It was a relief to reach Kiev. We had expected to find the city almost in ruins, but we were pleasantly disappointed. When we left Petrograd the Soviet10 Press contained numerous stories of vandalism committed by Poles before evacuating11 Kiev. They had almost demolished12 the famous ancient cathedral in the city, the papers wrote, destroyed the water works and electric stations, and set fire to several parts of the city. Tchicherin and Lunacharsky issued passionate13 appeals to the cultured people of the world in protest against such barbarism. The crime of the Poles against Art was compared with that committed by the Germans in Rheims, whose celebrated14 cathedral had been injured by Prussian artillery15. We were, therefore, much surprised to find Kiev in even better condition than Petrograd. In fact, the city had suffered very little, considering the numerous changes of government and the accompanying military operations. It is true that some bridges and railroad tracks had been blown up on the outskirts17 of the city, but Kiev itself was almost unharmed. People looked at us in amazement18 when we made inquiries19 about the condition of the cathedral: they had not heard the Moscow report.
Unlike our welcome in Kharkov and Poltava, Kiev proved a disappointment. The secretary of the Ispolkom was not very amiable20 and appeared not at all impressed by Zinoviev's signature on our credentials21. Our secretary succeeded in seeing the chairman of the Executive Committee, but returned very discouraged: that high official was too impatient to listen to her representations. He was busy, he said, and could not be troubled. It was decided23 that I try my luck as an American, with the result that the chairman finally agreed to give us access to the available material. It was a sad reflection on the irony24 of life. America was in league with world imperialism25 to starve and crush Russia. Yet it was sufficient to mention that one came from America to find the key to everything Russian. It was pathetic, and rather distasteful to make use of that key.
In Kiev antagonism26 to Communism was intense, even the local Bolsheviki being bitter against Moscow. It was out of the question for anyone coming from "the centre" to secure their co?peration unless armed with State powers. The Government employees in Soviet institutions took no interest in anything save their rations16. Bureaucratic27 indifference28 and [Pg 214]incompetence in Ukraina were even worse than in Moscow and were augmented29 by nationalistic resentment30 against the "Russians." It was true also of Kharkov and Poltava, though in a lesser31 degree. Here the very atmosphere was charged with distrust and hatred32 of everything Muscovite. The deception33 practised on us by the chairman of the Educational Department of Kharkov was characteristic of the resentment almost every Ukrainian official felt toward Moscow. The chairman was a Ukrainian to the core, but he could not openly ignore our credentials signed by Zinoviev and Lunacharsky. He promised to aid our efforts but he disliked the idea of Petrograd "absorbing" the historic material of the Ukraina. In Kiev there was no attempt to mask the opposition34 to Moscow. One was made to feel it everywhere. But the moment the magic word "America" was spoken and the people made to understand that one was not a Communist, they became interested and courteous36, even confidential37. The Ukrainian Communists were also no exception.
The information and documents collected in Kiev were of the same character as the data gathered in former cities. The system of education, care of the sick, distribution of labour and[Pg 215] so forth38 were similar to the general Bolshevik scheme. "We follow the Moscow plan," said a Ukrainian teacher, "with the only difference that in our schools the Ukrainian language is taught together with Russian." The people, and especially the children, looked better fed and clad than those of Russia proper: food was comparatively more plentiful39 and cheaper. There were show schools as in Petrograd and Moscow, and no one apparently40 realized the corrupting41 effect of such discrimination upon the teachers as well as the children. The latter looked with envy upon the pupils of the favoured schools and believed that they were only for Communist children, which in reality was not the case. The teachers, on the other hand, knowing how little attention was paid to ordinary schools, were negligent42 in their work. All tried to get a position in the show schools which were enjoying special and varied43 rations.
The chairman of the Board of Health was an alert and competent man, one of the few officials in Kiev who showed interest in the Expedition and its work. He devoted44 much time to explaining to us the methods of his organization and pointing out interesting places to visit and the material which could be collected for the[Pg 216] Museum. He especially called our attention to the Jewish hospital for crippled children.
I found the latter in charge of a cultivated and charming man, Dr. N——. For twenty years he had been head of the hospital and he took interest as well as pride in showing us about his institution and relating its history.
