“Where is Gulistan, the Land of Roses?
Not on hills, where Northern winters
Break their spears in icy splinters,
Which the Orient summers lend her,
Blue the heaven above her beauty closes:
There is Gulistan, the Land of Roses.
Southward spring the silver fountains,
Which to Hafiz taught his sweetest measures.
Clearly ringing to the singing,
Which the nightingales delight in,
When the Spring, from Oman winging
On the land, till valleys brighten.”
—Taylor.
By far the most interesting and valuable part of Mr. Taylor’s experience as a traveller was in India, China, and Japan, if we consider only the welfare of his readers. But so far as its influence upon him was[207] concerned, its impression was far less marked than that in Europe and Egypt. At the time he left Gibraltar for Egypt, the lands of India, China, and Japan were comparatively little known to the reading communities in America. Even India, which had so long been the idol6 of England and the El Dorado for all her adventurous7 spirits and valorous soldiers, was a country with which America had but little communication, and in whose people Americans took but little interest. It was a neglected field.
Mr. Taylor, in a letter to a friend in Washington, laid much stress upon the importance to American commerce of an accurate description of those lands, and hoped to be the instrument by which an interest in such enterprises might be awakened8. It was a laudable, patriotic9 purpose, and was most conscientiously10 carried out by him.
He left Gibraltar on the 28th of November, on a Peninsular and Oriental steamer, which touched at that port, on its way from Southampton to Alexandria. He arrived at Alexandria December 8, and sought his old quarters in the city. He felt like one who returns to his home, as he walked the streets of the Egyptian city, and relates with evident satisfaction how pleasant it was to call out to the crowd of donkey-drivers in their native tongue.
But his visit to Cairo gave him the keenest delight, as there he saw many familiar faces, and was greeted with many welcoming smiles. He was especially delighted[208] to meet his faithful dragoman, Achmet, who had been his companion on his trip to the White Nile, and the happiness of the Egyptian on seeing his old employer told very impressively the power and virtue11 of Mr. Taylor’s character. Men were faithful to him because he had faith in them. They loved him because he understood and appreciated them. Even the little donkey-boy on whose animal Mr. Taylor had rode a year before in one of his reckless canters through the bazaars13, remembered him and offered to let him ride again without pay—an act unheard of by other travellers there. It could not be otherwise than sweet to travel in any land where the people were friends and where the wanderer was regarded in the light of an especially intelligent relative.
At that date there were no railroads in Egypt, although one was projected, and Mr. Taylor was compelled, in common with the crowd of other travellers, to ride in a cart, eighty-four miles, through the sandy desert, to Suez. The latter town was then, according to Mr. Taylor’s account, a small, dirty, insignificant14 place. But the writer, who visited the place after a visit to Japan, China, and India, in 1870, found a very prosperous town, with excellent hotel accommodations. The bazaar12 was large and stocked with an immense quantity of goods from all parts of the civilized15 world. It has doubtless grown much since the work was begun on the Suez Canal, and since the harbor has been dredged and the wharves16 constructed.
[209]
His stay in Suez was, however, very brief, as the Mediterranean17 steamer had arrived much behind time, and consequently all were hurried on board the little tug18, and soon walked the deck of an India steamer.
They were on the Red Sea! Now that its barren, sandy shores, the home of the pelican19 and ostrich20, have become so familiar to tourists, and its glaring surface been so often mentioned by correspondents, there is less romance about a voyage from Suez to Aden than in that comparatively early day when Mr. Taylor visited the locality. There was the rugged21 pass on the west, through which the pillar of fire led the escaping Jews to the shore, and there was the beach and highlands on the east, up which they marched dry-shod from the bed of the sea, while the waves rolled in on the hosts of Pharaoh. There was the hill on which Miriam sang so exultingly22; and beyond, the hot peaks of the Sinaitic Wilderness23. Somewhere in the vicinity of that sea resided the Queen of Sheba; and not far from its shores were the forgotten mines of ancient Ophir.
