SERVANTS AND MAID SERVANTS—APPEARANCES—SLAVE ARISTOCRACY—STABLE AND
CARRIAGE HOUSE—BOUNDLESS HOSPITALITY—FRAGRANCE OF RICH DISHES—THE
AND SLAVEHOLDERS ALIKE WRETCHED—FRETFUL DISCONTENT
OF SLAVEHOLDERS—FAULT-FINDING—OLD BARNEY—HIS
PROFESSION—WHIPPING—HUMILIATING SPECTACLE—CASE EXCEPTIONAL—WILLIAM
WILKS—SUPPOSED SON OF COL. LLOYD—CURIOUS INCIDENT—SLAVES PREFER RICH
MASTERS TO POOR ONES.
The close-fisted stinginess that fed the poor slave on coarse corn-meal and tainted3 meat; that clothed him in crashy tow-linen, and hurried him to toil4 through the field, in all weathers, with wind and rain beating through his tattered5 garments; that scarcely gave even the young slave-mother time to nurse her hungry infant in the fence corner; wholly vanishes on approaching the sacred precincts of the great house, the home of the Lloyds. There the scriptural phrase finds an exact illustration; the highly favored inmates6 of this mansion7 are literally8 arrayed “in purple and fine linen,” and fare sumptuously9 every day! The table groans11 under the heavy and blood-bought luxuries gathered with painstaking12 care, at home and abroad. Fields, forests, rivers and seas, are made tributary13 here. Immense wealth, and its lavish14 expenditure, fill the great house with all that can please the eye, or tempt15 the taste. Here, appetite, not food, is the great desideratum. Fish, flesh and fowl16, are here in profusion17. Chickens, of[84] all breeds; ducks, of all kinds, wild and tame, the common, and the huge Muscovite; Guinea fowls18, turkeys, geese, and pea fowls, are in their several pens, fat and fatting for the destined19 vortex. The graceful20 swan, the mongrels, the black-necked wild goose; partridges, quails21, pheasants and pigeons; choice water fowl, with all their strange varieties, are caught in this huge family net. Beef, veal22, mutton and venison, of the most select kinds and quality, roll bounteously23 to this grand consumer. The teeming24 riches of the Chesapeake bay, its rock, perch25, drums, crocus, trout26, oysters27, crabs28, and terrapin29, are drawn30 hither to adorn31 the glittering table of the great house. The dairy, too, probably the finest on the Eastern Shore of Maryland—supplied by cattle of the best English stock, imported for the purpose, pours its rich donations of fragant cheese, golden butter, and delicious cream, to heighten the attraction of the gorgeous, unending round of feasting. Nor are the fruits of the earth forgotten or neglected. The fertile garden, many acres in size, constituting a separate establishment, distinct from the common farm—with its scientific gardener, imported from Scotland (a Mr. McDermott) with four men under his direction, was not behind, either in the abundance or in the delicacy32 of its contributions to the same full board. The tender asparagus, the succulent celery, and the delicate cauliflower; egg plants, beets33, lettuce34, parsnips, peas, and French beans, early and late; radishes, cantelopes, melons of all kinds; the fruits and flowers of all climes and of all descriptions, from the hardy35 apple of the north, to the lemon and orange of the south, culminated36 at this point. Baltimore gathered figs37, raisins38, almonds and juicy grapes from Spain. Wines and brandies from France; teas of various flavor, from China; and rich, aromatic39 coffee from Java, all conspired40 to swell41 the tide of high life, where pride and indolence rolled and lounged in magnificence and satiety42.
Behind the tall-backed and elaborately wrought43 chairs, stand the servants, men and maidens—fifteen in number—discriminately selected, not only with a view to their industry and faithfulness,[85] but with special regard to their personal appearance, their graceful agility44 and captivating address. Some of these are armed with fans, and are fanning reviving breezes toward the over-heated brows of the alabaster45 ladies; others watch with eager eye, and with fawn-like step anticipate and supply wants before they are sufficiently46 formed to be announced by word or sign.
