The Mayas (pronounced My-yah) were an ancient people of whom little is known. They dwelt on the broad plains of Yucatan and Central America, and built many cities, or governmental centres, for no ruins of private dwellings1 have yet been found. The groups of buildings resemble in no way our cities of the present day. They consist everywhere of temples and palaces of the reigning2 princes or caciques, of public buildings scattered3 about apparently4 at random5, covering a vast area, with cemented roads and gardens intervening. The centres of the towns were occupied by the public squares and temples; around these were the palaces of the priests and lords, and the outskirts6 were evidently allotted7 to the lower classes. Religion and government seem to have gone hand in hand among these primitive8 Mexicans. The Maya civilization had reached a height unexcelled by any people of[439] the western hemisphere prior to the coming of the white man. They were skilled in architecture, in sculpture and in writing. The priests had developed the science of astronomy to a considerable extent. They had studied with some success the solar system. They had developed a calendar system and created a chronology. So far as these chronological9 accounts have been worked out they run back three thousand years or more. They reckoned time much as we do, from a fixed10 date, namely, the birth of Christ. The later dates of the Quirigua inscriptions12 are generally believed to be somewhere about the beginning of the Christian13 era.
The oldest of the ruins of the Maya race is said to be that of Copan, which is situated14 in Honduras, just across the border from Guatemala. It also seems to have been the southernmost point of their migration15, as Tula was the northerly terminus of their wanderings. Then comes Quirigua, in Guatemala, which is one of the most remarkable16 and inexplicable17 of all the ruins. Tradition sheds no light whatever on these ruins of Copan or Quirigua. The mysterious silence that surrounds these forms a void in the history of the human race. There are doubtless other ruins awaiting the traveller[440] and explorer in the wilderness18 around Lake Peten, in the northern part of Guatemala. The founder19 of the race was Izamat-Ul. “To him were brought,” says an old writer, “the sick, the halt and the dead, and he healed and restored them all to life by the touch of his hand.” Hence he was generally known as the Miraculous20 Hand, and in inscriptions is frequently represented by a hand only.
In the extreme southeastern part of Mexico, on a small peninsula known as Yucatan, is a section which was at one time the abode22 of this progressive and migrating race known generally among anthropologists as the Mayas. This distant province deserves far more mention than it usually receives from passing travellers. Though possessing few natural attractions Yucatan is a never-ending source of interest for the anthropologist23 and archeologist. The whole peninsula is a vast limestone24 formation, with little or no surface water. Rain is infrequent in most parts, and one might travel for miles without crossing a river or brook25, or even chancing upon a spring. In most sections of this peninsula the water is at least seventy feet below the surface of the ground. At the present time windmills aid the inhabitants of that section where the henequen,[441] from which binder26 twine27 is made, is raised, but centuries ago such facilities were unknown. There were, however, in some places natural wells which reached down to the depth of what seem to be underground rivers, and it was near these that several ancient cities were located. At least a score of these ancient cities have been explored, of which the best known and most important are Palenque, Uxmal and Chichen Itza. It is known that since the Spaniards first set foot on this peninsula many monuments and practically entire cities have disappeared. At one time, a contemporary writer asserts, there were destroyed in Yucatan five thousand idols28 of various forms and dimensions, thirteen huge stones which were used as altars, twenty-two smaller stones of various shapes, one hundred and ninety-seven manuscripts of all kinds, including twenty-seven written on deer skins.
Chichen Itza, which is generally interpreted to mean “the mouth of the wells of the Itzas,” seems to have been the leading city, and it was located near two of the largest natural wells, which are immense natural pits with perpendicular29 sides. It is probable that these phenomena30 attracted the Mayas in their northern migration. As the tribes quarrelled different[442] factions31 separated from the original body and established new cities as capitals. Thus Chichen Itza came into being. On this desolate32 soil,
“ ... buried ’mid trees,
Upspringing there for sunless centuries,
Lost to each race, to all the world unknown,
...
At every step some palace meets the eye,
Some figure frowns, some temple courts the sky.”
