The East India Company raises European Cavalry1 regiments2—Their formation—The Bengal 1st European Light Cavalry—Services transferred to the Crown—The “White Mutiny”—Made 19th Light Dragoons, afterwards Hussars—General Pattle—Regiment3 at Meerut—General Hall—Regiment ordered to England—Badges of old 19th Light Dragoons granted—Regiment ordered to Ireland—Guidons of old 19th Light Dragoons presented to the regiment—Regiment returns to England—Ordered on active service.
In May 1857, the mutiny of the Bengal Native Army occurred, which so profoundly changed the nature of British administration in India. Through carelessness and false economy, the East India Company had allowed the number of European troops in India to sink to a dangerously low level, in proportion to the number of native troops. As against some 230,000 native soldiers, the European troops numbered less than 40,000 men, of whom about 23,500 were royal troops. The Company’s European[221] troops in India consisted, at that time, of nine battalions4 of Infantry5, seventeen troops of Horse Artillery6, and forty-eight companies of Foot Artillery. Apart from other measures for restoring tranquillity7, it was determined8 to raise three additional battalions of Infantry, and to replace the mutinous9 Bengal Native Cavalry by Europeans. Of the ten regiments of regular Bengal Native Cavalry, seven had mutinied, and two had been disarmed10.
In November 1857, intimation was sent to the Governor General that it had been decided11 to form four regiments of Cavalry, for the Company’s service, of men recruited in England, of ages between 20 and 30 years, and of a standard height not less than 5 ft., and not exceeding 5 ft. 4 in. Each regiment was to consist of ten troops, with 70 privates per troop, together with the usual number of officers, non-commissioned officers and staff. All accoutrements, arms, and equipments were to be of a lighter12 description than those in common use by British Cavalry: and the men were to be collected at a depot13 in England (Warley), to be trained for three months, before being embarked14 for India. A lower standard of height than that of the Royal Army was adopted, with the intention that the recruiting for the Royal Army should not be interfered16 with, and it was thought that, by tapping a new stratum17 of recruits, men would be easily obtained. These anticipations18 were justified19. The whole nation had been roused by the sufferings of our countrywomen in India, and recruits flocked in. Three weeks later, the Court of Directors were obliged to write to the Governor General that, in consequence of the very rapid recruiting, accommodation could not be provided for the men, in England, and it was necessary to embark15 a large body of them, for Calcutta, at once.
With regard to these undersized men, it may be said here, that a large number of them made excellent soldiers[222] in time; but there was a considerable proportion of them, big men on short legs, over 25 years of age at the time of enlistment20, who were unfit for cavalry purposes.
After being kept some time near Calcutta, the men were gradually forwarded to Allahabad, where they were collected in June 1858, an almost undisciplined mob, without permanent officers, without horses, and without equipments. On the 17th June, we find Major General Sir William Mansfield (afterwards Lord Sandhurst) writing to Major General Sir Hope Grant, then in the field against the rebels: “We are about to organize the four regiments of Bengal Dragoons, and to divide the recruits into four bodies without delay. How would it suit you to have one of these young corps21 attached to the ‘Bays’ (2nd Dragoon Guards), and another to the 7th (Hussars)? Not a man has ever been on a horse, and the men are at present armed with muskets22.”
By the end of June, the apportioning23 of the men into regiments was complete, and, on the 3rd July, the regiment with which our interest lies, became established as the Bengal 1st European Light Cavalry, to be quartered at Allahabad. The other three regiments marched for various cantonments in North Western India. A fifth regiment was formed at Peshawur, in November, of volunteers from Royal infantry regiments, who had been formed into a cavalry corps for temporary service during the Mutiny.
To officer each of these regiments, the officers of two of the ten mutinied or disbanded Bengal Native Cavalry regiments were utilized24: but, instead of placing them upon a single list, they were kept on separate lists for promotion25, which were styled Right and Left Wings, corresponding to their late regiments. All officers newly appointed, who had belonged to neither of the old Native regiments, were to be borne on the strength of the Right Wing, so that, in process of time, the Left Wing was destined26 to disappear;[223] but the process would have been one of thirty years or more, according to the rate of promotion then existing in the Company’s service.