These servants constituted a sort of black aristocracy on Col. Lloyd’s plantation47. They resembled the field hands in nothing, except in color, and in this they held the advantage of a velvet-like glossiness48, rich and beautiful. The hair, too, showed the same advantage. The delicate colored maid rustled49 in the scarcely worn silk of her young mistress, while the servant men were equally well attired50 from the over-flowing wardrobe of their young masters; so that, in dress, as well as in form and feature, in manner and speech, in tastes and habits, the distance between these favored few, and the sorrow and hunger-smitten multitudes of the quarter and the field, was immense; and this is seldom passed over.
Let us now glance at the stables and the carriage house, and we shall find the same evidences of pride and luxurious51 extravagance. Here are three splendid coaches, soft within and lustrous52 without. Here, too, are gigs, phaetons, barouches, sulkeys and sleighs. Here are saddles and harnesses—beautifully wrought and silver mounted—kept with every care. In the stable you will find, kept only for pleasure, full thirty-five horses, of the most approved blood for speed and beauty. There are two men here constantly employed in taking care of these horses. One of these men must be always in the stable, to answer every call from the great house. Over the way from the stable, is a house built expressly for the hounds—a pack of twenty-five or thirty—whose fare would have made glad the heart of a dozen slaves. Horses and hounds are not the only consumers of the slave’s toil. There was practiced, at the Lloyd’s, a hospitality which would have[86] astonished and charmed any health-seeking northern divine or merchant, who might have chanced to share it. Viewed from his own table, and not from the field, the colonel was a model of generous hospitality. His house was, literally, a hotel, for weeks during the summer months. At these times, especially, the air was freighted with the rich fumes53 of baking, boiling, roasting and broiling54. The odors I shared with the winds; but the meats were under a more stringent55 monopoly except that, occasionally, I got a cake from Mas’ Daniel. In Mas’ Daniel I had a friend at court, from whom I learned many things which my eager curiosity was excited to know. I always knew when company was expected, and who they were, although I was an outsider, being the property, not of Col. Lloyd, but of a servant of the wealthy colonel. On these occasions, all that pride, taste and money could do, to dazzle and charm, was done.
Who could say that the servants of Col. Lloyd were not well clad and cared for, after witnessing one of his magnificent entertainments? Who could say that they did not seem to glory in being the slaves of such a master? Who, but a fanatic56, could get up any sympathy for persons whose every movement was agile57, easy and graceful, and who evinced a consciousness of high superiority? And who would ever venture to suspect that Col. Lloyd was subject to the troubles of ordinary mortals? Master and slave seem alike in their glory here? Can it all be seeming? Alas58! it may only be a sham59 at last! This immense wealth; this gilded60 splendor61; this profusion of luxury; this exemption62 from toil; this life of ease; this sea of plenty; aye, what of it all? Are the pearly gates of happiness and sweet content flung open to such suitors? far from it! The poor slave, on his hard, pine plank63, but scantily64 covered with his thin blanket, sleeps more soundly than the feverish65 voluptuary who reclines upon his feather bed and downy pillow. Food, to the indolent lounger, is poison, not sustenance66. Lurking67 beneath all their dishes, are invisible spirits of evil, ready to feed the self-deluded gormandizers[87] which aches, pains, fierce temper, uncontrolled passions, dyspepsia, rheumatism68, lumbago and gout; and of these the Lloyds got their full share. To the pampered69 love of ease, there is no resting place. What is pleasant today, is repulsive70 tomorrow; what is soft now, is hard at another time; what is sweet in the morning, is bitter in the evening. Neither to the wicked, nor to the idler, is there any solid peace: “Troubled, like the restless sea.”
