“I should like to live fifty years to see the result of the seed I have planted,” said Porfirio Diaz a number of years ago. It is not within the limit of human possibility that such a boon1 could be granted this amiable2 “republican despot” but he had lived long enough to see the good results of the policies established by him for the upbuilding of his country.
Succeeding to a government that had been in the throes of revolution ever since the patriot3-priest Hidalgo first proclaimed independence on the 16th of September, 1810, President Diaz at once restored peace to the country that has lasted for thirty years. Inheriting a bankrupt treasury4 from his predecessors5, and a large foreign debt that had on several occasions brought about foreign intervention6, he succeeded in placing the finances of the country in a prosperous condition and has accomplished7 more for Mexico than had been done in three[370] centuries of Spanish rule. He organized the army along modern lines and established the rurales which insured the safety of life and property. Railroads under the wise system of encouragement inaugurated by him have increased from three hundred and fifty miles to thirteen thousand five hundred miles; telegraph lines from four thousand five hundred miles to thirty-five thousand miles; the number of post-offices now number two thousand three hundred and fifty instead of seven hundred and twenty as it was in 1876. Imports and exports have doubled several times, and the annual balance sheet now shows a comfortable surplus instead of a deficit8 as in former days. All this has been done and old obligations met in spite of the serious loss in exchange due to the depreciation9 in silver, and the fact that the heavy foreign obligations had to be met in gold purchased with silver at a low and constantly varying valuation.
A COMPANY OF RURALES
The life of Porfirio Diaz is fascinating. It savours of the days of knighthood and romance. We are reminded of those heroes of old around whom time has cast a glamour10, for he has had adventures as exciting, escapes as miraculous11 and a life seemingly as charmed as any hero created by the masters of romance, and his life may well be termed “stranger than fiction.”[371] One is naturally inclined to be rather eulogistic12 in his treatment of such a character.
The present President of Mexico was born in the city of Oaxaca in an unimposing house on the Street of La Soledad, that is now used as a sugar factory, on the 15th of September, 1830, a day already celebrated13 in Mexican annals. His father, Captain José Faustini Diaz, was of Spanish descent and followed the occupation of innkeeper, but died when Porfirio was only three years of age. His maternal14 grandmother was a Mixteca Indian. The church and law were the only two occupations open to an ambitious youth in those days, and this young lad was intended for the former. He chose the law much to the disgust of his relatives but never followed that calling. The fighting blood in him impelled15 him to the sanguinary conflicts on the field rather than the bloodless battles in the courts between contending counsel.
About this time the war with the United States broke out and the future president, a youth of seventeen, volunteered but saw no fighting, although he thus early in life showed his genius for organization by forming his fellow-students of the academy into a battalion16 for the defence of his home city. Benito Juarez, afterwards president, was attracted by this[372] youth and invited him to read law in his office, which offer was accepted. Thus was begun an association between two men who were destined18 in later years to occupy such a prominent place in Mexican history. Through the influence of Juarez, the younger man was made assistant librarian and by the aid of the salary attached to this position, and money earned as tutor, he completed his course, and received his law degree.
Politics and war seem to have divided the attention of Diaz from the very first with a preference for the latter in early life. Diaz was a military genius. I can say this in all seriousness. Although he never commanded a large army yet, under his hands, the rawest recruits soon became valuable troops. He is possessed19 of a personal magnetism20 and the quality of simpatica, (which can not be translated into English) that draws people to him and, when once aroused, they become his enthusiastic partisans21. In a land of lethargy and procrastination22 his movements were quick and decisive, and he soon became noted23 for night marches and early morning attacks. He never was overcome except by superior forces, and then only after his stores and ammunition24 were exhausted25. Even when beaten and his army captured or[373] separated, a few days of freedom would again place him at the head of a respectable force ready to take aggressive stand against the enemy. Had he been in command of a hundred thousand men, he would have met the situation with the same tact26 and ability.
The first of the many political offices held by Diaz was that of Jefe Politico, or mayor, of the little Indian town of Ixtlan when only twenty-five years of age. Here he devoted27 his time to organizing the Indians into a company of militia28, and this little body of soldiers formed a nucleus29 that proved a great help to him in the troublous times which followed. Later he was made Jefe of Tehuantepec where he showed great administrative30 ability. Soon afterward17, in 1861, he was elected a deputy to congress from Oaxaca, but at that time would not sacrifice the excitement of war for the more prosaic31 duties of law-making.
