19th in Ireland—United States declare War—19th ordered to Canada—United States’ plans—Operations of 1812—Mackinaw—Detroit—Armistice2—Battle of Queenston Heights—General Brock killed—Montreal threatened—Operations of 1813—Proctor’s victory at Frenchtown—Fort Meigs—United States’ victory on Lake Erie—Battle of the Thames; Proctor’s defeat—York captured—Fort George and Erie evacuated3—Stoney Creek4: Harvey’s brilliant exploit—Fitzgibbon’s success at Beaver5 Dam—Arrival of squadron of 19th on Niagara frontier—Engagement on Lake Ontario—Fort George re-occupied—Fort Niagara surprised—Black Rock and Buffalo6 captured—Abortive7 attack on Sackett’s Harbour—United States’ operations against Montreal—Battle of Chateaugay—Battle of Chrystler’s Farm—Importance of Kingston and Sackett’s Harbour.
During the following six years the regiment8 remained at home, and took no part in the stirring events then occurring in Spain and Portugal. At the end of 1808, they moved from Northampton to Norwich and Ipswich, with a detachment at Birmingham, while their recruiting parties were actively9 engaged in different parts of the United Kingdom. In March 1809, the regiment moved to Romford, and, in December, embarked11 for Ireland. For two years the regiment remained in quarters at Tullamore, Philipstown and Longford. By an order dated 23rd April 1811, the establishment was augmented13 from 400 to 570 privates, making the total strength of all ranks 685. In March 1812, the regiment marched to Clonmel, and in June, to Dublin. The regiment was soon to proceed on active service again.
KING’S GUIDON.
SQUADRON GUIDON.
GUIDONS OF THE XIXTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.
to face p. 172.
On the 18th June, 1812, the United States declared[173] war against England. The declaration reached the British Government on the 30th July; but, as the British Orders in Council respecting the trade of neutral nations, that had been put forward on the American side as the chief reason for the war, had been rescinded14 on 23rd June, it was still believed in England that peace would be maintained. In spite of the hostilities15 that immediately commenced, it was not till October that conditional16 orders for reprisals17 were issued, and the formal declaration of war by Great Britain was not made till 9th January 1813. The war party in the States had the upper hand at the time: they were determined18 on war, and cared little for the pretext19. To outward appearance, it seemed, in 1812, that England could not much longer hold out against Napoleon, who had the whole continent of Europe, except Russia, at his feet, while the British armies in Spain seemed to make no progress. In truth Napoleon’s power was already beginning to totter20. The British armies in Spain, hardened and consolidated21 by three years of war under their great leader, were invincible22. Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz had fallen, and Wellington had already begun his victorious23 advance that was to carry him across the Pyrenees. At the same time Napoleon was preparing for his disastrous24 invasion of Russia which dealt the first deadly blow to his power. But the war party in the United States were unable to discern this. The British troops in Canada were few in number, the colonists25 were believed to be lukewarm in their loyalty26 to Great Britain, and the war party promised their countrymen that Canada would prove an easy prey27. Under the thin veil of resenting injuries a war of conquest was intended.
On 6th March 1813, an order was issued for three squadrons of the 19th Light Dragoons, completed to eighty rank and file per troop, to be held in readiness to embark12 for North America, under Lieut. Colonel the[174] Hon. J. O’Neill. The horses of the officers, sergeants28 and corporals were to be taken, but all other horses were to be left behind. In the same month the regiment reached Cork29, and embarked on 4th April, in company with other troops, under convoy30 of the Sybelle frigate31 and Cygnet sloop32; almost the first reinforcements sent from England to Canada since the United States’ declaration of war. They reached Quebec about the 17th May,[57] and were at once sent to La Prairie on the St Lawrence near Montreal.
The war in which the regiment was about to engage, was one in which cavalry33 could play only a subordinate part. The country in which they were to operate was a vast expanse of forest and swamp, with a few sparsely34 inhabited clearings. The chief mode of communication was by boat. The war was one to be fought out by small bodies of men far from their supports, wielding35 the axe36 and the oar37 as much as the rifle: forage38 was hard to get, and there was little place for mounted men. Under these conditions, the 19th Light Dragoons were only engaged in small detachments, never more than a squadron, seldom more than a troop. Their duties were of a most harassing39 kind, on outpost and reconnoissance duty. Never once did they have an opportunity of crossing swords with the enemy’s cavalry. The only cavalry charges recorded during the war were those made by the United States’ cavalry that overwhelmed Proctor’s force at the battle of the Thames, and the charge repulsed40 by the 89th at Chrystler’s Farm.
Walker & Boutall sc.
THE CANADIAN FRONTIER
in 1812.
