... The landlord of the Fountain at Canterbury has been known to furnish chaises towards the coast for six French prisoners at a time without a conductor.’
The writer suggested that it should be made felony to assist a prisoner to escape, but the difficulty in the way of this was that juries were well known to lean towards the accused. In the same year, 1812, however, this came about. A Bill passed the Commons, the proposition being made by Castlereagh that to aid in the escape of a prisoner should cease to be misdemeanour, 367and become a felony, punishable by transportation for seven or fourteen years, or life. Parole, he said, was a mere4 farce20; bribery21 was rampant22 and could do anything, and an organized system existed for furthering the escape of prisoners of rank. Within the last three years 464 officers on parole had escaped, but abroad not one British officer had broken his parole. The chief cause, he continued, was the want of an Agent between the two countries for the exchange of prisoners, and it was an extraordinary feature of the War that the common rules about the exchange of prisoners were not observed.
The most famous escape agent was Thomas Feast Moore, alias23 Maitland, alias Herbert, but known to French prisoners as Captain Richard Harman of Folkestone. He was always flush of money, and, although he was known to be able to speak French very fluently, he never used that language in the presence of Englishmen. He kept a complete account of all the dép?ts and parole places, with the ranks of the principal prisoners thereat, and had an agent at each, a poor man who was glad for a consideration to place well-to-do prisoners in communication with Harman, and so on the road to escape. Harman’s charge was usually ￡100 for four prisoners. As a rule he got letters of recommendation from the officers whose escapes he safely negotiated, and he had the confidence of some of the principal prisoners in England and Scotland. He was generally in the neighbourhood of Whitstable and Canterbury, but, for obvious reasons, owned to no fixed24 residence. He seems to have been on the whole straight in his dealings, but once or twice he sailed very closely in the track of rascally25 agents who took money from prisoners, and either did nothing for them, or actually betrayed them, or even murdered them.
On March 22, 1810, General Pillet, ‘Adjudant Commandant, Chef de l’état-Major of the First Division of the Army of Portugal,’ and Paolucci, commander of the Friedland, taken by H.M.S. Standard and Active in 1808, left their quarters at Alresford, and were met half a mile out by Harman with a post-chaise, into which they got and drove to Winchester, alighting in a back street while Harman went to get another chaise. Thence they drove circuitously26 to Hastings via Croydon, Sevenoaks, Tunbridge, Robertsbridge, and Battle, 368Harman saying that this route was necessary for safety, and that he would get them over, as he had General Osten, in thirty-four hours.
They arrived at Hastings at 7 p.m. on March 23, and alighted outside the town, while Harman went to get lodgings27. He returned and took them to the house of Mrs. Akers, a one-eyed woman; they waited there four days for fair weather, and then removed to the house of one Paine, for better concealment28 as the hue29 and cry was after them. They hid here two days, whilst the house was searched, but their room was locked as an empty lumber30 room. Pillet was disgusted at the delays, and that evening wanted to go to the Mayor’s house to give himself up, but the landlord brought them sailor clothes, and said that two women were waiting to take them where they pleased. They refused the clothes, went out, met Rachael Hutchinson and Elizabeth Akers, and supposed they would be taken to the Mayor’s house, but were at once surrounded and arrested. All this time Harman, who evidently saw that the delay caused by the foul31 weather was fatal to the chance that the prisoners could get off, had disappeared, but was arrested very shortly at the inn at Hollington Corner, three miles from Hastings. He swore that he did not know them to be escaped prisoners, but thought they were Guernsey lace-merchants.
During the examination which followed, the Hastings town crier said that he had announced the escape of the prisoners at forty-three different points of the eight streets which composed Hastings.
Pillet and Paolucci were sent to Norman Cross, and Harman to Horsham jail.