Captain Diaz had seen his first military service in the revolts against the notorious Santa Anna, of Alamo fame. He had the courage to sign a remonstrance32 against this usurper33, and was compelled to fly for his life. Later, in the campaigns against Santa Anna, he was so successful that he had become almost a hero in the eyes of his fellow Oaxacans. At the beginning[374] of the French invasion, the rank of general of a brigade had been conferred upon him at the early age of thirty-two years, and he was assigned to the defense34 of Puebla under General Zaragoza. It was due to his tactics more than anything else that the way was paved for the great victory of Cinco de Mayo, 1862, when an inferior force of Mexicans defeated a numerically larger army of veteran French troops. It was nearly a year later before the armies of the allied35 French and Austrians, greatly augmented36 by new arrivals, were able to capture Puebla after a two months’ siege, the ammunition of the Mexicans had been exhausted. General Diaz refusal to give parol and was made prisoner but escaped after a short confinement37.
Because of the approach of the invading armies toward the capital, President Juarez had removed the seat of government to San Luis Potosi. He made General Diaz commander-in-chief of the armies south of the Valley of Mexico. Returning to his favourite haunts in Oaxaca, he soon gathered together an army and some money and marched forth38 on the offensive. By this time General Diaz had become such a formidable opponent that General Bazaine himself, later of European fame, leader of the French forces, took the field against this young[375] leader with the determination to crush him. He finally shut him up in Oaxaca and captured that city in 1865. The French general had carefully laid his plans for this campaign, having transported a large number of guns, and was at the head of an army, Diaz claims, of sixteen thousand. The fame of this general and his large force created a panic among the troops of Diaz and his little army had dwindled39 to a few hundred. General Diaz was captured and taken to Puebla by his captors where he was prisoner for more than seven months in a former house of the Jesuits in that city. His escape is celebrated in Mexican annals, and his own account is as follows, although I have greatly abbreviated40 it:—
“After taps for silence had been sounded for the night, I went to a room which was roofless and which on that account was used as a yard. I had with me three ropes, wrapped up in canvas, and I threw them onto the roof. I also had another rope, and I succeeded in throwing it around a projecting stone spout41 which seemed to be sufficiently42 firm. When I had satisfied myself that the support was sufficient, I climbed up by the rope to the roof. My progress along the roof to the corner of San Roque street, where I had made up my mind to descend43, was[376] attended with much danger, for on the roof of the church a detachment and sentries44 were stationed to keep watch. Gliding45 on all-fours I made towards the point where I was to let myself down. I often had to stop to feel my way, for the roof was strewn with many fragments of glass which sounded when touched. Moreover, there were frequent flashes of lightning, which exposed me to being discovered.
“I finally reached the wall of the church. In order to arrive at the corner of the street of San Roque it was necessary to pass through a portion of the edifice46 which was occupied by the priest in charge of the church, and I was aware that shortly before he had denounced to the court martial47 some political prisoners who had bored a hole through their place of confinement into his dwelling48, and as a consequence they had been shot the next day.
“I let myself down into an upper yard of the priest’s house at the moment when a young man who also lived there had come in from the street; he had probably been to the theatre, for he was in gay humour and was humming an air from an operetta. He did not see me as he passed, and I remained quiet until he had entered his room. When I considered that sufficient time had elapsed for him to get into bed, and perhaps to[377] fall asleep, I climbed to the roof of the convent on the opposite side to that by which I had descended49 and pushed forward to the corner of the street of San Roque, and I arrived there at last. There is at the corner, in a niche50, a statue of St. Vincent Ferrer which I proposed using to fix the rope by which I was to descend. The saint wobbled when touched, but probably there was inside the statue an iron spike51 to hold it. In any case, in order to be more sure, I adjusted the rope around the pedestal of the statue which seemed to be quite firm. I resolved to alight in a vacant lot which adjoined and which was only fenced in. I did not know that there was a drove of hogs52 in this yard. As when I began the descent I turned somewhat with my rope, my back struck against the wall, and the impact caused a poniard which I carried at my waist to fall from its sheath among the hogs, probably wounding one of them, for they set up a grunting53 which grew louder as they saw me descending54 among them. I had to wait for some time for them to quiet down. I then climbed to the top of the partition separating the lot from the street, but I had at once to bob down again for just at that moment a gendarme55 was passing on his round, seeing if[378] the doors were well fastened. When he had retired56 I sprang into the street.”