The Bengal 1st European Light Cavalry was officered by the surviving officers of the 1st and 3rd Bengal Native Cavalry, both of which regiments had mutinied. For remounts, the men were given a number of horses hastily purchased at the Cape27 of Good Hope and in Australia, most of them wild unbroken bush horses that had never been handled. An officer who served with the regiment at this time, writing of it forty years afterwards, says:—
“No regiments were ever raised under such absurd conditions, and, if the object had been to prove them a failure, no course better calculated to achieve that end could have been pursued. The only old soldiers sent to assist us were two or three infantry men from a Fusilier regiment, none higher in rank than Corporal. When the authorities were addressed on this subject, one or two cavalry soldiers, I think from the 7th Hussars, were sent; the highest in rank being a Lance Corporal who was promptly28 made a Troop Sergeant29 Major, and I don’t think turned out a success. The horses, like the men, were all untrained, and some of the horses from the Cape were perfect devils, very difficult to clean, and for some time impossible to ride or to shoe. I have a vivid recollection of one roan, who stood in his stall for days covered with mud, because no one could go near him. Out of the crowd of raw recruits, we had to find all our Non-Commissioned officers from Troop Sergeant Major downwards30, so it may be imagined what little respect was paid to the highest grades.”
On the 1st November 1858, the Crown assumed the government of India, and the East India Company thenceforth ceased to exist. No attention was paid to the view that might be taken of the change, in the ranks of the Company’s army. The British soldier, though he yields to discipline, never forgets that he is a soldier by his own free will; he objects to be treated like a conscript. The late[224] Company’s European soldiers quickly came to believe that their rights had been infringed31. Had they been asked to volunteer for service under the Crown, they would have done so almost to a man; but they objected to be handed over “like bullocks,” as they expressed it. The Indian government consulted its legal advisers32, who treated the objection as a purely33 technical one, prompted by a wish for the offer of a bounty34. So long as the men were retained for the local service for which they had enlisted35, it was considered that they had no grievance36. It was decided that the men had no case, and a General Order to this effect was published in April 1859. The agitation37 quickly assumed a serious aspect, and, during May, there was a time when, in a few cantonments, a collision between the Royal and the late Company’s European troops appeared possible. The movement was not confined to the newly raised regiments, but was equally shared in by the old soldiers of the late Company, who had shown their fine qualities on many a hard fought field. The behaviour of the 1st Bengal European Light Cavalry was similar to that of the local European forces in most other places. All guards and barrack duties were performed without demur38, but the men refused to turn out for parade. On one occasion the canteen was broken into, and an attempt was made to release prisoners. Mutinous language was used to officers in a few instances, and shots fired in defiance39, but not with evil intent. Under the circumstances already related, it is surprising that nothing worse occurred. In one instance alone, in one of the newly raised infantry regiments, was there a dangerous attempt to act as an organized armed body hostile to the State. This was speedily repressed, and the ringleader shot.
The Calcutta government quickly recognized its mistake. In the end of June, orders were published[225] allowing the men the option of discharge, but no bounty was offered to those who elected to remain, while those who took their discharge were not allowed the option of re-enlistment, as long as they remained in the country. Under the feeling of exasperation40 that had grown up, upwards41 of 10,000 men elected to take their discharge, of whom 2800 re-enlisted on reaching England.
The trouble with the Indian local European forces, in 1859, has been frequently cited as a cogent42 reason against the maintenance of a body of British troops in India, for local service only; a measure that would overcome many difficulties now felt in army administration. Those who study the events of 1859 must recognize that the trouble arose, not from the conditions of service, but from the mistakes of those in authority at Calcutta. The “White Mutiny” was no mere43 outbreak against discipline: it was the vindication44 of the men’s claim to be consulted in the disposal of their services.
While these events were in progress, orders were received for the regiment to march to Cawnpore, which it did in June.