Immediately on landing, one troop, taking with it only ten horses, was dispatched to Upper Canada. With it went Lieut. Colonel O’Neill and a convoy of ammunition41. The three hundred horses, that were to have been ready by 1st July, had not been obtained. A fortnight later, a second troop followed, with sixty-five horses, most of[175] which had been brought from Ireland with the regiment. The squadron was destined42 for the Niagara frontier, where it was engaged, under Captain Lisle, till the end of the war.
Meanwhile, in spite of the belief in England that war would not be prosecuted44 by the States, when the rescinding45 of the orders in Council was known, hostilities had been in active progress from the first declaration. The British regular troops in Canada, in June 1812, were about 4500 in number; of which 3000 were in garrison46 at Quebec and Montreal, the remainder being scattered47 along the Upper Canada frontier. Their small number was effectively supplemented by the Canadian militia48, who fought for the protection of their homes with a gallantry and devotion that could not be exceeded. Their numbers were however liable to constant fluctuations50 owing to the frequent necessity for their presence at their homes for agricultural purposes. A considerable number of Indians also, at times, co-operated; allies of doubtful value, who could never be relied on, and whose numbers varied51 from day to day. In population and resources the United States were in the proportion of more than ten to one compared to Canada. On the British side therefore the war was necessarily of a defensive52 character. The points on which Canada was most vulnerable were, 1. on the Detroit frontier between Lake Huron and Lake Erie; 2. on the Niagara frontier between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario; and, 3. on the line of the St Lawrence between Kingston and Montreal. The United States’ plan was to invade Canada on all three points, and three separate expeditions were prepared for the purpose. The first attack was made on the Detroit frontier, where, under pretence53 of punishing some Indians, troops had been assembled before the declaration of war.
Before noticing the more important operations of 1812, it is necessary to mention the capture of the United States’[176] fort and island of Mackinaw, which was effected by a party of regulars, militia and Indians, under Captain Roberts, on 17th July, and retained till the end of the war. The capture was of some importance, as the island commanded the navigation between Lakes Michigan and Huron.
On the 12th July, a United States’ force of 2500 men, under General Hull54, crossed from Detroit, and occupied the small village of Sandwich. On the same day Hull issued a proclamation that struck the keynote of the war. In it he called on the Canadians to seek his protection, threatening them with a war of extermination55 should they venture to take up arms against him. Acting56 in the spirit of this proclamation, the United States’ troops throughout the war committed excesses against the non-combatant population that had long been condemned57 by all civilized58 nations, and effectually alienated59 any sympathy they might have found among the Canadians. The reprisals, that are inevitable60 in such cases, followed, and the war was marked by a rancour on both sides, that contrasted strongly with the more decorous but not less deadly warfare61 that was being waged by French and British troops in Spain.
The small British force of 350 men in the neighbourhood of Detroit, consisting mainly of militia, and not counting Indians, were gathered at Amherstberg under Lieutenant62 Colonel Proctor. Hull, instead of advancing at once, and overwhelming it, remained at Sandwich, indulging in petty outpost affairs. Proctor passed a small force across the river, and cut off his supplies, which forced Hull to withdraw his force, on the 7th August, from the Canadian side, and retreat to Detroit. On the 12th, Major General Brock, commanding in Upper Canada, reached Amherstberg with three hundred men, and, three days later, crossed the river, and advanced on Detroit. On the 16th, Hull capitulated with his whole force. Over fifteen hundred prisoners, thirty-three guns,[177] 2500 stands of arms and the Michigan territory passed into the hands of the British.
At this time a lull63 in the war took place through the action of Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, Governor, and Commander-in-Chief of Canada, who, throughout the war, was the evil genius of the British cause. In the United States’ manifesto64 the British Orders in Council had been put forward as the chief cause of the war. On hearing that the orders had been repealed65, Sir George Prevost believed that the war would not be persevered66 with. He accordingly, in spite of the hostilities that had occurred, proposed an armistice to the United States’ commander of the force threatening Montreal, till the latter should receive further orders from Washington. But the United States’ government were determined on war, and hostilities were resumed on 8th September. The armistice was of much advantage to the States, as, while it lasted, they were able to convey without hindrance67, by water, the supplies collected at Oswego for the use of their troops destined to act on the Niagara frontier, at a time when the British had an undoubted superiority on Lake Ontario.