The hospital had formerly45 been one of the most famous in Russia, the pride of the local Jews who had built and maintained it. But within recent years its usefulness had become curtailed46 owing to the frequent changes of government. It had been exposed to persecution47 and repeated pogroms. Jewish patients critically ill were often forced out of their beds to make room for the favourites of this or that régime. The officers of the Denikin army were most brutal49. They drove the Jewish patients out into the street, subjected them to indignities50 and abuse, and would have killed them had it not been for the intercession of the hospital staff who at the risk of their own lives protected the sick. It was only the fact that the majority of the staff were Gentiles that saved the hospital and its inmates51. But the shock resulted in numerous deaths and many patients were left with shattered nerves.
The doctor also related to me the story of some of the patients, most of them victims of the Fastov pogroms. Among them were children between the ages of six and eight, gaunt and sickly looking, terror stamped on their faces. They had lost all their kin48, in some cases the whole family having been killed before their eyes. These children often waked at night, the physician said, in fright at their horrible dreams. Everything possible was being done for them, but so far the unfortunate children had not been freed from the memory of their terrible experiences at Fastov. The doctor pointed9 out a group of young girls between the ages of fourteen and eighteen, the worst victims of the Denikin pogrom. All of them had been repeatedly outraged52 and were in a mutilated state when they came to the hospital; it would take years to restore them to health. The doctor emphasized the fact that no pogroms had taken place during the Bolshevik régime. It was a great relief to him and his staff to know that his patients were no longer in such danger. But the hospital had other difficulties. There was the constant interference by political Commissars and the daily struggle for supplies. "I spend most of my time in the various bureaus," he said, "instead of devoting myself to my[Pg 218] patients. Ignorant officials are given power over the medical profession, continuously harassing53 the doctors in their work." The doctor himself had been repeatedly arrested for sabotage54 because of his inability to comply with the numerous decrees and orders, frequently mutually contradictory55. It was the result of a system in which political usefulness rather than professional merit played the main r?le. It often happened that a first-class physician of well-known repute and long experience would be suddenly ordered to some distant part to place a Communist doctor in his position. Under such conditions the best efforts were paralysed. Moreover, there was the general suspicion of the intelligentsia, which was a demoralizing factor. It was true that many of that class had sabotaged56, but there were also those who did heroic and self-sacrificing work. The Bolsheviki, by their indiscriminate antagonism toward the intelligentsia as a class, roused prejudices and passions which poisoned the mainsprings of the cultural life of the country. The Russian intelligentsia had with its very blood fertilized57 the soil of the Revolution, yet it was not given it to reap the fruits of its long struggle. "A tragic58 fate," the doctor remarked; "unless one[Pg 219] forget it in his work, existence would be impossible."
The institution for crippled children proved a very model and modern hospital, located in the heart of a large park. It was devoted to the marred59 creatures with twisted limbs and deformed60 bodies, victims of the great war, disease, and famine. The children looked aged22 and withered61; like Father Time, they had been born old. They lay in rows on clean white beds, baking in the warm sun of the Ukrainian summer. The head physician, who guided us through the institution, seemed much beloved by his little charges. They were eager and pleased to see him as he approached each helpless child and bent62 over affectionately to make some inquiries about its health. The hospital had been in existence for many years and was considered the first of its kind in Russia. Its equipment for the care of deformed and crippled children was among the most modern. "Since the war and the Revolution we feel rather behind the times," the doctor said; "we have been cut off from the civilized63 world for so many years. But in spite of the various government changes we have striven to keep up our standards and to help the unfortunate victims of[Pg 220] strife64 and disease." The supplies for the institution were provided by the Government and the hospital force was exposed to no interference, though I understood from the doctor that because of his political neutrality he was looked upon by the Bolsheviki as inclined to counter-revolution.
The hospital contained a large number of children; some of those who could walk about studied music and art, and we had the opportunity of attending an informal concert arranged by the children and their teachers in our honour. Some of them played the balalaika in a most artistic65 manner, and it was consoling to see those marred children finding forgetfulness in the rhythm of the folk melodies of the Ukraina.