In a few days he had rallied around him a few faithful followers57 and captured the small garrison58 of Tehuitzingo. From this time his career was a succession of victories until the capture and execution of Maximilian. These victories and the firm stand of the United States government re-established republican supremacy59. Early in 1867 preparations were made to regain60 Puebla which city was defended by a force of several thousand French troops. On April 2nd he made a feint with a few hundred men on the convent of “El Carmen” which caused the army of the defenders61 to be concentrated there. Then a concerted attack followed from several points, and the soldiers of Diaz drove back the hardened troops of the third Napoleon, and the flag of liberty waved over the city in the early dawn. He followed up the fleeing foreigners and a series of engagements followed in which Diaz was victorious62. The war was ended by the capture of the City of Mexico after a siege of several assaults.
From boyhood until the close of the empire in 1867, General Diaz had worked against great odds63. He was by this time easily the most popular man in Mexico. One party at the general[379] elections of that year nominated him for president, but he refused to run against his old friend and patron, President Juarez. He even refused an office and resigned his commission in the army. In search of rest he retired to the place of his birth, and his trip from the capital was a triumphal journey. The citizens of Oaxaca received him with open arms, and presented him with the estate of La Noria near that city. Hither he went with the wife whom he had married by proxy64 during the war and spent a few years in comparative quiet. In 1871 another presidential election was held. Juarez, who had failed both mentally and physically65, had advocated a number of unpopular measures, but was determined66 to have himself re?lected to office. Diaz was also a candidate. When Juarez was declared elected, the “Porfiristas” declared a revolution with the slogan “less government and more liberty.” However Juarez died in a few months and the executive power temporarily fell upon the president of the Supreme67 Court, Lerdo de Tejada, who was afterwards elected to that office to serve the unexpired term.
General Diaz refused reconciliation68 with this government, and, fearing trouble before the next presidential election, for Lerdo was an[380] active candidate, he sold his estate and left for the United States after a “pronunciamento,” called the “Plan of Tuxtepec,” had been issued to which he gave his allegiance, if he was not the author of it. This “plan” declared a president ineligible69 to succeed himself. By the time the revolution was well underway in several states, General Diaz had crossed the Rio Grande at Brownsville, Texas, with forty followers. These forty men increased to four hundred in a few days and they captured Matamoros on April 2nd, 1876.
Learning that a large force had been sent after him, General Diaz decided70 to return south. He went to New Orleans and took a steamer from there, called the City of Habana, sailing for Vera Cruz, and passed himself off as a Cuban doctor. He was not suspected until some of the troops he had captured at Matamoros a few weeks before got on board the ship at Tampico. They immediately made arrangements to secure him on arriving at Vera Cruz. Although the ship was four miles from land, Diaz jumped overboard and attempted to swim ashore71. He was picked up after nightfall in an exhausted condition, and taken on board the ship again. However the purser was won to his cause and concealed72 him in a wardrobe, where he remained[381] for several days on a diet of ship’s biscuit and water. The purser, as a matter of policy and in order to disarm73 all suspicion, invited the Lerdist officers into his cabin, where they would spend hours in playing at cards. Oftentimes the chair of the one sitting in front of the wardrobe would be tilted74 back against the door behind which was the man they would have given almost anything to catch. From his cramped75 position General Diaz was in torment76. He could not stand upright, nor was he able to sit down. When the City of Habana arrived at Vera Cruz the chief of the coast guard service, who was the fugitive’s friend, managed to smuggle77 in to him a dilapidated sailor’s suit and a very old pair of boots. At the same time the chief sent word that a rowboat, in charge of a man he would recognize by certain signals, would come alongside for him. When the ship began to unload bales of cotton into barges78, this boat appeared among them, and the noted prisoner made his escape to land.
After several exciting adventures on the way, General Diaz again appeared at Oaxaca among his friends and ardent79 supporters. His popularity and prestige in Oaxaca have always been remarkable80. Never did he appeal to his neighbours and friends of that state in vain. It was[382] not long until he was at the head of an army of four thousand “Porfiristas”—men who would follow their leader to the death if need be, and many of whom had fought with him at Puebla and elsewhere. The news of the escape of Diaz brought gloom to the “Lerdistas.” Lerdo immediately marched his army southward. The two armies met on the 16th of November, 1876, at Tecoac, and for a few hours the battle waged hotly and bitterly. The Lerdist army, which was considerably81 larger, began the engagement with every prospect82 of success. At the last moment Diaz led a charge in person which routed the enemy, and the result was a complete triumph for the “Porfiristas.”