The United States’ force threatening the line between Lakes Erie and Ontario numbered 6300 men, under General Van Rensselaar. To oppose them, Major General Brock had but 1200 men (by one account 1500), a large proportion of which were militia and Indians. These troops were posted at Fort Erie and Fort George, the two extreme points of the line, with a few companies at Queenston and one or two other points to command landing places. Early in the morning of the 13th October, about 1600 United States’ troops crossed at Queenston, and made good their footing. In the course of the fighting General Brock fell at the head of his men, and the United States’ commander was badly[178] wounded. Reinforcements coming up, in the afternoon, from Fort George, under Major General Sheaffe, brought the British-Canadian force on the spot up to about 1000 men including Indians. An attack was made on the enemy’s position: they were driven into their boats, and the United States’ General Wadsworth, with 958 officers and men were made prisoners. One gun and a colour were also captured. The loss on the British side cannot be exactly stated. Besides the General, one officer was killed and two wounded. Among the rank and file there were about 16 killed and 70 wounded, and about a dozen Indians: but the success was dearly bought with the death of Sir Isaac Brock.[58]
At one in the morning of 28th November, another attempt was made to cross, about two miles below Fort Erie. But the crossing was mismanaged, and the whole attempt carried out in a half-hearted way. After inflicting68 and sustaining some loss, the United States’ troops re-embarked, and thus ended for the year all serious operations on this part of the frontier.
The United States’ force intended to operate against Montreal was equally unsuccessful. Assembled at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain, about 7000 strong, under General Dearborn, it advanced to the frontier on 15th November. On this being known in Montreal, the available troops, about 1900 strong more than half of which were militia, advanced to La Prairie. Nothing however occurred beyond an unimportant skirmish between small detachments, after which, Dearborn retreated to Plattsburg, and went into quarters for the winter. Thus ended hostilities for the year. At every point the United States’ forces had been foiled by inferior numbers. Fort Detroit and the State of Michigan, together with the island of Mackinaw, commanding the navigation between[179] Lakes Michigan and Huron, remained in British hands. The only real success gained by the United States was in the naval69 strength they had been able to develop on the Lakes, owing to superior resources, and to the absence of any assistance to Canada from England. The superiority thus bloodlessly established had important results on the subsequent course of the war in Upper Canada. By sea, successes were scored by the United States in five frigate duels70, mainly due to the superior size and armament of the United States’ ships. Effectual measures were then taken in England, and the United States’ flag practically disappeared from the high seas for the rest of the war. The complete mastery of the sea by Great Britain caused the U.S. government to direct their naval resources to the Canadian lakes, a result that had an important bearing on the succeeding years’ warfare.
The United States’ plan of operations for the following year was, as before, to invade Canada with three separate corps71. The first was destined to retake Detroit, and acquire possession of Amherstberg. The second attack was to be made from the eastern end of Lake Ontario, to capture Kingston and Toronto, then known as York, and then, in co-operation with a force collected at Buffalo, to act against Forts George and Erie on the Niagara frontier. The third was to operate against Montreal, by a combined advance from the neighbourhood of Plattsburg, and from the eastern end of Ontario.
On the Detroit frontier the Canadian forces numbered about 2,300 men, more than half of which were Indians, under Colonel Proctor; opposed to a U.S. force of double that number, under General Harrison.
On the 18th January, a force of 1000 men under General Winchester, advancing from Sandusky, drove in the British picquets at Frenchtown, forty-five miles from[180] Detroit. On the 22nd, Colonel Proctor advancing from Detroit with four guns and 950 men, half of whom were Indians, attacked General Winchester in front of Frenchtown, and gained a complete victory. Winchester with 538 men were taken prisoners. In consequence of the greatly superior numbers of the U.S. troops in the neighbourhood, Proctor then withdrew to Detroit and Sandwich. Little further occurred till 23rd April, when Proctor led a small expedition against a U.S. work on the Miami river called Fort Meigs. The attempt was unsuccessful, and Proctor returned to Sandwich about 12th May. The only noteworthy incident was the severe punishment inflicted72 on the U.S. force in a sortie on the 5th May, in which nearly 500 were taken prisoners. The British loss was comparatively small. On the 2nd August, Proctor made a similar attempt on a fort newly constructed at the mouth of the Sandusky river. After an attempt to storm, which was repulsed with the loss of 100 killed and wounded, he retired73. After this no further movement on either side occurred till September, when a change in the situation was wrought74 by a success gained by the U.S. navy on the lake. On 10th September, a naval action was fought on Lake Erie, between six British and nine U.S. ships, in which the latter were completely victorious. This rendered Proctor’s position extremely critical. He at once evacuated Detroit and Amherstberg, and, with a force of less than 1000 men, not counting Indians, retreated along the river Thames, closely followed by Harrison. On the 5th October, he decided75 to make a stand. Attacked by a greatly superior force, he was at once overwhelmed by charges of cavalry, of which Harrison had 1200 in the field, and the greater part of his men made prisoners. Proctor, with some 200 men only, made good his retreat to Ancaster, eighty-five miles distant. The celebrated76 Indian Chief, Tecumseh, was slain77 on this occasion, and the state of[181] Michigan passed again into United States’ keeping. Harrison, after destroying Moravian town, in the neighbourhood of which the action had been fought, returned to Detroit and Amherstberg, and, shortly afterwards, embarked with a portion of his force for the Niagara frontier.