Before Cortez landed on Mexican soil the star of these ancient peoples had already set. Their oldest cities had their birth so far back in the twilight36 of time that not even tradition was able to tell the history of the tribes, the causes that led to their decay or the time of their disaster. Some traditions were told to the Spaniards, but they are of such uncertain origin that very little credence37 can be placed in them. Upon the walls are sculptures which speak to us in an unknown language; hieroglyphics38, and the chiselled39 types of a people long since departed. The hieroglyphics would probably explain all, but no interpreting key has yet been discovered to give an explanation to the writings. Some authorities assert, however,[443] that Chichen Itza was inhabited at the time of the Conquest. A Spaniard by the name of Aquilar was wrecked40 on this coast and lived with a powerful cacique for several years, but he left behind him no written memoirs41. At any rate, it is known that the Spanish forces occupied this place for at least two years. At first the submission42 of the natives was complete, but after a time they rallied from their stupor43, tiring of ministering to the insatiable wants of their conquerors44, and much severe fighting followed.
Of the two great wells at Chichen Itza one was used for the general water supply, the cenote grande, and the other was reserved for religious use exclusively, the cenote sacra. Picturesque45 indeed must have been the throngs46 of white-robed women who peopled the steps of the cenote grande at all hours of the day to fetch water for household purposes. They probably carried double-handled urns47 on their hips48 or shoulders just as their descendants do at this present day. From far and near all over Yucatan pilgrimages were made to the sacred well, which was on the outskirts of the city, just as pilgrimages are made to-day to holy shrines49 by Catholics and Mohammedans. It was this that gave the city its holy character.[444] Offerings of many kinds were made to the deities50. It is said that in time of drouth offerings of precious stones and other valuables were thrown into it, and in specially51 protracted52 cases human beings were thrown into it as sacrifices. Even after the time of the Spanish conquest there are recorded instances of pilgrimages to the sacred well for the purpose of sacrificing slaves to relieve a drouth. These victims were supposed to live even after they had disappeared beneath the sacred waters. A Spanish writer of the time asserts that this was done as late as 1560.
The Chichen Itza of the olden times, filled with pilgrims from far and near, would scarcely be recognized in the place of to-day. The jungle has gradually crept its way into the very holy of holies. Columns have been overthrown53, and some of the structures have been almost lost in a tangle54 of thorns and creepers. Even in the last half century the destruction and disintegration55 has been very noticeable. To reach the place it is necessary to ride about fifteen miles over a rough and wearisome road. All around lie buried in thick jungle ruins of palaces and other buildings. Pyramid-like structures seem to have been one[445] of the favourite forms of building. The most imposing56 of these on this site rises sixty-eight feet above the plain, and each side is almost one hundred and seventy-five feet in length, the whole covering about an acre of ground. This structure is called the Castillo, although it was really a temple. It is made up of nine terraces of faced masonry57, narrowing toward the top, each one elaborately panelled to relieve the monotony. On each side there is a broad stairway, with a flight of ninety steps, with stone balustrades, which are generally carved to represent reptiles58. A stone building almost forty feet square crowns the summit. The northern fa?ade must have been very striking before time and the destroying hand of man wrought59 their work. There were no doors on any of the buildings, and no traces of hinges have been found. At the western base of the pyramid is the walk that leads to the sacred well. It is believed that on the top of this pyramid the sacred rites60 of the priests of their faith were performed, and it is said that the sacrificial victims were led down these stairways, then along the causeway and finally cast into the sacred well. It is easy for the imagination to picture the scene in all its splendour of white-robed priests, smoking censors,[446] and—saddest of all—the victims bedecked with garlands of flowers.