Flushed with victory, and determined to press his advantage to the utmost, General Diaz promptly83 proceeded toward the capital with his augmented army. Panic seized Lerdo and his followers. He took all the public funds available, and, with his ministers, fled to Acapulco. Upon arriving there he embarked84 for San Francisco, and made no further effort to impede85 the progress of the Diaz forces. Iglesias, President of the Supreme Court, upon whom the succession legally fell upon the death or resignation of the President, established[383] headquarters at Guanajuato and issued a proclamation assuming the office of chief executive. Diaz at once marched upon Puebla, which he entered without opposition86. City after city sent representatives announcing their adherence87 to his cause. The onward88 march was continued without a halt until Guadalupe, about three miles from the capital, was reached. Here he halted for a day in order to get his forces into presentable condition to make a triumphal entry into the historic capital.
It was on the 24th of November, 1876, that General Diaz made his memorable89 march into the City of Mexico. Riding at the head of an army of several thousand armed men he made a triumphal entry into that ancient capital, while thousands gathered along the route to see this new adventurer—as he was styled by his enemies. The Plaza90 was packed with the populace. This son of an innkeeper, this man with the blood of the Indian in his veins91, this hero of many battles passed through the portal of the National Palace and became master of Mexico. From there he issued a proclamation assuming the provisional presidency92 of the republic, until an election could take place in regular form and a constitutional ruler should be chosen. This was held in December.[384] With the government in his hands the result of that election was never in doubt. After a three months’ campaign his authority was recognized over the entire republic. Since that time Porfirio Diaz occupied that high office continuously, except for an interval93 of four years from 1880 to 1884, when Manuel Gonzalez held that title, until May 25th, 1911, when he resigned. Diaz himself became a victim of the “Tuxtepec Plan,” forbidding two consecutive94 terms, and gracefully95 retired at the end of his first term, although urged by a large following to remain at the head of the government. For the first time in Mexican history was seen the spectacle of one President voluntarily relinquishing97 the sceptre to his successor, and returning to private life without an effort to retain himself in power. Gonzalez entered the office one of the most popular men in Mexico, having been elected by an almost unanimous vote. Four years later he left it under a cloud of almost universal execration98 and contempt. During the four years of Gonzalez’s administration Diaz was not idle, but served in the cabinet, as governor of Oaxaca and senator from Morelas. Isolated99 disturbances100 have arisen at times, but no formidable opposition arose against him until 1910. This revolution[385] is treated in the succeeding chapter. The law limiting the succession was revoked101 during his second term, and the length of office was subsequently extended to six years. At the various elections the reported vote was almost unanimous for Diaz. On December 1st, 1910, he was inaugurated President for the seventh consecutive term, or eighth term in all.
Immediately upon first assuming the executive office after the flight of Lerdo, Diaz issued a statement in which he set forth in clear terms his intention to restore constitutional order and institute reforms. He invited all factions102 and cliques103 to co?perate with him. This soon won the regard of the intelligent and honest partisans of all factions, and he early showed his impartiality104 by selecting his advisers105 irrespective of party. It was not long until most of the Lerdistas and Juaristas were won to his cause. By this skilful106 handling of the leaders, he secured the good will of Congress in furthering his plans for reforms, and in organizing the finances on a better basis. New treaties were negotiated with foreign nations and able diplomatic representatives sent abroad.
It has been said that the best peacemakers are those who have made war. Those who detest107 powder most are generally those who[386] have smelled it on the field of battle. To them—more than all others—are known the horrors and hardships of war, and what it entails108 upon the innocent and guilty alike. Even though a battle-scared hero may have profited by the advantages gained by military success, the tragedy of empty homes and nameless graves is known to and acknowledged by him. General Sherman said: “The main thing is to deal as hard blows at the enemy’s forces as possible, and then cause so much suffering to the inhabitants that they will long for peace.” A similar belief animated109 President Diaz. He himself has said in explaining his actions in suppressing brigandage110: “Sometimes we were harsh to the point of cruelty. But it was all necessary to the life and progress of the nation. If there was cruelty, the results have justified111 it. It was better that a little blood be shed that much blood be saved. The blood that was shed was bad blood; the blood that was saved was good blood.” Almost before they knew what was happening the professional malcontents found themselves in the grip of this masterful new leader. It was to this quality of firmness that he owed his pronounced success during the first years of his presidency.