Early during our stay in Kiev we learned that the most valuable material for the Museum was not to be found in the Soviet institutions, but that it was in the possession of other political groups and private persons. The best statistical66 information on pogroms, for instance, was in the hands of a former Minister of the Rada régime in the Ukraina. I succeeded in locating the man and great was my surprise when, upon learning my identity, he presented me with several copies of the Mother Earth magazine I[Pg 221] had published in America. The ex-Minister arranged a small gathering67 to which were invited some writers and poets and men active in the Jewish Kulturliga to meet several members of our Expedition. The gathering consisted of the best elements of the local Jewish intelligentsia. We discussed the Revolution, the Bolshevik methods, and the Jewish problem. Most of those present, though opposed to the Communist theories, were in favour of the Soviet Government. They felt that the Bolsheviki, in spite of their many blunders, were striving to further the interests of Russia and the Revolution. At any rate, under the Communist régime the Jews were not exposed to the pogroms practised upon them by all the other régimes of Ukraina. Those Jewish intellectuals argued that the Bolsheviki at least permitted the Jews to live, and that they were therefore to be preferred to any other governments and should be supported by the Jews. They were fearful of the growth of anti-Semitism in Russia and were horrified68 at the possibility of the Bolsheviki being overthrown70. Wholesale71 slaughter72 of the Jews would undoubtedly73 follow, they believed.
Some of the younger set held a different view.[Pg 222] The Bolshevik régime had resulted in increased hatred toward the Jews, they said, for the masses were under the impression that most of the Communists were Jews. Communism stood for forcible tax-collection, punitive74 expeditions, and the Tcheka. Popular opposition to the Communists therefore expressed itself in the hatred of the whole Jewish race. Thus Bolshevik tyranny had added fuel to the latent anti-Semitism of the Ukraina. Moreover, to prove that they were not discriminating75 in favour of the Jews, the Bolsheviki had gone to the other extreme and frequently arrested and punished Jews for things that the Gentiles could do with impunity76. The Bolsheviki also fostered and endowed cultural work in the south in the Ukrainian language, while at the same time they discouraged such efforts in the Jewish language. It was true that the Kulturliga was still permitted to exist, but its work was hampered77 at every step. In short, the Bolsheviki permitted the Jews to live, but only in a physical sense. Culturally, they were condemned78 to death. The Yevkom (Jewish Communist Section) was receiving, of course, every advantage and support from the Government, but then its mission was to carry the gospel of the proletarian [Pg 223]dictatorship to the Jews of the Ukraina. It was significant that the Yevkom was more anti-Semitic than the Ukrainians themselves. If it had the power it would pogrom every non-Communist Jewish organization and destroy all Jewish educational efforts. This young element emphasized that they did not favour the overthrow69 of the Bolshevik Government; but they could not support it, either.
I felt that both Jewish factions79 took a purely80 nationalistic view of the Russian situation. I could well understand their personal attitude, the result of their own suffering and the persecution of the Jewish race. Still, my chief concern was the Revolution and its effects upon Russia as a whole. Whether the Bolsheviki should be supported or not could not depend merely on their attitude to the Jews and the Jewish question. The latter was surely a very vital and pressing issue, especially in the Ukraina; yet the general problem involved was much greater. It embraced the complete economic and social emancipation81 of the whole people of Russia, the Jews included. If the Bolshevik methods and practices were not imposed upon them by the force of circumstances, if they were conditioned in their own theories and principles, and if their[Pg 224] sole object was to secure their own power, I could not support them. They might be innocent of pogroms against the Jews, but if they were pogroming the whole of Russia then they had failed in their mission as a revolutionary party. I was not prepared to say that I had reached a clear understanding of all the problems involved, but my experience so far led me to think that it was the basic Bolshevik conception of the Revolution which was false, its practical application necessarily resulting in the great Russian catastrophe83 of which the Jewish tragedy was but a minor84 part.
My host and his friends could not agree with my viewpoint: we represented opposite camps. But the gathering was nevertheless intensely interesting and it was arranged that we meet again before our departure from the city.
Returning to our car one day I saw a detachment of Red Army soldiers at the railway station. On inquiry85 I found that foreign delegates were expected from Moscow and that the soldiers had been ordered out to participate in a demonstration86 in their honour. Groups of the uniformed men stood about discussing the arrival of the mission. There were many expressions of dissatisfaction because the soldiers[Pg 225] had been kept waiting so long. "These people come to Russia just to look us over," one of the Red Army men said; "do they know anything about us or are they interested in how we live? Not they. It's a holiday for them. They are dressed up and fed by the Government, but they never talk to us and all they see is how we march past. Here we have been lying around in the burning sun for hours while the delegates are probably being feasted at some other station. That's comradeship and equality for you!"