Active operations at the eastern end of Lake Ontario commenced in April. Early in that month, a United States’ force of about 6000 men was collected at Sackett’s Harbour, which was the United States’ chief naval depot78 on the lake. On 27th, the U.S. lake squadron with 2000 troops on board appeared off Toronto,[59] and at once began to land under the guns of the fleet. Major General Sheaffe, who had 500 regular troops and militia and some Indians, after ineffectually opposing the landing, was forced to withdraw towards Kingston, and the town was occupied by the enemy. General Pike, commanding the U.S. troops, was killed, and both sides suffered considerable loss by the explosion of a magazine. On the 8th May, after burning the public buildings, the U.S. force withdrew, and were conveyed to the mouth of the Niagara river, where they landed, with a view to joining in operations against Forts George and Erie. The vessels79 were then employed in bringing further re-inforcements from Sackett’s Harbour, for the contemplated80 attack on Fort George.
The British force on the Niagara frontier consisted at this time of 1800 regular troops, 500 militia, and 40 Indians, under Major General Vincent. On 27th May, the U.S. force, numbering 6000 to 7000 men, under General Dearborn, crossed under cover of the guns of the flotilla and of Fort Niagara. After a stubborn contest, in which they suffered a loss of 445 killed and wounded, the British troops evacuated Fort George, and retired to Burlington Heights at the head of Lake Ontario. Fort Erie was also[182] evacuated. Four days later, Dearborn detached 3500 men under Generals Chandler and Winder to follow Vincent, and, on 5th June, the U.S. force encamped at Stoney Creek, seven miles from Vincent’s position. In this critical position Vincent resolved on a night attack. At 2 o’clock in the morning, 700 men of the 8th and 49th regiments81, led by Colonel Harvey, penetrated82 the U.S. camp. Four guns were captured; the greatest confusion was caused in the surprised camp, from which the enemy were driven. In order to conceal83 the smallness of his force, Harvey withdrew before daylight, taking with him two guns and 123 prisoners, among whom were the two United States Generals. In this spirited affair the British loss amounted to 23 killed, 136 wounded and 55 missing. The U.S. force, after burning its tents and stores, fell back precipitately84 to Forty-mile Creek, 11 miles in rear of the field. Two days later, a small British squadron from Kingston, under Sir James Yeo, bringing some reinforcements for Vincent, appeared and drove the U.S. force from their camp which was taken possession of. Harvey’s gallant49 exploit had saved the frontier. On the 24th June, in retaliation85 for the affair at Stoney Creek, a U.S. force under Colonel Boerstler attempted to surprise an outpost of Canadian rangers86 at Beaver Dam, under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon. Through the loyalty of the wife of a Canadian farmer, Fitzgibbon received timely warning. Disposing of his little force of 200 men, mostly Indians, to the best advantage, the advancing enemy were caught in an ambush87, and, after suffering some loss, Boerstler capitulated with 25 officers, 519 men, two guns and a stand of colours. Fifty-six of the U.S. force were killed and wounded, Boerstler himself being among the latter. At the moment of capitulation, a reinforcement of 200 men under Major du Haren joined Fitzgibbon, and enabled him to guard his prisoners. These successive reverses[183] dispirited the U.S. troops in this part of the frontier to such an extent, that they suffered themselves to be blockaded in Fort George by very inferior numbers. On the 4th and 11th of July, Forts Schlosser and Black Rock were captured by separate coups88 de main, and the military stores destroyed or carried off. In the second affair Lieutenant Colonel Bisshopp, an officer of great promise, was unfortunately killed. On the 31st July, the United States’ squadron on Ontario paid a second visit to Toronto, which was undefended, and burned some more buildings. This unexpected move on the part of the enemy occurred just as the first troop of the 19th dispatched from Lower Canada was near Toronto, and the ammunition and baggage were captured.