Early in 1861, it was determined to cease the maintenance of any European force for local service in India, and, on 6th May, the officers, non-commissioned officers and men were called on to volunteer for General Service. They responded, almost to a man, and the regiment received the designation of the 19th Light Dragoons. In the same way, the Bengal 2nd and 3rd European Light Cavalry became the 20th and 21st Light Dragoons; the 4th and 5th being disbanded. At the same time, the establishment was assimilated to that of other British cavalry regiments in India, viz. nine troops (one at the depot in England) with 585 corporals and privates: 693 of all ranks. Three months later, under Horse Guards order of 17th August 1861, the designation of the regiment was[226] changed to the 19th Hussars. The standard for recruits was assimilated to that of other Hussar regiments.
At the beginning of February 1862, the regiment was moved to Lucknow.
On the 30th July, in the same year, the complete roll of officers was gazetted.
Roland Richardson.
Captain Henry Cadogan Craigie.
Sir John Hill, Bt. Bt. Major.
Henry Edward Ellice.
Robert Baring.
Melville Clarke.
Hugh Henry Gough, V.C., Brevet Major.
Frederick Peter Luard.
Richard Talbot Plantagenet Stapleton
Charles Manners Sutton Fairbrother.
Lieutenant Charles Hay Fairlie.
Abel Henry Chapman.
Cecil Clarke Jervoise.
Arthur George Webster.
Robert Morris.
Edward Stirling Rivett-Carnac.
John Biddulph.
George Cortlandt Buller Taylor.
Charles John Prinsep.
Albert Hearsey.
Cornet Elliot Alexander Money.
Joseph Boulderson.
Frederick Henry Huth.
Charles Robert St. Quintin.
Francis Dallas Harding.
Seymour Duncan Barrow.
Riding Master George Couch.
Adjutant Abel Henry Chapman.
Paymaster Henry Octavius Currie.
The greater number of them had belonged to the Company’s 1st and 3rd Bengal Native Cavalry.
In September, General William Pattle C.B. was gazetted to be Colonel of the regiment. He was an old Company’s officer who had entered the service in 1800. He served under Lord Lake in the Mahratta campaigns of 1803 and 1804, and was present at the battles of Alyghur, Delhi,[227] Laswaree, the siege of Bhurtpore &c. He served through the Mahratta war of 1817–18, and commanded the cavalry under Sir Charles Napier, during the conquest of Scinde, and at the battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad.
Under orders from the War office, dated 6th January 1863, the establishment was reduced by one troop, leaving seven service troops and one at Maidstone.
In the autumn, orders were received for the regiment to march to Meerut, where it arrived 28th November. Here the regiment remained till the end of 1867. The only events to be noticed during these four years are a reduction of establishment by 56 privates in 1866: and the presence of the regiment at the great Durbar held by the Viceroy, Sir John Lawrence, at Agra, in November 1866, when the 19th were brigaded with the 2nd Dragoon Guards.
In the beginning of 1865, the regiment lost its Colonel by death. In his place Lieutenant General John Hall was appointed Colonel.
On the 10th December 1867, the Head Quarters of the regiment, with four troops, marched for Benares, being followed, a month later, by the remaining three troops, who marched to Cawnpore.
In the ordinary course of relief, the regiment was intended to leave India in 1872. In a sudden fit of economy, the Indian Government decided to get rid of two cavalry regiments, so that, without any previous warning, the regiment received telegraphic orders, on 18th January 1870, to proceed to England immediately. Similar orders were sent to the 7th Hussars, then serving in India. Volunteering was at once opened to men electing to serve in other regiments remaining in India, and, on 24th January, the regiment was re-united at Allahabad, whence it proceeded to Bombay, where it embarked on board the Jumna on the 14th February. So unexpected had been the move, that a draft for the regiment, from England,[228] joined it four days before sailing. The strength of the regiment leaving India, was as follows: 18 officers, 51 sergeants47 and corporals, 7 trumpeters, 257 privates, 28 women and 55 children.