I had excellent opportunities of witnessing the restless discontent and the capricious irritation71 of the Lloyds. My fondness for horses—not peculiar72 to me more than to other boys attracted me, much of the time, to the stables. This establishment was especially under the care of “old” and “young” Barney—father and son. Old Barney was a fine looking old man, of a brownish complexion73, who was quite portly, and wore a dignified74 aspect for a slave. He was, evidently, much devoted75 to his profession, and held his office an honorable one. He was a farrier as well as an ostler; he could bleed, remove lampers from the mouths of the horses, and was well instructed in horse medicines. No one on the farm knew, so well as Old Barney, what to do with a sick horse. But his gifts and acquirements were of little advantage to him. His office was by no means an enviable one. He often got presents, but he got stripes as well; for in nothing was Col. Lloyd more unreasonable76 and exacting77, than in respect to the management of his pleasure horses. Any supposed inattention to these animals were sure to be visited with degrading punishment. His horses and dogs fared better than his men. Their beds must be softer and cleaner than those of his human cattle. No excuse could shield Old Barney, if the colonel only suspected something wrong about his horses; and, consequently, he was often punished when faultless. It was absolutely painful to listen to the many unreasonable and fretful scoldings, poured out at the stable, by Col. Lloyd, his sons and sons-in-law. Of the latter, he had three—Messrs. Nicholson, Winder and Lownes. These all[88] lived at the great house a portion of the year, and enjoyed the luxury of whipping the servants when they pleased, which was by no means unfrequently. A horse was seldom brought out of the stable to which no objection could be raised. “There was dust in his hair;” “there was a twist in his reins;” “his mane did not lie straight;” “he had not been properly grained;” “his head did not look well;” “his fore-top was not combed out;” “his fetlocks had not been properly trimmed;” something was always wrong. Listening to complaints, however groundless, Barney must stand, hat in hand, lips sealed, never answering a word. He must make no reply, no explanation; the judgment78 of the master must be deemed infallible, for his power is absolute and irresponsible. In a free state, a master, thus complaining without cause, of his ostler, might be told—“Sir, I am sorry I cannot please you, but, since I have done the best I can, your remedy is to dismiss me.” Here, however, the ostler must stand, listen and tremble. One of the most heart-saddening and humiliating scenes I ever witnessed, was the whipping of Old Barney, by Col. Lloyd himself. Here were two men, both advanced in years; there were the silvery locks of Col. L., and there was the bald and toil-worn brow of Old Barney; master and slave; superior and inferior here, but equals at the bar of God; and, in the common course of events, they must both soon meet in another world, in a world where all distinctions, except those based on obedience79 and disobedience, are blotted80 out forever. “Uncover your head!” said the imperious master; he was obeyed. “Take off your jacket, you old rascal81!” and off came Barney’s jacket. “Down on your knees!” down knelt the old man, his shoulders bare, his bald head glistening82 in the sun, and his aged83 knees on the cold, damp ground. In his humble84 and debasing attitude, the master—that master to whom he had given the best years and the best strength of his life—came forward, and laid on thirty lashes85, with his horse whip. The old man bore it patiently, to the last, answering each blow with a slight shrug86 of the shoulders, and a groan10. I cannot think that[89] Col. Lloyd succeeded in marring the flesh of Old Barney very seriously, for the whip was a light, riding whip; but the spectacle of an aged man—a husband and a father—humbly kneeling before a worm of the dust, surprised and shocked me at the time; and since I have grown old enough to think on the wickedness of slavery, few facts have been of more value to me than this, to which I was a witness. It reveals slavery in its true color, and in its maturity87 of repulsive hatefulness. I owe it to truth, however, to say, that this was the first and the last time I ever saw Old Barney, or any other slave, compelled to kneel to receive a whipping.