Meanwhile, Major General de Rottenburg had taken over command on the Niagara frontier, from Vincent, and, on 20th July, the first troop of the 19th from Lower Canada joined the army at Four Mile Creek. Two days later we find the General reporting “two of our cavalry vedettes were taken yesterday by the enemy.” On the 17th August, Lieutenant Gladwin of the 19th was wounded in a skirmish near Fort George. About the 20th August, Sir George Prevost joined de Rottenburg, bringing with him some reinforcements, among which was the second troop of the 19th Light Dragoons, completing the squadron under Captain Lisle. On the 24th, a demonstration89 was made against Fort George. The advance was led by thirty of the 19th, under their Lieutenant Colonel the Hon. J. O’Neill. Beyond driving the enemy, for a short time, out of the town of Newark, and capturing 60 or 70 prisoners the demonstration was without result. The British force suffered the loss of an officer and ten men, who advanced too far, and were taken prisoners. On the 11th September an engagement took place between the two Ontario[184] squadrons, the day after the engagement on Lake Erie, already mentioned. In this also the U.S. squadron had the best of it, but there were no decisive results. In both engagements the British squadrons were at a disadvantage through want of regular sailors: the greater part of their crews consisting of Canadians and soldiers. Early in September, Sir George Prevost returned to Kingston, leaving General de Rottenburg in command. On the 1st October, part of the U.S. force embarked at Niagara, and were conveyed to Sackett’s Harbour to join in operations against Kingston and Montreal, leaving General McClure in command at Fort George and Niagara. The following day, the 49th and 104th Regiments, under de Rottenburg, started for Kingston, which they reached on the 16th, leaving Vincent in command on the Niagara frontier. Their presence secured Kingston from attack, and helped to furnish the force that triumphed at Chrystler’s Farm. Two companies of de Watteville’s regiment, proceeding90 from Toronto to Kingston, were less fortunate, being captured by the U.S. squadron. On the 9th October, the news of Proctor’s defeat on the Thames reached Vincent, causing him to withdraw from the neighbourhood of Fort George, and fall back to Burlington Heights; where he was joined by the remains91 of Proctor’s force. The difficulty in obtaining supplies, always great, were apparently92 almost insurmountable at this time; for we find Vincent recommending that Major Lisle’s squadron should return to Kingston and Montreal. The discouragement in the British force was very great. Sir George Prevost, believing that Upper Canada was lost, sent orders to Vincent to collect his troops, and bring them to Kingston; but the order was not obeyed.
The U.S. troops in Fort George under McClure, at this time indulged in a series of cruel and wanton excesses against the Canadian inhabitants in the neighbourhood.[185] In order to put some check on these excesses Vincent detached a small force of about 500 men under Colonel Murray in the direction of Fort George. With them went a troop of the 19th. As Murray advanced, McClure’s outposts fell back. On Murray making a sudden dash forwards, McClure precipitately abandoned Fort George, on 12th December, and retreated across the Niagara river, after burning the little town of Newark: an inhuman93 act at such an inclement94 season of the year, and the more inexcusable, in that he left in the Fort, without destroying them, his tents standing95, a great quantity of stores, and some guns. “With the same intention, Queenston was deliberately96 bombarded with red-hot shot from the batteries at Lewiston. Many isolated97 farm houses were destroyed by marauding parties of soldiers, or, when they proved too substantial for instant demolition98, were rendered uninhabitable by removal of the doors and windows. The few cattle still remaining in the possession of the country people were mercilessly slaughtered99 or driven away, and their grain and flour removed or destroyed.”[60] At this juncture100, Lieutenant General Drummond,[61] who had been appointed to the command of Upper Canada, arrived and took command of the troops. Following up the success at Fort George, Drummond resolved on attacking Niagara. On the night of the 18th December, a force of 550 men of the 41st and 100th, under Colonel Murray, was silently ferried across the river, three miles above the Fort. Advancing silently in two columns, with unloaded muskets101 and bayonets fixed102, the enemy’s picquets were seized before any alarm could be given: one party escaladed one of the bastions, while the other entered by the gate that had been left open for the relief of sentries103. The[186] garrison made but a feeble resistance, and, in a few minutes the British force was in complete possession of the Fort, with 27 guns, over 3000 stand of arms and 344 prisoners. The drummers of the 100th found their way to the roof of the principal building, and played “The British Grenadiers” as a signal of success to their comrades across the river. This brilliant success was gained with a loss of only six men killed and five wounded. A few hours later, a second force was ferried across, and seized Lewiston after a slight skirmish, capturing two guns and other military stores. In retaliation for the burning of Newark, Lewiston and four neighbouring villages were laid in ruins.