I had heard such sentiments voiced before, but it was surprising to hear them from soldiers. I thought of Angelica Balabanova, who was accompanying the Italian Mission, and I wondered what she would think if she knew how the men felt. It had probably never occurred to her that those "ignorant Russian peasants" in military uniform had looked through the sham87 of official demonstrations88.
The following day we received an invitation from Balabanova to attend a banquet given in honour of the Italian delegates. Anxious to meet the foreign guests, several members of our Expedition accepted the invitation.
The affair took place in the former Chamber89 of Commerce building, profusely90 decorated for[Pg 226] the occasion. In the main banquet hall long tables were heavily laden91 with fresh-cut flowers, several varieties of southern fruit, and wine. The sight reminded one of the feasts of the old bourgeoisie, and I could see that Angelica felt rather uncomfortable at the lavish92 display of silverware and wealth. The banquet opened with the usual toasts, the guests drinking to Lenin, Trotsky, the Red Army, and the Third International, the whole company rising as the revolutionary anthem93 was intoned after each toast, with the soldiers and officers standing82 at attention in good old military style.
Among the delegates were two young French Anarcho-syndicalists. They had heard of our presence in Kiev and had been looking for us all day without being able to locate us. After the banquet they were immediately to leave for Petrograd, so that we had only a short time at our disposal. On our way to the station the delegates related that they had collected much material on the Revolution which they intended to publish in France. They had become convinced that all was not well with the Bolshevik régime: they had come to realize that the dictatorship of the proletariat was in the exclusive hands of the Communist Party, while the [Pg 227]common worker was enslaved as much as ever. It was their intention, they said, to speak frankly95 about these matters to their comrades at home and to substantiate96 their attitude by the material in their possession. "Do you expect to get the documents out?" I asked La Petit, one of the delegates. "You don't mean that I might be prevented from taking out my own notes," he replied. "The Bolsheviki would not dare to go so far—not with foreign delegates, at any rate." He seemed so confident that I did not care to pursue the subject further. That night the delegates left Kiev and a short time afterward98 they departed from Russia. They were never seen alive again. Without making any comment upon their disappearance99 I merely want to mention that when I returned to Moscow several months later it was generally related that the two Anarcho-syndicalists, with several other men who had accompanied them, were overtaken by a storm somewhere off the coast of Finland, and were all drowned. There were rumours100 of foul101 play, though I am not inclined to credit the story, especially in view of the fact that together with the Anarcho-syndicalists also perished a Communist in good standing in Moscow. But their disappearance with all the documents[Pg 228] they had collected has never been satisfactorily explained.
The rooms assigned to the members of our Expedition were located in a house within a passage leading off the Kreschatik, the main street of Kiev. It had formerly been the wealthy residential102 section of the city and its fine houses, though lately neglected, still looked imposing103. The passage also contained a number of shops, ruins of former glory, which catered104 to the well-to-do of the neighbourhood. Those stores still had good supplies of vegetables, fruit, milk, and butter. They were owned mostly by old Jews whose energies could not be applied105 to any other usefulness—Orthodox Jews to whom the Revolution and the Bolsheviki were a bête noire, because that had "ruined all business." The little shops barely enabled their owners to exist; moreover, they were in constant danger of Tcheka raids, on which occasions the provisions would be expropriated. The appearance of those stores did not justify106 the belief that the Government would find it worth while raiding them. "Would not the Tcheka prefer to confiscate107 the goods of the big delicatessen and fruit stores on the Kreschatik?" I asked an old Jew storekeeper. "Not at all," he replied; "those[Pg 229] stores are immune because they pay heavy taxes."
The morning following the banquet I went down to the little grocery store I used to do my shopping in. The place was closed, and I was surprised to find that not one of the small shops near by was open. Two days later I learned that the places had all been raided on the eve of the banquet in order to feast the foreign delegates. I promised myself never to attend another Bolshevik banquet.