There are ruins of colonnades61, courts, buildings and other structures of which many columns are standing62 at Chichen Itza, and it has been called “the city of a thousand columns” by some writers. One of the most important monuments is the Nun’s Palace, as it is called. It is not so large as others, but contains a greater number of apartments. It is said to have been the custom of these people to educate girls of noble birth to the service of the gods, on their attaining63 the age of twelve or thirteen. Their service was similar to that of the Vestal Virgins64, although the vows65 were not always perpetual. It was their duty to keep the altar supplied with fresh flowers and to sweep the temples. One group of structures is called the Ball Court, as it is believed to have been used for a game similar to the modern basket ball. It consists of two perpendicular parallel walls from north to south thirty-two feet high, three hundred and twenty-five feet long and one hundred and thirteen feet apart. The ends of this quadrangle are each occupied by a small temple. In the centre of each wall, about fifteen feet from the ground, there are two stone discs with holes through[447] the centre, which seem to have had a part in this or some other game. The vast proportions of this court, or tlachtle, would seem to indicate that this game was very popular with the Yucatecos. Some of the well preserved ruins present beautiful sculptured fa?ades, to which names have been given because of the fancied resemblance to something. For instance, one has been called the ruins of the “House of the Tigers,” because of a frieze66 of stalking tigers divided by richly fringed shells; another round building, known as El Caracol, “The Snail,” is the best preserved building at Chichen; “The Red House,” and the “House of the Dark Writing,” are still other structures. In all directions for several miles the bush is strewn with ruins. Crumbling walls and courts overgrown with jungle growth are encountered on every side, but because of the disintegration these once splendid palaces and temples are now little more than shapeless masses of crumbled67 masonry. The human figures seen on these monuments have the usual types of the Toltec carvings68 on the plateaus of Mexico. The total area covered by these ruins has been estimated by some investigators70 as high as ten square miles.
The next largest and most interesting city[448] of ruins is known as Uxmal, which was the capital of the Tutal Xiu branch of the Mayas. This city is located between low ranges of hills, perhaps one hundred miles from Chichen Itza. When seen from an eminence71 a dozen or more imposing structures of white limestone are presented to view. This city, no doubt, supplied a very important part in the early history of Yucatan—at least if one is to judge from its size. It is believed that this was the original city of the Toltecs. A dozen or more imposing structures of considerable size still stand here that can be identified, in addition to the large numbers of ruins which can scarcely be outlined. The most notable sanctuary72 of Uxmal, which is now known as the “House of the Dwarf73,” is over fifty feet high, and also surmounts74 a steep-sloped pyramid one hundred feet in height. Two stairways on opposite sides lead to this building. It is so named because the natives say it was built by a savage75 dwarf in a single night. Long after the city was abandoned this temple was held in especial veneration76. The Spanish priests used to find offerings of cocoa and copal on it, and they attributed this to devil worship. Two lines of parallel walls, parts of which are still standing, enclose a court or[449] quadrangle, which is similar to the Ball Court at Chichen. The group of buildings around it encloses more than one hundred rooms. All of the buildings seem to have been built on low platforms or terraces. There is also at this place a high terrace, or platform, that covers over three acres of ground, and on which is a second and a third terrace, upon the latter of which is the ruin of a building known as the Governor’s Palace. This building is one of the finest samples of early American architecture still extant. It stands at an elevation77 of forty-four feet above the plains, and commands a splendid view of the city. Its exterior78 walls are decorated with sculptured masonry, in the making of which it is estimated there are upward of twenty thousand sculptured pieces of stone. The building is three hundred and twenty-two feet long, and is divided into three parts by two arcades79 which pass clear through. It is built entirely80 of stone without ornament81 to a height of ten feet, then comes a cornice, above which is a wall that is a bewildering maze82 of beautiful sculpture. This frieze has a row of colossal83 heads, and is divided into panels which are alternately filled with grecques in high relief, and diamond or lattice work. All the lintels of the building[450] here are of wood in an excellent state of preservation84.