Several scattered112 uprisings occurred during[387] the first term, most of them being fostered by the “Lerdistas.” Lerdo issued a proclamation on the 24th of February, 1877, from New York, claiming to be the constitutional President, and, a few months later, Iglesias did the same thing from New Orleans. Neither of these manifestos were looked upon seriously by the Mexicans, but they were in a great measure responsible for the tardy113 recognition of the Diaz government by the United States and other foreign powers. One revolt is worthy114 of mention because of its novelty. A part of the crew of the armed vessel115 Trinidad mutinied during the absence of the commander at Vera Cruz. They headed for a Campeche port, where they seized several thousand dollars of public funds. While the leaders of the mutiny were ashore enjoying the money, a counter mutiny was led by the boatswain, who took the ship back to Vera Cruz and returned it to the government.
Judging this man at a distance, we, who live in a country where even a third term is a “bogie,” are inclined to smile at these successive elections to the presidency, and dismiss the matter with the charge of “dictator” and “republican despot,” with all the odium that those terms imply. President Diaz was both.[388] But, above all, he was, I believe, a true patriot. Whatever may have been his original motives116 in seeking this high office his later actions prove the statement. Responsibility will often develop a man, and that may have been true with Diaz. In securing the control by driving out Lerdo, and assuming the provisional presidency over Iglesias, who was the official designated by the constitution in case of a vacancy117, he only did what many had done before. Whether his retention118 of the office for so long was a good or bad thing for the country, the historian of the future will be a better judge.
The accomplishments119 of Diaz were many. It would require a long enumeration120 to give them in detail. The very fact that he succeeded to a government which had seen fifty-four different rulers, including two emperors and a number of avowed121 dictators, in the fifty-five years preceding his own accession, and ruled the country for more than a generation, is in itself sufficient to stamp him as an extraordinary man. Those were indeed troublous times in Mexico while we were celebrating the centennial of our independence. The strong spirit of Juarez had been broken by the long strain from 1857 to 1872, during which time he was nominally122 President. His successor[389] was a weak, ambitious man who accomplished little. Disorder123 everywhere, the country overrun with bandits and a worse than empty treasury were the conditions when Diaz grasped the reins124. It was not until nearly two years afterward that his government was formally recognized by the United States. Few men could have steered125 the country through such a state of affairs so successfully. He did it without repudiating126 any valid127 claims. He established credit by paying foreign obligations rather than the salaries of government employees. He surrounded himself with an able cabinet, and started the machinery128 of government in a business-like way.
I do not subscribe129 to the doctrine130 of Shakespeare that all the world is a stage, and that each person is a player, for that would take away sincerity131. Porfirio Diaz has been accused of only acting132 a part. He could not always be acting, for his course was too consistent under many and diverse circumstances. As a young man he refused pay for military services because the government was so poor. He declined promotion133 over the heads of men older in the service for fear of jealousies134. He refused remuneration after the close of the war of intervention, although not a rich man at that[390] time. He turned a deaf ear to the emissaries of Maximilian, who wanted to place him in command of the Mexican army when that ruler abdicated135, which would practically have made him President. He was a humane136 adversary137, as is shown by his treatment of prisoners of war. He disregarded ceremony as much as is possible in a Latin country. He declined to live in the National Palace, but resided in a private house the most of the time, and at Chapultepec a part of the year.
It is not to be wondered at that the man who rules with a strong arm will make bitter enemies as well as warm partisans. Likewise such a policy will always have its defamers as well as its supporters. Opinion is still divided upon Napoleon, and whether his high-handed methods wrought138 more good than evil. Hence it is that some can see nothing in Diaz but a tyrant139, an enslaver of his people, and a man unfit for even life itself. They forget that peonage was not originated by Diaz, but was inherited from the Spaniards and supported by the voters of the country. They do not look into the conditions faced by Diaz when he first became President, nor the bloody140 history of the republic before that time. I believe that Diaz would have been permitted to serve his[391] term had it not been for his efforts to control the vice-presidency, and the fact that his choice fell upon a man who was very unpopular. Knowing that at his age the President’s span of life was uncertain, the politicians wanted to control this office because of the succession. For this reason discontent and jealousies had been growing for several years. Diaz had publicly declared his intention not to seek another term, so that those ambitious for that office took him at his word and began their wire-pulling. This was in February, 1908. Then, in the spring of 1910, he announced that yielding to importunity141 he would accept another term. This was the one great mistake in his political career. Had Diaz adhered to his previous declaration, he would have retired from the office of chief executive full of honours. As it is he resigned under pressure, and left the City of Mexico unannounced and accompanied only by his family and a few friends. He boarded a steamer in the harbour of Vera Cruz and sailed for Spain, where he has quietly resided since that time.