Among the members of the Kulturliga I met a man who had lived in America, but for several years now was with his family in Kiev. His home proved one of the most hospitable108 during my stay in the south, and as he had many callers belonging to various social classes I was able to gather much information about the recent history of Ukraina. My host was not a Communist: though critical of the Bolshevik régime, he was by no means antagonistic109. He used to say that the main fault of the Bolsheviki was their lack of psychological perception. He asserted that no government had ever such a great opportunity in the Ukraina as the Communists. The people had suffered so much from the various occupations and were so [Pg 230]oppressed by every new régime that they rejoiced when the Bolsheviki entered Kiev. Everybody hoped that they would bring relief. But the Communists quickly destroyed all illusions. Within a few months they proved themselves entirely110 incapable111 of administering the affairs of the city; their methods antagonized the people, and the terrorism of the Tcheka turned even the friends of the Communists to bitter enmity. Nobody objected to the nationalization of industry and it was of course expected that the Bolsheviki would expropriate. But when the bourgeoisie had been relieved of its possessions it was found that only the raiders benefited. Neither the people at large nor even the proletarian class gained anything. Precious jewellery, silverware, furs, practically the whole wealth of Kiev seemed to disappear and was no more heard of. Later members of the Tcheka strutted112 about the streets with their women gowned in the finery of the bourgeoisie. When private business places were closed, the doors were locked and sealed and guards placed there. But within a few weeks the stores were found empty. This kind of "management" and the numerous new laws and edicts, often mutually conflicting, served the Tcheka as a pretext113 to terrorize and[Pg 231] mulct the citizens and aroused general hatred against the Bolsheviki. The people had turned against Petlura, Denikin, and the Poles. They welcomed the Bolsheviki with open arms. But the last disappointed them as the first.
"Now we have gotten used to the situation," my host said, "we just drift and manage as best we can." But he thought it a pity that the Bolsheviki lost such a great chance. They were unable to hold the confidence of the people and to direct that confidence into constructive114 channels. Not only had the Bolsheviki failed to operate the big industries: they also destroyed the small kustarnaya work. There had been thousands of artisans in the province of Kiev, for instance; most of them had worked by themselves, without exploiting any one. They were independent producers who supplied a certain need of the community. The Bolsheviki in their reckless scheme of nationalization suspended those efforts without being able to replace them by aught else. They had nothing to give either to the workers or to the peasants. The city proletariat faced the alternative of starving in the city or going back to the country. They preferred the latter, of course. Those who could not get to the country engaged in trade,[Pg 232] buying and selling jewellery, for instance. Practically everybody in Russia had become a tradesman, the Bolshevik Government no less than private speculators. "You have no idea of the amount of illicit115 business carried on by officials in Soviet institutions," my host informed me; "nor is the army free from it. My nephew, a Red Army officer, a Communist, has just returned from the Polish front. He can tell you about these practices in the army."
I was particularly eager to talk to the young officer. In my travels I had met many soldiers, and I found that most of them had retained the old slave psychology116 and bowed absolutely to military discipline. Some, however, were very wide awake and could see clearly what was happening about them. A certain small element in the Red Army was entirely transformed by the Revolution. It was proof of the gestation117 of new life and new forms which set Russia apart from the rest of the world, notwithstanding Bolshevik tyranny and oppression. For that element the Revolution had a deep significance. They saw in it something vital which even the daily decrees could not compress within the narrow Communist mould. It was their attitude and general sentiment that the Bolsheviki had[Pg 233] not kept faith with the people. They saw the Communist State growing at the cost of the Revolution, and some of them even went so far as to voice the opinion that the Bolsheviki had become the enemies of the Revolution. But they all felt that for the time being they could do nothing. They were determined118 to dispose of the foreign enemies first. "Then," they would say, "we will face the enemy at home."
The Red Army officer proved a fine-looking young fellow very deeply in earnest. At first he was disinclined to talk, but in the course of the evening he grew less embarrassed and expressed his feelings freely. He had found much corruption119 at the front, he said. But it was even worse at the base of supplies where he had done duty for some time. The men at the front were practically without clothes or shoes. The food was insufficient120 and the Army was ravaged121 by typhoid and cholera122. Yet the spirit of the men was wonderful. They fought bravely, enthusiastically, because they believed in their ideal of a free Russia. But while they were fighting and dying for the great cause, the higher officers, the so-called tovaristchi, sat in safe retreat and there drank and gambled and got rich by speculation123. The supplies so desperately[Pg 234] needed at the front were being sold at fabulous124 prices to speculators.
The young officer had become so disheartened by the situation, he had thought of committing suicide. But now he was determined to return to the front. "I shall go back and tell my comrades what I have seen," he said; "our real work will begin when we have defeated foreign invasion. Then we shall go after those who are trading away the Revolution."