AN OLD CHURCH
At Uxmal there is a building called the “House of Turtles,” because of a row of turtles used as ornaments85 in the upper cornice. It is the freest from ornamentation of any of the structures. The turtles are found sculptured at various places along the cornice. The “House of the Pigeons” is the name of another building, because of the fancied resemblance to a dove-cote. The crest86 of the roof is perforated with many rectangular openings—but the resemblance for which the name is given is very fanciful. At this site there were none of the natural wells described at the other city, but these people constructed some natural reservoirs a short distance from the town in which the rainfall was collected, and which gave the necessary water supply for the people. Furthermore, some of the buildings seem to have had subterranean87 cisterns88 of large size under them. Heavy rainfall occurs here for about one-half the year, but during the other half there is practically no rainfall, and water becomes very scarce and valuable. The so-called “House of the Nuns” is the largest building and bears the richest and most intricate carving69 at Uxmal. It is composed of four[451] buildings, the largest of which is two hundred and seventy-nine feet in length. The four buildings enclose a great court, with sides two hundred and fourteen and two hundred and fifty-eight feet in length, the entrance to which is through a high triangular-arched gateway89. This building originally contained no less than eighty-eight apartments of various sizes. A number of writers believe that many of these buildings at Uxmal are comparatively recent, because of the appearance of the stone and the well-preserved character of the wood used in the construction.
These structures are only a part of the ruins that still remain, for the jungle on either side hides the remains90 of what were once imposing buildings. Many of these have been literally91 torn asunder92 by trees, whose roots have forced themselves between the stones and pried93 them apart. No doubt this city once housed many thousands of people, but to-day it is without inhabitants. The pomp and glory of former times have disappeared; and all is silent save for the birds that nest in the trees and bushes.
The third city of ruins, Palenque, is situated at a considerable distance south and west of the two just described, and not far from San Juan Bautista. Palenque, according to Charney,[452] was a holy city—a place for pilgrimage. In the carvings neither sword, spear, shield nor arrow appear. The representations are all of peaceful subjects, usually a personage standing with a sceptre and with prostrated94 acolytes95 at his feet. From the expression one would judge that they were worshippers, and not slaves or captives. Their expression is always peaceful and serene96 and that of worshippers and believers. The city is built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the lowest slope of the lofty Cordilleras beyond. Its high position affords a magnificent view over the forest-covered plain below stretching as far as the sea. In all the structures the builder levelled out the ground in narrow terraces, on which artificial elevations97 of pyramidal forms were reared, and the hillside was faced with hewed98 stones. At Palenque there are in all ten buildings in view, each one crowning an elevation artificially made. As one enters the grounds there are several buildings to the right and left, but directly in front are the remains of the Palace. At one time this building has been very large and imposing. Remains of a broad flight of steps that led to the imposing entrance corridor are in plain evidence. Flights of steps led down to the first patio99, which was surrounded[453] by lofty corridors with roofs of pointed100 arches and which led into small apartments. There were two of these patios101 in the Palace of irregular size. Double galleries which made a sort of cloister102 surrounded them. Gloomy entrances from these corridors lead to underground chambers103, where there are tables which are called altars, beds and dining tables by different writers. A lack of system seems to prevail in the building of the Palace. On top of one of the walls two immense forest trees are now growing. In the central portion are the ruins of a tower, of which three stories are still standing, with many windows. It is a square tower ornamented104 to the north with pointed niches105; otherwise it is almost devoid106 of ornamentation. On the contrary the galleries are richly ornamented with medallions, probably representing priests and priestesses. Many human figures are sculptured in low relief representing priests with mitres on their heads and in uncomfortable attitudes. The faces are oftentimes defaced in order to give an appearance of ferocity. Some of the figures of the deities are fantastic, monstrous107 and even terrible.
The Temple of Inscriptions stands on a hill about fifty feet high. A magnificent view of[454] the ruins is afforded by this elevation, as well as the broad tablelands surrounding. There are three large mural tablets covered with picture writing and hieroglyphs108, supposed to be copies of the laws of these ancient people, in the building. Across a little valley over which an aqueduct leads the land rises in terraces, and is surmounted109 with artificially made hills on which are the ruins of more buildings—two Temples of the Cross and the Temple of the Sun. The Temple of the Sun is almost perfectly110 preserved. The interior is one large room with a sanctuary at one end. In each of these are mural tablets which contain what is known as the Cross of Palenque. The cruciform shape, such as the swastika and other forms, is not uncommon111 among aboriginal112 people, but this is what is known as the Latin cross. Whether this arose by chance through the invention of the artist, or the cross had some religious significance among these people, still remains an absolute mystery. Charney asserts that it is one of the symbols of Tlaloa, the god of rain, but other writers differ with him. The body of the cross, which rests on a hideous113 head, is sculptured in the centre, and at the upper end are two human figures. On one there is an inscription11 of sixty-eight characters,[455] which doubtless explain the ceremony represented by the sculpture. Again it is surmounted by the sacred bird of the Mayas, the quetzal. In another this place is taken by a representation of the sun with its spreading rays. Where did the Mayas get their idea of the cross so sacred among Christian people? No one has yet been able to answer this question satisfactorily.