The personality of this dictator-president, who has filled such an important place in the world’s history, is most interesting. As I sat in the great salon142 of the National Palace,[392] awaiting the appearance of President Diaz, I spent the intervening fifteen or twenty minutes in examining the room. On the high walls were pictures of General Washington, the father of liberty in the whole of the two Americas; of the patriot-priest Hidalgo, who first raised the standard of revolt in Mexico, and of Diaz himself. Then Diaz appeared—a man tall for a Mexican, solidly built, with white closely cropped hair and white moustache. He approached with an elastic143, graceful96 and springy step entirely144 belying145 his almost eighty years. The Indian blood could easily be traced in his complexion146 and features. The most striking feature of this man is his eyes, which seem to look into the very soul of all he meets. It is probably this intuitive perception that has been one of the key-notes of his success. He has always been a democratic sort of man and easy of approach, and impresses his sincerity on all those who talk with him. Diaz was always a tireless worker and methodical in his habits. He is abstemious147, and it is probably due to this characteristic and his methodical habits, that at eighty years of age he remained as active and energetic as the average man twenty years younger. He kept in touch with the most remote parts of the republic,[393] even to the most distant village. His advisers were often surprised at the vast knowledge he displayed in all matters of state. The private life of Diaz has always been above reproach. He has been twice married. His first wife was Delfina Ortega y Reyes, who died in 1880 before sharing in the full greatness of her husband, leaving a son and two daughters, all of whom are still living. Three years later he was married to a daughter of Romero Rubio, whose full name is Se?ora Do?a Carmen Romero Rubio de Diaz. She is a woman who by her sweetness of character, kindly148 disposition149 and charities won a warm place in the affections of the Mexican people.
The end of the political career of Diaz is not without a touch of pathos150, as well as an element of personal dignity. Broken in health, and deserted151 by many of his former friends, he resigned the office of President in the following letter addressed to Congress:—
“Se?ores: The Mexican people, who have generously covered me with honours, who proclaimed me as their leader during the international war, who patriotically152 assisted me in all works undertaken to develop industry and the commerce of the republic, to establish its[394] credit, gain for it the respect of the world and obtain for it an honourable153 position in the concert of the nations; that same people has revolted in armed military bands, stating that my presence in the exercise of the supreme executive power was the cause of this insurrection.
“I do not know of any facts imputable154 to me which could have caused this social phenomenon; but acknowledging as possible, though not admitting, that I may be unwittingly culpable155, such a possibility makes me the least able to reason out and decide my own culpability156.
“Therefore, respecting, as I always have respected, the will of the people and in accordance with Article 82 of the Federal Constitution, I come before the supreme representatives of the nation in order to resign, unreservedly, the office of Constitutional President of the republic with which the national vote honoured me, which I do with all the more reason, since in order to continue in office it would be necessary to shed Mexican blood, endangering the credit of the country, dissipating its wealth, exhausting its resources and exposing its policy to international complications.
[395]
“I hope, se?ores, that, when the passions which are inherent to all revolutions have been calmed, a more conscientious157 and justified study will bring out in the national mind a correct acknowledgment, which will allow me to die carrying engraved158 in my soul a just impression of the estimation of my life, which throughout I have devoted and will devote to my countrymen.
“With all respect,
“Porfirio Diaz.”