I saw, at the stable, another incident, which I will relate, as it is illustrative of a phase of slavery to which I have already referred in another connection. Besides two other coachmen, Col. Lloyd owned one named William, who, strangely enough, was often called by his surname, Wilks, by white and colored people on the home plantation. Wilks was a very fine looking man. He was about as white as anybody on the plantation; and in manliness88 of form, and comeliness89 of features, he bore a very striking resemblance to Mr. Murray Lloyd. It was whispered, and pretty generally admitted as a fact, that William Wilks was a son of Col. Lloyd, by a highly favored slave-woman, who was still on the plantation. There were many reasons for believing this whisper, not only in William’s appearance, but in the undeniable freedom which he enjoyed over all others, and his apparent consciousness of being something more than a slave to his master. It was notorious, too, that William had a deadly enemy in Murray Lloyd, whom he so much resembled, and that the latter greatly worried his father with importunities to sell William. Indeed, he gave his father no rest until he did sell him, to Austin Woldfolk, the great slave-trader at that time. Before selling him, however, Mr. L. tried what giving William a whipping would do, toward making things smooth; but this was a failure. It was a compromise, and defeated itself; for,[90] immediately after the infliction90, the heart-sickened colonel atoned92 to William for the abuse, by giving him a gold watch and chain. Another fact, somewhat curious, is, that though sold to the remorseless Woldfolk, taken in irons to Baltimore and cast into prison, with a view to being driven to the south, William, by some means—always a mystery to me—outbid all his purchasers, paid for himself, and now resides in Baltimore, a FREEMAN. Is there not room to suspect, that, as the gold watch was presented to atone91 for the whipping, a purse of gold was given him by the same hand, with which to effect his purchase, as an atonement for the indignity93 involved in selling his own flesh and blood. All the circumstances of William, on the great house farm, show him to have occupied a different position from the other slaves, and, certainly, there is nothing in the supposed hostility94 of slaveholders to amalgamation95, to forbid the supposition that William Wilks was the son of Edward Lloyd. Practical amalgamation is common in every neighborhood where I have been in slavery.
Col. Lloyd was not in the way of knowing much of the real opinions and feelings of his slaves respecting him. The distance between him and them was far too great to admit of such knowledge. His slaves were so numerous, that he did not know them when he saw them. Nor, indeed, did all his slaves know him. In this respect, he was inconveniently96 rich. It is reported of him, that, while riding along the road one day, he met a colored man, and addressed him in the usual way of speaking to colored people on the public highways of the south: “Well, boy, who do you belong to?” “To Col. Lloyd,” replied the slave. “Well, does the colonel treat you well?” “No, sir,” was the ready reply. “What? does he work you too hard?” “Yes, sir.” “Well, don’t he give enough to eat?” “Yes, sir, he gives me enough, such as it is.” The colonel, after ascertaining98 where the slave belonged, rode on; the slave also went on about his business, not dreaming that he had been conversing99 with his master. He thought, said and heard nothing more of the matter, until two or three weeks afterwards.[91] The poor man was then informed by his overseer, that, for having found fault with his master, he was now to be sold to a Georgia trader. He was immediately chained and handcuffed; and thus, without a moment’s warning he was snatched away, and forever sundered100 from his family and friends, by a hand more unrelenting than that of death. This is the penalty of telling the simple truth, in answer to a series of plain questions. It is partly in consequence of such facts, that slaves, when inquired of as to their condition and the character of their masters, almost invariably say they are contented101, and that their masters are kind. Slaveholders have been known to send spies among their slaves, to ascertain97, if possible, their views and feelings in regard to their condition. The frequency of this had the effect to establish among the slaves the maxim102, that a still tongue makes a wise head. They suppress the truth rather than take the consequence of telling it, and, in so doing, they prove themselves a part of the human family. If they have anything to say of their master, it is, generally, something in his favor, especially when speaking to strangers. I was frequently asked, while a slave, if I had a kind master, and I do not remember ever to have given a negative reply. Nor did I, when pursuing this course, consider myself as uttering what was utterly103 false; for I always measured the kindness of my master by the standard of kindness set up by slaveholders around us. However, slaves are like other people, and imbibe104 similar prejudices. They are apt to think their condition better than that of others. Many, under the influence of this prejudice, think their own masters are better than the masters of other slaves; and this, too, in some cases, when the very reverse is true. Indeed, it is not uncommon105 for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative kindness of their masters, contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of others. At the very same time, they mutually execrate106 their masters, when viewed separately. It was so on our plantation. When Col. Lloyd’s slaves met those of Jacob Jepson, they[92] seldom parted without a quarrel about their masters; Col. Lloyd’s slaves contending that he was the richest, and Mr. Jepson’s slaves that he was the smartest, man of the two. Col. Lloyd’s slaves would boost his ability to buy and sell Jacob Jepson; Mr. Jepson’s slaves would boast his ability to whip Col. Lloyd. These quarrels would almost always end in a fight between the parties; those that beat were supposed to have gained the point at issue. They seemed to think that the greatness of their masters was transferable to themselves. To be a SLAVE, was thought to be bad enough; but to be a poor man’s slave, was deemed a disgrace, indeed.