I returned to my room to find our secretary waiting to report the valuable find she had made. It consisted of rich Denikin material stacked in the city library and apparently forgotten by everybody. The librarian, a zealous126 Ukrainian nationalist, refused to permit the "Russian" Museum to take the material, though it was of no use to Kiev, literally127 buried in an obscure corner and exposed to danger and ruin. We decided to appeal to the Department of Education and to apply the "American amulet128." It grew to be a standing joke among the members of the Expedition to resort to the "amulet" in difficult situations. Such matters were always referred to Alexander Berkman and myself as the "Americans."
[Pg 235]
It required considerable persuasion129 to interest the chairman in the matter. He persisted in refusing till I finally asked him: "Are you willing that it become known in America that you prefer to have valuable historical material rot away in Kiev rather than give it to the Petrograd Museum, which is sure to become a world centre for the study of the Russian Revolution and where Ukraina is to have such an important part?" At last the chairman issued the required order and our Expedition took possession of the material, to the great elation130 of our secretary, to whom the Museum represented the most important interest in life.
In the afternoon of the same day I was visited by a woman Anarchist131 who was accompanied by a young peasant girl, confidentially132 introduced as the wife of Makhno. My heart stood still for a moment: the presence of that girl in Kiev meant certain death were she discovered by the Bolsheviki. It also involved grave danger to my landlord and his family, for in Communist Russia harbouring—even if unwittingly—a member of the Makhno povstantsi often incurred133 the worst consequences. I expressed surprise at the young woman's recklessness in thus walking into the very jaws134 of the enemy.[Pg 236] But she explained that Makhno was determined to reach us; he would trust no one else with the message, and therefore she had volunteered to come. It was evident that danger had lost all terror for her. "We have been living in constant peril135 for years," she said simply.
Divested136 of her disguise, she revealed much beauty. She was a woman of twenty-five, with a wealth of jet-black hair of striking lustre137. "Nestor had hoped that you and Alexander Berkman would manage to come, but he waited in vain," she began. "Now he sent me to tell you about the struggle he is waging and he hopes that you will make his purpose known to the world outside." Late into the night she related the story of Makhno which tallied138 in all important features with that told us by the two Ukrainian visitors in Petrograd. She dwelt on the methods employed by the Bolsheviki to eliminate Makhno and the agreements they had repeatedly made with him, every one of which had been broken by the Communists the moment immediate94 danger from invaders139 was over. She spoke35 of the savage140 persecution of the members of the Makhno army and of the numerous attempts of the Bolsheviki to trap and kill Nestor. That failing, the Bolsheviki had murdered[Pg 237] his brother and had exterminated141 her own family, including her father and brother. She praised the revolutionary devotion, the heroism142 and endurance of the povstantsi in the face of the greatest difficulties, and she entertained us with the legends the peasants had woven about the personality of Makhno. Thus, for instance, there grew up among the country folk the belief that Makhno was invulnerable because he had never been wounded during all the years of warfare143, in spite of his practice of always personally leading every charge.
She was a good conversationalist, and her tragic story was relieved by bright touches of humour. She told many anecdotes144 about the exploits of Makhno. Once he had caused a wedding to be celebrated in a village occupied by the enemy. It was a gala affair, everybody attending. While the people were making merry on the market place and the soldiers were succumbing145 to the temptation of drink, Makhno's men surrounded the village and easily routed the superior forces stationed there. Having taken a town it was always Makhno's practice to compel the rich peasants, the kulaki, to give up their surplus wealth, which was then divided among the poor, Makhno keeping a share for his[Pg 238] army. Then he would call a meeting of the villagers, address them on the purposes of the povstantsi movement, and distribute his literature.
Late into the night the young woman related the story of Makhno and makhnovstchina. Her voice, held low because of the danger of the situation, was rich and mellow146, her eyes shone with the intensity147 of emotion. "Nestor wants you to tell the comrades of America and Europe," she concluded, "that he is one of them—an Anarchist whose aim is to defend the Revolution against all enemies. He is trying to direct the innate148 rebellious149 spirit of the Ukrainian peasant into organized Anarchist channels. He feels that he cannot accomplish it himself without the aid of the Anarchists150 of Russia. He himself is entirely occupied with military matters, and he has therefore invited his comrades throughout the country to take charge of the educational work. His ultimate plan is to take possession of a small territory in Ukraina and there establish a free commune. Meanwhile, he is determined to fight every reactionary151 force."