The U.S. force, about 2500 strong, was now commanded by General Hall, and quartered at Black Rock and Buffalo. Intent on following up his success, Drummond placed his head quarters near Fort Erie. On the night of the 29th, Major General Riall, with 600 men and about 100 Indians, crossed the Niagara river about two miles below Black Rock, drove in a U.S. picquet, and took up a position at a bridge over a small stream. At daylight on the 31st, the Royal Scots, about 800 strong, with a detachment of Major Lisle’s squadron of the 19th Light Dragoons, the whole under command of Lt. Colonel Gordon, crossed over, under fire, to land above Black Rock. Joining hands with Riall, Black Rock was attacked and occupied after a short resistance, the defending force retreating to Buffalo. The advance was continued, and Buffalo taken after a poor resistance: 130 prisoners and 8 guns were captured, and four armed vessels of the U.S. squadron on Lake Erie, burned. Black Rock and Buffalo were burned to the ground. The work was completed by Major Lisle’s squadron, which swept the frontier from Buffalo to Lewiston, bringing the operations to an end on the 2nd January 1814. The British troops were then withdrawn104 to[187] the Canadian side, with the exception of a garrison left in Fort Niagara. Thus closed operations at this part of the frontier for the year.
The operations of the year on the eastern frontier have now to be recorded. Taking advantage of the frozen state of the St Lawrence, skirmishing parties of U.S. troops, from Ogdensburg, crossed the river in January and February, and committed depredations105 on the Canadian side. In order to put an end to these attacks, Major Macdonell, with 480 men and three field pieces, crossed the ice on the morning of the 22nd February, drove the enemy from their position, capturing 11 guns and over 70 prisoners. After burning two armed schooners106 and two gunboats, as well as the barracks, Macdonell returned to the Canadian shore. This brilliant little affair was accomplished107 with the loss of eight killed and fifty-two wounded. On the 27th May, an expedition, under Sir George Prevost, sailed from Kingston to capture Sackett’s Harbour. Owing to the incapacity and irresolution108 of Sir George Prevost, the affair ended in failure. After unnecessary delay, which enabled the enemy to make preparations for defence, the troops landed, on 29th, and drove the enemy from their positions. In anticipation109 of having to capitulate, their navy-yard and ships were set on fire by the enemy, and a great quantity of naval stores and provisions, captured at York, destroyed; when Sir George Prevost, against the advice of his officers, gave the order to retreat, at the moment that success was in his grasp. The troops re-embarked and returned to Kingston, with about 100 prisoners, having suffered a loss of 50 killed and 211 wounded. The capture of Sackett’s Harbour by the British would have had a tremendous influence on the war. It was the principal United States’ base on the lake, and its capture would have given Canada the complete supremacy110 of Lake Ontario as long as the war lasted,[188] besides the possession of the great quantities of naval and military stores that had been collected there by the United States’ Government.
On the 3rd June, an attack was made by four armed vessels of the U.S. squadron on Lake Champlain, upon the post of Isle43 aux Noix, about 40 miles from Montreal; resulting in the capture of two U.S. sloops111. On 29th July, a flotilla, composed of the two captured vessels and three gunboats, transported over land from the St Lawrence, embarked about 1000 men of the 13th and 100th regiments under Lieutenant Colonel Murray, and arrived, the next day, before Plattsburg. The U.S. militia in charge of the place, retired without making any resistance. The barracks and blockhouses were burned, and a quantity of naval stores carried off. Four thousand U.S. troops under General Hampton, destined to act against Montreal, lay inactive at Burlington, without interfering112 with Murray.
Nothing further of importance happened till October, when the U.S. preparations for the attack on Montreal were complete. For this purpose, a corps of 8800 men, under General Wilkinson, was assembled at Grenadier Island, at the eastern end of Ontario, fully113 provided with boats. At the same time a second corps of about 5700 men, under General Hampton, was assembled on Lake Champlain. The two corps were intended to join hands at St Regis, and act in combination. The first movement was made by Hampton. Advancing from Plattsburg, he reached Four Corners on the Chateaugay river, about 8th October. To oppose him, Sir G. Prevost detached a body of Canadian militia, about 1000 strong, under Lt. Colonel de Salaberry, who, after some skirmishing to ascertain114 the direction of Hampton’s advance, took up a position on the west bank of the Chateaugay river.