On the 22nd March, the regiment landed at Dover, and proceeded to Canterbury, whence all the Cavalry Depot troops, excepting those of the 20th and 21st Hussars, had been moved to Maidstone. But the British Government were as unwilling48 to have the home military establishment increased by the two regiments thus sent from India, as the Indian Government had been to retain them, and the idea of disbanding two regiments was entertained. The Manchester school was predominant; shortsighted financial considerations alone had any weight. The changes rung in the establishment of the regiment for the next four months show the hesitating counsels that prevailed. On the 1st April, one troop was absorbed. A month later, the establishment was nominally49 fixed50 at 25 officers, 457 Sergeants and privates, and 300 horses, but recruiting to make the regiment up to that strength was forbidden. At the end of June the establishment of horses was reduced to 200. A week later, the war between France and Germany broke out, while the question of the strength of military establishments was still being bandied about between the Treasury51 and the War Office. On the 1st August, orders were received to complete the strength of the regiment up to 540 of all ranks, which was done by the end of September. The number of horses was also raised to 350.
Consequent on the increase of establishment, an eighth troop was formed in February 1871.
In May, the Head Quarters of the regiment and five troops marched to Brighton; the other three troops going to the camp at Shorncliffe.
On the 17th June, an inspection52 of the regiment was held at Brighton by its Colonel, General John Hall.
[229]
In August 1872, the regiment marched to Aldershot, and, a few days after arrival, marched to take part in the Wiltshire man?uvres at Pewsey, where it was brigaded under the command of Major General Shute C.B.; returning to Aldershot in September.
During 1872, the regiment lost its Colonel, Lieutenant General Hall, who was succeeded by General John Yorke C.B. He was an old officer of the Royal Dragoons, which regiment he commanded in the Crimean War, and was severely53 wounded at Balaclava.
In June 1873, the regiment marched to Windsor, to take part in the review held in honour of H.M. the Shah of Persia, on the 24th; returning to Aldershot the following day.
In August, man?uvres were held at Dartmoor, in which the regiment took part; proceeding54 by train as far as Exeter, and returning to Aldershot by route march. The fine appearance of the regiment, and its proficiency55 in outpost and reconnoissance duties attracted more than usual attention on this occasion.
Early in 1874, the regiment was granted the privilege of wearing the badges so gloriously earned by the old 19th Light Dragoons.
Horse Guards 24th Feb. 1874.
Sir,
I have the honor, by desire of His Royal Highness the Field Marshall Commanding in Chief to acquaint you that Her Majesty56 has been graciously pleased to approve of the regiment under your command being permitted to wear the badges granted to the old 19th Light Dragoons for achievements during the present Century, viz.:
The Elephant
“Assaye” “Niagara”
J. W. Armstrong,
Depy. Adj. General
To the
Officer Commanding
19th Hussars.
[230]
It will be observed that the “Seringapatam” badge, granted to the old 19th Light Dragoons for four campaigns in the last century, was withheld57. The 23rd of September is now observed as an annual holiday in the regiment, in commemoration of Assaye.
On the 19th May, the regiment took part in the review held at Aldershot, in honour of H.I.M. the Emperor of Russia.
At the end of June, the regiment marched to new quarters at Hounslow, with a troop at Hampton Court, and another at Kensington.
At the end of July 1875, the regiment marched to Leeds, with troops at Preston and Bury.
In June 1876, the regiment proceeded to Ireland. After going through the drill season at the Curragh, it went into quarters at Longford, Gort, Castlebar, Dunmore, and Athlone. In the following spring it returned to the Curragh, and, in October, marched to Dublin, where it was quartered in the Royal Barracks and Arbour Hill. In the following August, it again marched to the Curragh, whence, after a month, it marched for Ballincollig, with out-quarters at Cork58, Cahir, Limerick, Bandon, Fermoy, and afterwards Waterford. In these quarters the regiment remained till May 1880, when it was again ordered to the Curragh. In August, the regiment again marched to Dublin, leaving one squadron at the Curragh. Three months later, a wing was ordered to Ballinrobe and Lough Mask, by rail, in aid of the civil power, returning to Dublin after a fortnight’s work, in, what was then called, the “Boycott” campaign.