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1
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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2
deceptive
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| adj.骗人的，造成假象的，靠不住的 | |
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3
tainted
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| adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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4
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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5
tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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6
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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7
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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8
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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9
sumptuously
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| 奢侈地，豪华地 | |
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10
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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11
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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12
painstaking
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| adj.苦干的；艰苦的，费力的，刻苦的 | |
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13
tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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14
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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15
tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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16
fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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18
fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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19
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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20
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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21
quails
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| 鹌鹑( quail的名词复数 )； 鹌鹑肉 | |
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veal
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| n.小牛肉 | |
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bounteously
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| adv.慷慨地，丰富地 | |
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24
teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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25
perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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27
oysters
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| 牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 ) | |
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28
crabs
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| n.蟹( crab的名词复数 )；阴虱寄生病；蟹肉v.捕蟹( crab的第三人称单数 ) | |
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terrapin
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| n.泥龟；鳖 | |
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30
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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beets
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| 甜菜( beet的名词复数 )； 甜菜根； （因愤怒、难堪或觉得热而）脸红 | |
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lettuce
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| n.莴苣；生菜 | |
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35
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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culminated
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| v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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figs
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| figures 数字，图形，外形 | |
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38
raisins
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| n.葡萄干( raisin的名词复数 ) | |
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39
aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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40
conspired
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| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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41
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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42
satiety
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| n.饱和；(市场的)充分供应 | |
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43
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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44
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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45
alabaster
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| adj.雪白的；n.雪花石膏；条纹大理石 | |
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46
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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47
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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48
glossiness
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| 有光泽的； 光泽度 | |
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49
rustled
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| v.发出沙沙的声音( rustle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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50
attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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52
lustrous
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| adj.有光泽的；光辉的 | |
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53
fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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54
broiling
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| adj.酷热的，炽热的，似烧的v.（用火）烤（焙、炙等）( broil的现在分词 )；使卷入争吵；使混乱；被烤（或炙） | |
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stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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fanatic
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| n.狂热者，入迷者；adj.狂热入迷的 | |
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agile
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| adj.敏捷的，灵活的 | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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sham
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| n./adj.假冒(的)，虚伪(的) | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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exemption
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| n.豁免，免税额，免除 | |
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plank
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| n.板条，木板，政策要点，政纲条目 | |
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scantily
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| adv.缺乏地；不充足地；吝啬地；狭窄地 | |
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feverish
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| adj.发烧的，狂热的，兴奋的 | |
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sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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rheumatism
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| n.风湿病 | |
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pampered
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| adj.饮食过量的，饮食奢侈的v.纵容，宠，娇养( pamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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repulsive
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| adj.排斥的，使人反感的 | |
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irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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lashes
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| n.鞭挞( lash的名词复数 )；鞭子；突然猛烈的一击；急速挥动v.鞭打( lash的第三人称单数 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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shrug
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| v.耸肩(表示怀疑、冷漠、不知等) | |
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maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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manliness
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| 刚毅 | |
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comeliness
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| n. 清秀, 美丽, 合宜 | |
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infliction
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| n.（强加于人身的）痛苦，刑罚 | |
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atone
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| v.赎罪，补偿 | |
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atoned
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| v.补偿，赎（罪）( atone的过去式和过去分词 )；补偿，弥补，赎回 | |
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indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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amalgamation
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| n.合并，重组；；汞齐化 | |
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inconveniently
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| ad.不方便地 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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100
sundered
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| v.隔开，分开( sunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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102
maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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103
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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104
imbibe
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| v.喝，饮；吸入，吸收 | |
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105
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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106
execrate
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| v.憎恶；厌恶；诅咒 | |
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