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boon
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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patriot
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treasury
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predecessors
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intervention
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accomplished
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deficit
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depreciation
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glamour
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miraculous
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eulogistic
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celebrated
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maternal
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impelled
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battalion
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afterward
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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19
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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20
magnetism
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| n.磁性，吸引力，磁学 | |
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21
partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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22
procrastination
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| n.拖延，耽搁 | |
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23
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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24
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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25
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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26
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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27
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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28
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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29
nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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30
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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31
prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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32
remonstrance
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| n抗议，抱怨 | |
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33
usurper
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| n. 篡夺者, 僭取者 | |
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34
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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35
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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36
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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37
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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38
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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39
dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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40
abbreviated
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| adj. 简短的，省略的 动词abbreviate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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41
spout
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| v.喷出，涌出；滔滔不绝地讲；n.喷管；水柱 | |
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42
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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43
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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44
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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45
gliding
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|
| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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46
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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47
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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48
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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49
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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50
niche
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|
| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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51
spike
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|
| n.长钉，钉鞋；v.以大钉钉牢，使...失效 | |
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52
hogs
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| n.（尤指喂肥供食用的）猪( hog的名词复数 )；（供食用的）阉公猪；彻底地做某事；自私的或贪婪的人 | |
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53
grunting
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| 咕哝的，呼噜的 | |
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54
descending
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|
| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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55
gendarme
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| n.宪兵 | |
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56
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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57
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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58
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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59
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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60
regain
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|
| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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61
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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62
victorious
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|
| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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63
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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64
proxy
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| n.代理权，代表权；（对代理人的）委托书；代理人 | |
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65
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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66
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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67
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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68
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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69
ineligible
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| adj.无资格的，不适当的 | |
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70
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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71
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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72
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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73
disarm
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| v.解除武装，回复平常的编制，缓和 | |
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74
tilted
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| v. 倾斜的 | |
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75
cramped
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| a.狭窄的 | |
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76
torment
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|
| n.折磨；令人痛苦的东西(人)；vt.折磨；纠缠 | |
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77
smuggle
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|
| vt.私运；vi.走私 | |
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78
barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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79
ardent
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|
| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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80
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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81
considerably
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|
| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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82
prospect
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|
| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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83
promptly
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|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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84
embarked
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|
| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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85
impede
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|
| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
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86
opposition
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|
| n.反对，敌对 | |
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87
adherence
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|
| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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88
onward
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|
| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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89
memorable
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|
| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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90
plaza
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| n.广场，市场 | |
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91
veins
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|
| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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92
presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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93
interval
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|
| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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94
consecutive
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|
| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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95
gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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96
graceful
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|
| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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97
relinquishing
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的现在分词 )； 放弃 | |
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98
execration
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| n.诅咒，念咒，憎恶 | |
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99
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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100
disturbances
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|
| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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101
revoked
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|
| adj.[法]取消的v.撤销，取消，废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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103
cliques
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| n.小集团，小圈子，派系( clique的名词复数 ) | |
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104
impartiality
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|
| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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105
advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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106
skilful
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|
| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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107
detest
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| vt.痛恨，憎恶 | |
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108
entails
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| 使…成为必要( entail的第三人称单数 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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109
animated
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|
| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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110
brigandage
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| n.抢劫；盗窃；土匪；强盗 | |
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111
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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112
scattered
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|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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113
tardy
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| adj.缓慢的，迟缓的 | |
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114
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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115
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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116
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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117
vacancy
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| n.（旅馆的）空位，空房，（职务的）空缺 | |
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118
retention
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| n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力 | |
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119
accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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120
enumeration
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| n.计数，列举；细目；详表；点查 | |
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121
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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122
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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123
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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124
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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125
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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126
repudiating
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|
| v.（正式地）否认( repudiate的现在分词 )；拒绝接受；拒绝与…往来；拒不履行（法律义务） | |
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127
valid
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| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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128
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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129
subscribe
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| vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助 | |
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130
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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131
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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132
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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133
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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134
jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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135
abdicated
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|
| 放弃（职责、权力等）( abdicate的过去式和过去分词 )； 退位，逊位 | |
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136
humane
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|
| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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137
adversary
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|
| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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138
wrought
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|
| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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139
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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140
bloody
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|
| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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141
importunity
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|
| n.硬要，强求 | |
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142
salon
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| n.[法]沙龙；客厅；营业性的高级服务室 | |
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143
elastic
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|
| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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144
entirely
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|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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145
belying
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|
| v.掩饰，与…不符，使…失望；掩饰( belie的现在分词 )；证明（或显示）…为虚假；辜负；就…扯谎 | |
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146
complexion
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|
| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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147
abstemious
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| adj.有节制的，节俭的 | |
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148
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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149
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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150
pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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152
patriotically
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| 爱国地；忧国地 | |
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153
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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154
imputable
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| adj.可归罪的，可归咎的，可归因的 | |
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155
culpable
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| adj.有罪的，该受谴责的 | |
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156
culpability
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| n.苛责，有罪 | |
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157
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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158
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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