In May 1881, the regiment moved to Dundalk, with two troops at Belfast and one at Belturbet. The time was one of much excitement in Ireland, when the Land League conspiracy59 was in full force, and the regiment was employed, during the winter, in much harassing60 work in support of the civil power.
[231]
While at Belfast the regiment became possessed61 of some greatly prized relics62 of the old 19th Light Dragoons, through the generosity63 of a lady whose husband had served in the old regiment. As is well known, all cavalry regiments except Hussars and Lancers, at the beginning of the century, had a standard or guidon for each squadron. After their return from India, and shortly after the conferring of the Elephant and Assaye badges (1807) the 19th Light Dragoons received a new set of guidons.[68] On the regiment being equipped as Lancers (1817) the guidons could no longer be used, and, on the disbanding of the regiment they became the property of the Colonel, Sir John Vandeleur. At his death he bequeathed them to his relative Major William Armstrong of Farney Castle, Thurles, who had served in the 19th from 1809 to 1819. Major Armstrong’s widow now made known her wish to restore the guidons to the regiment that bears the number and badges which the old regiment so worthily64 earned. On the 28th March 1882, the Belfast squadron paraded, under Lieutenant Colonel Coghill, and received the guidons with a royal salute65. The Princess of Wales’ Own Yorkshire Regiment (formerly the 19th Foot) lent the services of their band, and the guidons were marched in all honour, through the town, to barracks, where they were deposited in the Mess Room, after a royal salute and an address to the squadron from Colonel Coghill.
The honorary guidon granted to the old regiment for Assaye, has not been traced. If it is still in existence, it is to be hoped that the possessor will restore it to its rightful guardians66.
According to the old custom one guidon in each regiment was known as the King’s. The King’s guidon[232] was of crimson67 silk with the union badge in the centre. The regimental guidons were of the same colour as the regimental facings, with the regimental badge in the centre. Guidons were discarded on active service, after 1811, if not earlier.[69]
AN OFFICER OF THE XIXTH HUSSARS, 1882.
to face p. 232.
In June 1882, the regiment received orders to return to England, and, while on the march for Aldershot, where it arrived 14th July, news was received that it was to proceed at once to Egypt on active service. Weak and sickly men were drafted into Depot, to remain behind, the four squadrons being completed by volunteers from other regiments and from the Reserve. The following officers also were attached to the regiment, for service.
Captain Lord St. Vincent 16th Lancers.
Lieutenant Sir G. Arthur 2nd Life Guards.
” Scott 3rd Hussars.
” Crabbe ” ”
” Morris 7th Hussars.
” Ridley ” ”
” Holland 15th Hussars.
” de Crespigny ” ”
” Hon. R. Leigh ” ”
” Blagrove ” ”
” La Terriere 18th Hussars.
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1
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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mutinous
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| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
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disarmed
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| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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stratum
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| n.地层，社会阶层 | |
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anticipations
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| 预期( anticipation的名词复数 )； 预测； （信托财产收益的）预支； 预期的事物 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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enlistment
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| n.应征入伍，获得，取得 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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apportioning
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| vt.分摊，分配（apportion的现在分词形式） | |
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utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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infringed
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| v.违反（规章等）( infringe的过去式和过去分词 )；侵犯（某人的权利）；侵害（某人的自由、权益等） | |
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advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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grievance
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| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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demur
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| v．表示异议，反对 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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exasperation
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| n.愤慨 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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cogent
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| adj.强有力的，有说服力的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
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sergeants
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| 警官( sergeant的名词复数 )； （美国警察）警佐； （英国警察）巡佐； 陆军（或空军）中士 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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49
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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50
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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52
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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53
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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54
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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proficiency
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| n.精通，熟练，精练 | |
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56
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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withheld
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| withhold过去式及过去分词 | |
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58
cork
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| n.软木，软木塞 | |
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59
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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60
harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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62
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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63
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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worthily
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| 重要地，可敬地，正当地 | |
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salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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66
guardians
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| 监护人( guardian的名词复数 )； 保护者，维护者 | |
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crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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