On the 21st, Hampton crossed the frontier, and advanced, cutting roads for his guns, and repairing bridges[189] as he moved forward. During the night of the 25th, Hampton detached a brigade under Colonel Purdy to ford10 the Chateaugay river, march down the right bank, and take the Canadian position in rear, while he himself assailed115 it in front. De Salaberry’s position, a naturally strong one in a dense116 forest, intersected by ravines, had been further strengthened by breaking down bridges in the front, and making timber breastworks. Hampton commenced his attack at 10 o’clock on the morning of the 26th, but it was not pushed home. By keeping his men under cover, and placing buglers in the woods, de Salaberry gave the impression to the enemy of having a much greater number of men than had been supposed. Meanwhile, Purdy’s brigade, which had lost its way in the woods, came up, attracted by the firing, and overthrew117 a company of Canadians on the right bank. Re-inforcements coming up under Macdonell, the officer who distinguished118 himself at Ogdensburg in February, Purdy was driven into the woods with loss and confusion, and took no further part in the battle. So disorganised were his troops that, during the following night, they opened fire on each other, causing themselves further losses. Seeing the failure of the flank attack on which he had principally depended, and believing the Canadian force in his front to be stronger than it was, Hampton drew off and fell back, first on Four Corners, and, a few days later, to Plattsburgh; whence his force shortly afterwards went into winter quarters. This brilliant affair was fought entirely119 by the Canadian militia at a cost of 5 killed, 16 wounded, and four missing. A month after the action, an officer and twenty-five men of the 19th Light Dragoons were dispatched to join de Salaberry at Chateaugay.
It was not till 5th November that Wilkinson’s corps left Grenadier Island, in a flotilla of between two and three hundred open boats, protected by gunboats, and entered the[190] St Lawrence. According to the original plan, the capture of Kingston had been intended; but this was relinquished120 on the arrival there of the re-inforcements sent under de Rottenburg. On arriving near Ogdensburg, the force was landed on the south bank of the river, and marched down to a point 14 miles below that place, in order to avoid the risk of passing the small Canadian post of Fort Wellington at Prescott. The boats were brought down at night with muffled121 oars122. On the 9th, the force was again landed, this time on the left bank, in order to pass the rapid known as the Long Sault. The following day, one division, under General Brown, marched to occupy Cornwall; the other division, under General Boyd, was retained at the head of the rapid, to oppose a British force that was hanging on their rear.
Directly the start of the U.S. expedition down the St Lawrence was known in Kingston, as many men as could be safely spared, had been detached under Lieutenant Colonel Morrison of the 89th, convoyed by a few gunboats, to follow on Wilkinson’s rear. At Fort Wellington, Morrison received a further accession of force, which brought up his numbers to 800 rank and file. On the 9th, he landed, thirteen miles lower down, and, in a few hours, was in touch with Wilkinson’s force. During the following day some skirmishing took place, and then Morrison, finding that Boyd was preparing to attack him in force, took up a position at a place named “Chrystler’s Farm.” Morrison’s force was made up of some companies of the 49th, 89th, some militia, three 6 Pr. guns and thirty Indians. Boyd had 2500 men, among which was a strong force of cavalry, and ten guns. Unlike all previous actions in this war, the battle of Chrystler’s Farm was fought in open country. This conferred an advantage on the better trained and disciplined British troops, that atoned123 for their inferiority[191] in numbers. The action commenced about 2 o’clock in the afternoon of the 11th, and, after three hours’ fighting, in the course of which a charge of United States’ dragoons was defeated by three companies of the 89th, Boyd fell back, repulsed at every point, with the loss of one gun, 339 killed and wounded, among the former of whom was the U.S. General Covington, and over 100 prisoners. The British loss was 21 killed, 148 wounded and 12 missing. Boyd fell back on his boats, and embarked after the action, crossing over to the right bank of the river. The following day, he descended124 the rapid, and joined Brown’s force near Cornwall. The cavalry, and some of the artillery125, marched along the Canadian bank, without embarking126. Morrison, with his small force, continued his march down the left bank. On his force being re-united, Wilkinson learned that he could expect no aid from Hampton. He at once decided on giving up the attempt on Montreal, and retreating by the only way open to him. Embarking his whole force, on the 13th, he descended the St Lawrence to the mouth of the Salmon127 river, and ascended128 that river seven miles to French Mills. Here he lay, expecting to be attacked, till 12th February, when he set fire to his boats, huts, and blockhouses, and retreated to Plattsburgh and Burlington on Lake Champlain.
Thus, in loss and disaster, ended the second and most serious attempt against Montreal, made during the war. A handful of Canadians at Chateaugay, in the woods that gave their special fighting powers a signal opportunity, and a small number of British troops at Chrystler’s Farm, where the field of action gave full scope to their training and discipline, had saved Canada.
Of the three invasions of the Canadian frontier, the one by Detroit was alone successful. Proctor’s defeat on the Thames was irreparable. Fortunately for Canada, it was the point at which the enemy’s success was least important.[192] Vincent’s spirited affair at Stoney Creek was the turning-point of the year’s campaign. Had he been overwhelmed, the Niagara frontier would have been lost, and the re-inforcements that saved Kingston from attack could not have been spared. The fall of Kingston might have led to the fall of Montreal.