At the next examination it came out that Harman had bought a boat for the escape from a man who understood that it was to be used for smuggling purposes by two Guernsey lace men. The Mayor of Hastings gave it as his opinion that no Hastings petty jury would commit the prisoners for trial, although a grand jury might, such was the local interest in the escape-cum-smuggling business. However, they were committed. At Horsham, Harman showed to Jones, the Solicitor to the Admiralty, an iron crown which he said had been given him by the French Government for services rendered, but 369which proved to have been stolen from Paolucci’s trunk, of which he had the key.
Harman, on condition of being set free, offered to make important disclosures to the Government respecting the escape business and its connexion with the smugglers, but his offer was declined, and, much to his disgust, he was sent to serve in the navy. ‘He could not have been disposed of in a way less expected or more objectionable to himself,’ wrote the Admiralty Solicitor, Jones, to McLeay, the secretary.
But Harman’s career was by no means ended. After serving on the Enterprise, he was sent to the Namur, guardship at the Nore, but for a year or more a cloud of mystery enveloped32 him, and not until 1813 did it come out that he must have escaped from the Namur very shortly after his transfer, and that during the very next year, 1811, he was back at his old calling.
A man giving the name of Nicholas Trelawney, but obviously a Frenchman, was captured on August 24, 1811, on the Whitstable smack33 Elizabeth, lying in Broadstairs Roads, by the Lion cutter. At his examination he confessed that he was a prisoner who had broken parole from Tiverton, and got as far as Whitstable on July 4. Here he lodged34 at an inn where he met Mr. ‘Feast’ of the hoy Whitstable. In conversation the Frenchman, not knowing, of course, who Mr. ‘Feast’ really was, described himself as a Jerseyman who had a licence to take his boat to France, but she had been seized by the Customs, as she had some English goods in her. He told ‘Feast’ that he much wanted to get to France, and ‘Feast’ promised to help him, but without leading the Frenchman to suppose that he knew him to be an escaped prisoner of war.
He paid ‘Feast’ ￡10 10s., and went on board the Elizabeth to get to Deal, as being a more convenient port for France. ‘Feast’ warned him that he would be searched, and persuaded him to hand over his watch and ￡18 for safe keeping. He saw nothing more of Mr. ‘Feast’ and was captured.
When the above affair made it clear that Harman, alias Feast Moore, was at work again, a keen servant of the Transport Office, Mantell, the Agent at Dover, was instructed to get on to his track. Mantell found that Harman had been at Broadstairs, to France, and in Dover, at which place his well-known 370boat, the Two Sisters, was discovered, untenanted and with her name obliterated35. Mantell further learned that on the very night previous to his visit Harman had actually been landed by Lieutenant36 Peace of the armed cutter Decoy, saying that he bore important dispatches from France for Croker at the Admiralty. The lieutenant had brought him ashore37, and had gone with him to an inn whence he would get a mail-coach to London. Mantell afterwards heard that Harman went no farther than Canterbury.
Mantell described Harman’s usual mode of procedure: how, the French prisoners having been duly approached, the terms agreed upon, and the horses, chaises, boats with sails, oars38, charts and provisions arranged for, he would meet them at a little distance outside their place of confinement39 after dark, travel all night, and with good luck get them off within two days at the outside. Mantell found out that in August 1811 Harman got four prisoners away from Crediton; he lived at Mr. Parnell’s, the White Lion, St. Sidwell’s, under the name of Herbert, bought a boat of Mr. Owen of Topsham, and actually saw his clients safe over Exmouth bar.
His manner, said Mantell, was free and open; he generally represented his clients to be Guernseymen, or émigrés, or Portuguese40, and he always got them to sign a paper of recommendation.
In July 1813 news came that Harman was at work in Kelso, Scotland. A stranger in that town had been seen furtively41 carrying a trunk to the Cross Keys inn, from which he presently went in a post-chaise to Lauder. He was not recognized, but frequent recent escapes from the town had awakened42 the vigilance of the Agent, and the suspicious behaviour of this stranger at the inn determined43 that official to pursue and arrest him. The trunk was found to belong to Dagues, a French officer, and contained the clothes of three other officers on parole, and from the fact that the stranger had made inquiries44 about a coach for Edinburgh, it was clear that an arrangement was nipped in the bud by which the officers were to follow, pick up the trunk at Edinburgh, and get off from Leith.