Who built these structures? For what purpose were they reared? Various are the theories, and many are the speculations114 covering them. But authentic115 information is absolutely wanting, and the passing years shed little light. The modern Yucatecos are an attractive people. No people in the world are pleasanter or have more delightful116 manners than they. The young women have a winning grace and charm that is peculiarly their own. Their costume is not greatly unlike that of the Tehuanas—and it is fully117 as unique and becoming. It is quite probable that their customs and characteristics have not changed much since the Spanish occupation. They have always been an independent people, and have caused much more trouble than the majority of the aboriginal tribes of Mexico.
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1
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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2
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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3
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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6
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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7
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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8
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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9
chronological
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| adj.按年月顺序排列的，年代学的 | |
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10
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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11
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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12
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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13
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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14
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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15
migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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16
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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17
inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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18
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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19
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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23
anthropologist
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| n.人类学家，人类学者 | |
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24
limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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binder
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| n.包扎物，包扎工具；[法]临时契约；粘合剂；装订工 | |
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27
twine
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| v.搓，织，编饰；（使）缠绕 | |
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28
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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30
phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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31
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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32
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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lone
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| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
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35
lava
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| n.熔岩，火山岩 | |
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36
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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37
credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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38
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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39
chiselled
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| adj.凿过的，凿光的； （文章等）精心雕琢的v.凿，雕，镌( chisel的过去式 ) | |
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40
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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41
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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42
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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43
stupor
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| v.昏迷；不省人事 | |
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44
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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45
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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46
throngs
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| n.人群( throng的名词复数 )v.成群，挤满( throng的第三人称单数 ) | |
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47
urns
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| n.壶( urn的名词复数 )；瓮；缸；骨灰瓮 | |
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48
hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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deities
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| n.神，女神( deity的名词复数 )；神祗；神灵；神明 | |
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51
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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52
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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disintegration
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| n.分散，解体 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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57
masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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58
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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59
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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colonnades
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| n.石柱廊( colonnade的名词复数 ) | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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64
virgins
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| 处女，童男( virgin的名词复数 )； 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母） | |
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65
vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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frieze
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| n.(墙上的)横饰带，雕带 | |
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crumbled
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| （把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏 | |
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68
carvings
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| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
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carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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70
investigators
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| n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 ) | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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72
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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74
surmounts
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| 战胜( surmount的第三人称单数 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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75
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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arcades
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| n.商场( arcade的名词复数 )；拱形走道（两旁有商店或娱乐设施）；连拱廊；拱形建筑物 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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maze
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| n.迷宫，八阵图，混乱，迷惑 | |
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colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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85
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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cisterns
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| n.蓄水池，储水箱( cistern的名词复数 )；地下储水池 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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asunder
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| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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pried
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| v.打听，刺探（他人的私事）( pry的过去式和过去分词 )；撬开 | |
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prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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95
acolytes
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| n.助手( acolyte的名词复数 )；随从；新手；（天主教）侍祭 | |
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serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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elevations
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| （水平或数量）提高( elevation的名词复数 )； 高地； 海拔； 提升 | |
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hewed
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的过去式和过去分词 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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99
patio
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| n.庭院，平台 | |
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100
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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101
patios
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| n.露台，平台( patio的名词复数 ) | |
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102
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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103
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
niches
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| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
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106
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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107
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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108
hieroglyphs
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| n.象形字（如古埃及等所用的）( hieroglyph的名词复数 )；秘密的或另有含意的书写符号 | |
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109
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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110
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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111
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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112
aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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113
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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114
speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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115
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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116
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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117
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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