Makhno was very anxious to confer personally with Alexander Berkman and myself, and he proposed the following plan. He would arrange[Pg 239] to take any small town or village between Kiev and Kharkov where our car might happen to be. It would be carried out without any use of violence, the place being captured by surprise. The stratagem153 would have the appearance of our having been taken prisoners, and protection would be guaranteed to the other members of the Expedition. After our conference we would be given safe conduct to our car. It would at the same time insure us against the Bolsheviki, for the whole scheme would be carried out in military manner, similar to a regular Makhno raid. The plan promised a very interesting adventure and we were anxious for an opportunity to meet Makhno personally. Yet we could not expose the other members of the Expedition to the risk involved in such an undertaking154. We decided not to avail ourselves of the offer, hoping that another occasion might present itself to meet the povstantsi leader.
Makhno's wife had been a country school teacher; she possessed considerable information and was intensely interested in all cultural problems. She plied97 me with questions about American women, whether they had really become emancipated155 and enjoyed equal rights. The young woman had been with Makhno and his[Pg 240] army for several years, but she could not reconcile herself to the primitive156 attitude of her people in regard to woman. The Ukrainian woman, she said, was considered an object of sex and motherhood only. Nestor himself was no exception in this matter. Was it different in America? Did the American woman believe in free motherhood and was she familiar with the subject of birth control?
It was astonishing to hear such questions from a peasant girl. I thought it most remarkable157 that a woman born and reared so far from the scene of woman's struggle for emancipation should yet be so alive to its problems. I spoke to the girl of the activities of the advanced women of America, of their achievements and of the work yet to be done for woman's emancipation. I mentioned some of the literature dealing158 with these subjects. She listened eagerly. "I must get hold of something to help our peasant women. They are just beasts of burden," she said.
Early the next morning we saw her safely out of the house. The same day, while visiting the Anarchist club, I witnessed a peculiar159 sight. The club had recently been reopened after having been raided by the Tcheka. The local[Pg 241] Anarchists met in the club rooms for study and lectures; Anarchist literature was also to be had there. While conversing160 with some friends I noticed a group of prisoners passing on the street below. Just as they neared the Anarchist headquarters several of them looked up, having evidently noticed the large sign over the club rooms. Suddenly they straightened up, took off their caps, bowed, and then passed on. I turned to my friends. "Those peasants are probably makhnovstsi" they said; "the Anarchist headquarters are sacred precincts to them." How exceptional the Russian soul, I thought, wondering whether a group of American workers or farmers could be so imbued161 with an ideal as to express it in the simple and significant way the makhnovstsi did. To the Russian his belief is indeed an inspiration.
Our stay in Kiev was rich in varied experiences and impressions. It was a strenuous162 time during which we met people of different social strata152 and gathered much valuable information and material. We closed our visit with a short trip on the river Dniepr to view some of the old monasteries163 and cathedrals, among them the celebrated Sophievski and Vladimir. Imposing edifices164, which remained intact during all the[Pg 242] revolutionary changes, even their inner life continuing as before. In one of the monasteries we enjoyed the hospitality of the sisters who treated us to real Russian tea, black bread, and honey. They lived as if nothing had happened in Russia since 1914; it was as if they had passed the last years outside of the world. The monks165 still continued to show to the curious the sacred caves of the Vladimir Cathedral and the places where the saints had been walled in, their ossified166 bodies now on exhibition. Visitors were daily taken through the vaults167, the accompanying priests pointing out the cells of the celebrated martyrs168 and reciting the biographies of the most important of the holy family. Some of the stories related were wonderful beyond all human credence169, breathing holy superstition170 with every pore. The Red Army soldiers in our group looked rather dubious171 at the fantastic tales of the priests. Evidently the Revolution had influenced their religious spirit and developed a sceptical attitude toward miracle workers.