Harman was disguised, but the next morning the Kelso Agent saw at once that he answered the description of him 371which had been circulated throughout the kingdom, and sent him to Jedburgh Jail, while he communicated with London.
The result of Harman’s affair was that the Solicitor-General gave it as his opinion that it was better he should be detained as a deserter from the navy than as an aider of prisoners to escape, on the ground that there were no sufficiently45 overt16 acts on the parts of the French prisoners to show an intention to escape! What became of Harman I cannot trace, but at any rate he ceased to lead the fraternity of escape agents.
Waddell, a Dymchurch smuggler, was second only to Harman as an extensive and successful escape agent. In 1812 he came to Moreton-Hampstead, ‘on business’, and meeting one Robins46, asked him if he was inclined to take part in a lucrative47 job, introducing himself, when in liquor afterwards at the inn, as the author of the escape of General Lefebvre-Desnouettes and wife from Cheltenham, for which he got ￡210, saying that while in France he engaged to get General Reynaud and his aide-de-camp away from Moreton-Hampstead for ￡300 or 300 guineas, which was the reason of his presence there. He added that he was now out on bail48 for ￡400 about the affair of Lefebvre-Desnouettes, and was bound to appear at Maidstone for trial. If convicted he would only be heavily fined, so he was anxious to put this affair through.
Robins agreed, but informed the Agent, and Waddell was arrested. As regards General Reynaud, above alluded49 to, that officer wrote to the Transport Office to say that the report of his intention to abscond50 was untrue. The Office replied that it was glad to hear so, but added, ‘In consequence of the very disgraceful conduct of other French officers of high rank, such reports cannot fail to be believed by many.’
As a rule the prisoners made their way to London, whence they went by hoy to Whitstable and across the Channel, but the route from Dymchurch to Wimereux was also much favoured. Spicer of Folkestone, Tom Gittens (known as Pork Pie Tom), James King, who worked the western ports; Kite, Hornet, Cullen, Old Stanley, Hall, Waddle51, and Stevenson of Folkestone; Yates, Norris, Smith, Hell Fire Jack52, old Jarvis and Bates of Deal; Piper and Allen of Dover; Jimmy Whather and Tom Scraggs of Whitstable, were all reported to be ‘deep 372in the business’, and Deal was described as the ‘focus of mischief’. The usual charge of these men was ￡80 per head, but, as has been already said, the fugitives53 ere they fairly set foot on their native soil were usually relieved of every penny they possessed54.
An ugly feature about the practice of parole-breaking is that the most distinguished55 French officers did not seem to regard it seriously. In 1812 General Simon escaped from Odiham and corresponded with France; he was recaptured, and sent to Tothill Fields Prison in London, and thence to Dumbarton Castle, where two rooms were furnished for him exactly on the scale of a British field officer’s barrack apartment; he was placed on the usual parole allowance, eighteenpence per day for himself, and one shilling and threepence per day for a servant, and he resented very much having to give up a poniard in his possession. From Dumbarton he appears to have carried on a regular business as an agent for the escape of paroled prisoners, for, at his request, the Transport Office had given permission for two of his subalterns, also prisoners on parole, Raymond and Boutony by name, to take positions in London banks as French correspondents, and it was discovered that these men were actually acting as Simon’s London agents for the escape of prisoners on parole. It was no doubt in consequence of this discovery that in 1813 orders were sent to Dumbarton that not only was Simon to be deprived of newspapers, but that he was not to be allowed pens and ink, ‘as he makes such a scandalous and unbecoming use of them.’
In May 1814 Simon, although he was still in close confinement, was exchanged for Major-General Coke, it being evidently considered by the Government that he could do less harm fighting against Britain than he did as a prisoner.