The operations of the year showed the extreme importance to Canada of the mastery on Ontario, and the retention129 of Kingston. The whole country was an almost trackless forest. The only way of moving troops and stores was by water. Full subsistence for the troops in Upper Canada could not be procured130 among the scanty131 population, and they were largely dependent for rations1 on pork and biscuit from England. So long as the waterway was open, the defence of the Niagara frontier was possible. As the supremacy of the U.S. navy on Lake Erie made it impossible for the British to continue the war on the Detroit frontier, so a decisive defeat on Lake Ontario would have lost the Niagara frontier also. But, till the end of the war, the U.S. navy never succeeded in establishing more than a temporary supremacy on Ontario.
The failure of Wilkinson’s expedition showed the risk of attacking Montreal, while Kingston was strongly held by a hostile force. An expedition, once launched on the St Lawrence, could not re-ascend against the current, and was liable to be caught between two fires, as actually happened in Wilkinson’s case. The true objective of the United States, throughout the war, was Kingston; the possession of which would have made them masters of Upper Canada without a further effort, and would have placed Montreal in jeopardy132. But Kingston was never seriously attacked during the whole war.
On the Canadian side, the importance of gaining possession of Sackett’s Harbour was not clearly recognized.[193] The capture and retention of that place would have practically secured the Niagara frontier, and assured the safety of Montreal. But Sir George Prevost’s half-hearted and abortive attack in May, was the only attempt made during the war. To both sides, the capture of their enemy’s dep?t on the lake was of supreme133 importance. The keys of successful attack and defence were at Sackett’s Harbour and Kingston.
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1
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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2
armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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3
evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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12
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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rescinded
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| v.废除，取消( rescind的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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16
conditional
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| adj.条件的，带有条件的 | |
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reprisals
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| n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 ) | |
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18
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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totter
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| v.蹒跚， 摇摇欲坠；n.蹒跚的步子 | |
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21
consolidated
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| a.联合的 | |
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invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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24
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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28
sergeants
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| 警官( sergeant的名词复数 )； （美国警察）警佐； （英国警察）巡佐； 陆军（或空军）中士 | |
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29
cork
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| n.软木，软木塞 | |
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30
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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32
sloop
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| n.单桅帆船 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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35
wielding
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的现在分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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36
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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38
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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40
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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41
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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42
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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43
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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44
prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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45
rescinding
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| v.废除，取消( rescind的现在分词 ) | |
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46
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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47
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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48
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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49
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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50
fluctuations
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| 波动，涨落，起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 ) | |
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51
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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52
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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53
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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54
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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55
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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56
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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57
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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58
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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59
alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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60
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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61
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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62
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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63
lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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64
manifesto
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| n.宣言，声明 | |
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65
repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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66
persevered
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| v.坚忍，坚持( persevere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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67
hindrance
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| n.妨碍，障碍 | |
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68
inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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69
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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70
duels
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| n.两男子的决斗( duel的名词复数 )；竞争，斗争 | |
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71
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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72
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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74
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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75
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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76
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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77
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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78
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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79
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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80
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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81
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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82
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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83
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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84
precipitately
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| adv.猛进地 | |
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85
retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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86
rangers
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| 护林者( ranger的名词复数 )； 突击队员 | |
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87
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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88
coups
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| n.意外而成功的行动( coup的名词复数 )；政变；努力办到难办的事 | |
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89
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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90
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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91
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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92
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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93
inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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94
inclement
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| adj.严酷的，严厉的，恶劣的 | |
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95
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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96
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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97
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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98
demolition
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| n.破坏,毁坏,毁坏之遗迹 | |
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99
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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101
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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103
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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104
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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106
schooners
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| n.（有两个以上桅杆的）纵帆船( schooner的名词复数 ) | |
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107
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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108
irresolution
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| n.不决断，优柔寡断，犹豫不定 | |
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109
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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110
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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111
sloops
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| n.单桅纵帆船( sloop的名词复数 ) | |
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112
interfering
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| adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词 | |
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113
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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114
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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115
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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116
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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117
overthrew
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| overthrow的过去式 | |
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118
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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119
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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120
relinquished
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
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121
muffled
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| adj.（声音）被隔的；听不太清的；（衣服）裹严的；蒙住的v.压抑，捂住( muffle的过去式和过去分词 )；用厚厚的衣帽包着（自己） | |
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122
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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123
atoned
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| v.补偿，赎（罪）( atone的过去式和过去分词 )；补偿，弥补，赎回 | |
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124
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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125
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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126
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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127
salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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128
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
retention
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| n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力 | |
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130
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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131
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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132
jeopardy
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| n.危险；危难 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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