The End
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1
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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clogged
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| （使）阻碍( clog的过去式和过去分词 )； 淤滞 | |
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densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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inferno
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| n.火海；地狱般的场所 | |
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ashen
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| adj.灰的 | |
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frantically
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| ad.发狂地, 发疯地 | |
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agonized
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| v.使（极度）痛苦，折磨( agonize的过去式和过去分词 )；苦斗；苦苦思索；感到极度痛苦 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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Soviet
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| adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃 | |
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evacuating
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| 撤离，疏散( evacuate的现在分词 )； 排空（胃肠），排泄（粪便）； （从危险的地方）撤出，搬出，撤空 | |
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12
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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13
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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20
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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21
credentials
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| n.证明，资格，证明书，证件 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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25
imperialism
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| n.帝国主义，帝国主义政策 | |
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antagonism
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| n.对抗，敌对，对立 | |
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bureaucratic
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| adj.官僚的，繁文缛节的 | |
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28
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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29
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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30
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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31
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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32
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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deception
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| n.欺骗，欺诈；骗局，诡计 | |
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34
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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35
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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36
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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37
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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38
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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39
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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40
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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41
corrupting
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的现在分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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42
negligent
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| adj.疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的 | |
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43
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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44
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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45
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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46
curtailed
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| v.截断，缩短( curtail的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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47
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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48
kin
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| n.家族，亲属，血缘关系；adj.亲属关系的，同类的 | |
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49
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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50
indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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51
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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52
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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53
harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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54
sabotage
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| n.怠工，破坏活动，破坏；v.从事破坏活动，妨害，破坏 | |
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55
contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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56
sabotaged
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| 阴谋破坏（某事物）( sabotage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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57
Fertilized
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| v.施肥( fertilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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58
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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59
marred
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| adj. 被损毁, 污损的 | |
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60
deformed
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| adj.畸形的；变形的；丑的，破相了的 | |
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61
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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62
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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63
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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statistical
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| adj.统计的，统计学的 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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horrified
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| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
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69
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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70
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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71
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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72
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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73
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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74
punitive
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| adj.惩罚的，刑罚的 | |
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discriminating
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| a.有辨别能力的 | |
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76
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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77
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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79
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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80
purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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81
emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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82
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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83
catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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84
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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85
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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86
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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87
sham
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| n./adj.假冒(的)，虚伪(的) | |
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88
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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89
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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profusely
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| ad.abundantly | |
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91
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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92
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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93
anthem
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| n.圣歌，赞美诗，颂歌 | |
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94
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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substantiate
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| v.证实；证明...有根据 | |
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plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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99
disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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100
rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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101
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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102
residential
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| adj.提供住宿的；居住的；住宅的 | |
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103
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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104
catered
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| 提供饮食及服务( cater的过去式和过去分词 )； 满足需要，适合 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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106
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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107
confiscate
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| v.没收(私人财产)，把…充公 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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antagonistic
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| adj.敌对的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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111
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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112
strutted
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| 趾高气扬地走，高视阔步( strut的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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114
constructive
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| adj.建设的，建设性的 | |
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115
illicit
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| adj.非法的，禁止的，不正当的 | |
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116
psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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117
gestation
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| n.怀孕；酝酿 | |
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118
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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119
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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120
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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121
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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122
cholera
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| n.霍乱 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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124
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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125
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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126
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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127
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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128
amulet
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| n.护身符 | |
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129
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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130
elation
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| n.兴高采烈，洋洋得意 | |
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131
anarchist
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| n.无政府主义者 | |
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132
confidentially
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| ad.秘密地，悄悄地 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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134
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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135
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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136
divested
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| v.剥夺( divest的过去式和过去分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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137
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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138
tallied
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| v.计算，清点( tally的过去式和过去分词 )；加标签（或标记）于；（使）符合；（使）吻合 | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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141
exterminated
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| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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142
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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143
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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144
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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145
succumbing
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的现在分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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146
mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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147
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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148
innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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149
rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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150
anarchists
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| 无政府主义者( anarchist的名词复数 ) | |
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151
reactionary
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| n.反动者，反动主义者；adj.反动的，反动主义的，反对改革的 | |
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152
strata
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| n.地层（复数）；社会阶层 | |
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153
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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154
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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155
emancipated
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| adj.被解放的，不受约束的v.解放某人（尤指摆脱政治、法律或社会的束缚）( emancipate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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156
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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157
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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158
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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159
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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160
conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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161
imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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162
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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165
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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166
ossified
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| adj.已骨化[硬化]的v.骨化，硬化，使僵化( ossify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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167
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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168
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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169
credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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170
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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171
dubious
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| adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的 | |
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