The frequent breaches56 of parole by officers of distinction led to severe comments thereon by the Transport Board, especially with regard to escapes. In a reply to General Privé, who had complained of being watched with unnecessary rigour, it was said: ‘With reference to the “eternal vigilance” with which the officers on parole are watched, I am directed to observe that there was a little necessity for this, as a great many Persons who style themselves Men of Honour, and some of them members 373of the Legion of Honour, have abandoned all Honour and Integrity by running from Parole, and by bribing58 unprincipled men to assist in their Escape.’
Again:
‘Certain measures have been regarded as expedient59 in consequence of the very frequent desertions of late of French officers, not even excepting those of the highest rank, so that their Parole of Honour has become of little Dependence60 for their Security as Prisoners of War. Particularly do we select General Lefebvre-Desnouettes, an officer of the Legion of Honour, a General of Division, Colonel commanding the Chasseurs à cheval de la Garde. He was allowed unusually great privileges on parole—to reside at Cheltenham, to go thence to Malvern and back to Cheltenham as often as he liked; his wife was allowed to reside with him, and he was allowed to have two Imperial Guardsmen as servants. Yet he absconded61, May 1, 1812, with his servants and naval62 lieutenant Armand le Duc, who had been allowed as a special favour to live with him at Cheltenham.’
Lord Wellington requested that certain French officers should be given their parole, but in reply the Transport Office declined to consent, and as a reason sent him a list of 310 French officers who had broken their parole during the current year, 1812.
The Moniteur of August 9, 1812, attempted to justify63 these breaches of parole, saying that Frenchmen only surrendered on the condition of retaining their arms, and that we had broken that condition.
At the Exeter Assizes, in the summer of 1812, Richard Tapper of Moreton-Hampstead, carrier, Thomas and William Vinnacombe of Cheriton Bishop64, smugglers, were convicted and sentenced to transportation for life for aiding in the attempted escape of two merchant captains, a second captain of a privateer, and a midshipman from Moreton-Hampstead, from whom they had received ￡25 down and a promise of ￡150. They went under Tapper’s guidance on horseback from Moreton to Topsham, where they found the Vinnacombes waiting with a large boat. They started, but grounded on the bar at Exmouth, and were captured.
In the same year, acting upon information, the Government 374officers slipped quietly down to Deal, Folkestone, and Sandgate, and seized a number of galleys65 built specially57 for the cross-Channel traffic of escaped prisoners. They were beautifully constructed, forty feet long, eight-oared, and painted so as to be almost invisible. It was said that in calm weather they could be rowed across in two hours!
The pillory66 was an additional punishment for escape-aiders. Russel, in his History of Maidstone, says that ‘the last persons who are remembered to have stood in the pillory were two men, who in the first decade of the present (nineteenth) century, had assisted French prisoners of War to escape while on Parole’.
But I find that in 1812, seven men were condemned67 at Maidstone, in addition to two years’ imprisonment68, to stand in the pillory on every market-day for a month, for the same offence. In this year, Hughes, landlord of the Red Lion and postmaster at Rye, Hatter, a fisherman, and Robinson, of Oswestry, were sentenced to two years in Horsham Jail, and in the first month to be pilloried69 on Rye Coast, as near France as possible, for aiding in the escape of General Phillipon and Lieutenant Garnier.
Men, not regular escape agents, as well as the latter, often victimized the poor Frenchmen under pretence70 of friendship.
One Whithair, of Tiverton, was accused, at the Exeter Summer Assizes of 1812, by French prisoners of having cheated them. He had obtained ￡200 from six officers on parole at Okehampton—he said to purchase a boat to get them off, and horses to carry them to the coast—through the medium of Madame Riccord, the English wife of one of the French officers. Whithair had also persuaded them to send their trunks to Tiverton in readiness. They waited four months, and then suspected that Whithair was tricking them, and informed the Agent. Whithair was arrested, and condemned to pay ￡200, and to be imprisoned71 until he did so. Later, Whithair humbly72 petitioned to be released from Newgate on the plea that during his imprisonment he would have no chance of paying the fine, and the Superintendent73 recommended it.
It may be imagined that the profession of escape-aiding had much the same fascination74 for adventurous75 spirits as had what our forefathers76 called ‘the highway’. So we read of 375a young gentleman of Rye, who, having run through a fortune, determined to make a trial of this career as a means of restoring his exchequer77, but he was evidently too much of an amateur in a craft which required the exercise of a great many qualities not often found in one man’s composition. His very first venture was to get off two officers of high rank from Reading, for which he was to receive three hundred guineas, half paid down. He got them in a post-chaise as far as the inn at Johns Cross, Mountfield, about fourteen miles from Hastings, but here the Excise78 officers dropped upon them, and there was an end of things.
At Ashbourne in Derbyshire, a young woman was brought up on March 13, 1812, charged with aiding prisoners on parole to escape, and evidently there had been hints about improper79 relationship between her and the Frenchmen, for she published the following:
‘I the undernamed Susanna Cotton declares she has had nothing to do with the escape of the French prisoners, although she has been remanded at Stafford, and that there has been no improper relationship as rumoured82.
‘Judge not that ye be not judged. Parents of female children should not readily believe a slander83 of their sex, nor should a male parent listen to the vulgar aggravation84 that too often attends the jocular whispering report of a crime so important. For it is not known what Time, a year or a day, may bring forth85.
‘Misses Lomas and Cotton take this opportunity (tho’ an unpleasant one) of returning their grateful acknowledgement of Public and Individual Favours conferred on them in their Business of Millinery, and hope for a continuance of them, and that they will not be withheld86 by reason of any Prejudices which may have arisen from the Slander above alluded to.’
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1
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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squires
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| n.地主，乡绅( squire的名词复数 ) | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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abetting
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| v.教唆（犯罪）( abet的现在分词 )；煽动；怂恿；支持 | |
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smuggling
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| n.走私 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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fettered
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| v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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smuggler
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| n.走私者 | |
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solicitor
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| n.初级律师，事务律师 | |
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rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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coverts
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| n.隐蔽的，不公开的，秘密的( covert的名词复数 )；复羽 | |
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overt
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| adj.公开的，明显的，公然的 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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profligate
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| adj.行为不检的；n.放荡的人，浪子，肆意挥霍者 | |
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farce
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| n.闹剧，笑剧，滑稽戏；胡闹 | |
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bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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rampant
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| adj.(植物)蔓生的；狂暴的，无约束的 | |
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alias
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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rascally
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circuitously
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lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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concealment
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hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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lumber
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| n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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smack
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| vt.拍，打，掴；咂嘴；vi.含有…意味；n.拍 | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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ashore
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oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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furtively
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| adv. 偷偷地, 暗中地 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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robins
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| n.知更鸟，鸫( robin的名词复数 )；（签名者不分先后，以避免受责的）圆形签名抗议书（或请愿书） | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abscond
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| v.潜逃，逃亡 | |
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51
waddle
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| vi.摇摆地走；n.摇摆的走路(样子) | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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53
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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breaches
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| 破坏( breach的名词复数 )； 破裂； 缺口； 违背 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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58
bribing
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| 贿赂 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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absconded
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| v.（尤指逃避逮捕）潜逃，逃跑( abscond的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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galleys
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| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
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66
pillory
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| n.嘲弄；v.使受公众嘲笑；将…示众 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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pilloried
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| v.使受公众嘲笑( pillory的过去式和过去分词 )；将…示众；给…上颈手枷；处…以枷刑 | |
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pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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73
superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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excise
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| n.(国产)货物税；vt.切除，删去 | |
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improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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82
rumoured
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| adj.谣传的；传说的；风 | |
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83
slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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84
aggravation
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| n.烦恼，恼火 | |
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85
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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86
withheld
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| withhold过去式及过去分词 | |
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87
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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88
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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