But Mr. Taylor felt now that a patriotic duty rested upon him, and avoiding the delicious flights of fancy which pleased him so much in Europe, he devoted24 himself to the practical things which might be of advantage to his ambitious countrymen. So he told about the sailors who were employed on the steamer, where Hindoos did all the drudgery25 and Chinamen prepared the food, under the direction of Europeans.[210] He described the character of the passengers, telling where each came from and where they were going. How he ascertained26 these facts is an enigma27; but they were important to commercial people who would compete with the established lines, and who would like to know whom to employ and who would be their patrons. There were physicians, soldiers, officers, merchants, and health-seekers, from each of whom Mr. Taylor managed to gain much information. He did not wait, like the fashionable tourist of this day, until he arrived at his destination, trusting to luck for information and accommodation. He closely studied the country before he arrived there, and frequently astonished his guides and native companions by showing a much more accurate and extensive knowledge of their country than they possessed28 who had lived there all their lives.
He mentioned the hot red hills and the furnace-like surface of the sea, saying that one part of the Red Sea was the hottest part of the earth’s surface. But he appears to have suffered less than he had in the desert, and was quite happy with his biscuit and claret, and lost no time with useless fans.
He saw Mocha from the deck of the steamer, and immediately set about ascertaining29 what advantages that port and town offered to commerce. Without leaving the deck he found persons who knew all about Arabia and its products; so he sits down and writes a letter about coffee and its culture in and about Mocha.[211] He was such a devoted lover of coffee that it may have been a peculiarly interesting topic to him. At all events, he wrote so intelligently that an old schoolmate, who was engaged in foreign trade, acted profitably on Mr. Taylor’s hints and started a son in the coffee-trade at Baltimore. Mr. Taylor stated in his letter that fifteen thousand tons of coffee were exported annually30 from Mocha, it being raised in the interior and brought to Mocha on camels. He said that foreign vessels31 could best load at Aden, the English stronghold on the south-west coast of Arabia, to which port the native coasting vessels carried nearly all the exports of Mocha and of the other small ports along the Red Sea. He also gave the information that equally good coffee could be obtained on the Abyssinian coast, and at a smaller price.
He entered the port of Aden in the night, and was startled to look out on the port in the morning and see such jagged masses of black rock shooting up from the sand one thousand five hundred feet. It is another Gibraltar, and shrewdly has England held by diplomacy33 what she obtained by such a show of force. But the heat from the sand and barren rocks is so intense that the quivers of a heated atmosphere are always visible, and very injurious to the eyes. At the time of Mr. Taylor’s visit, the town and the harbor were wretched and dangerous; but in 1870 the writer found a neat village, with good hotels, and a spacious34 wharf35. Mr. Taylor saw the advantages of the port[212] and predicted its growth. He mentioned the form, features, and dispositions36 of the Arabians; and told what interest the Parsees and Hindoos took in the local trade. He mentioned the articles of commerce to be found there, and gave the prices.
There is not to be found in his letters to the “Tribune,” nor in his book, “India, China, and Japan,” any mention of his sensations when he saw, as he did at Aden, a fire-worshipper (Parsee) for the first time. Being a poet by nature, and an admirer of Moore, he must have been fascinated by the actual presence of a Gheber with whom he could converse37, and with whom he could change English money into the coin of the country. How “Lalla Rookh” comes to the tongue’s end when we look a fire-worshipper in the face and recognize the picture Moore had given of him!
At Aden Mr. Taylor witnessed an incident which, to one so broadly charitable and Christian38, must have been most revolting. One of the workmen, who had been loading the steamer with coal, was asleep in the hold when the vessel32 started, and the officers finding him aboard after they had put to sea, forced the poor native overboard and left him to float ashore39 with the tide or perish in the waves. He whose land was the world, whose brethren were all mankind, whose friends were the humblest heathen as well as the titled official, looked back at the dark speck40 on the waves, and tears filled his eyes.
[213]
From Aden, the steamer entered upon its trip across the Indian Ocean, which was true to its reputation, and was placid41 and peaceful as an inland lake. But the slow steamer took nine days to sail from Suez to Bombay; and by the time Mr. Taylor was brought into view of the mountains where Brahma and Vishnu had so long been worshipped, he had become acquainted with nearly all the Hindoo sailors, and could secure unusual attendance from the waiters by addressing them in the Hindustanee language. He had learned the names of the principal streets of Bombay, the names of the richest merchants, and the kind of fare to be expected at the hotels. So naturally did he fall into the ways of the people that the boatmen who took him ashore at Bombay mistook him for an old resident and carried him ashore for one rupee, while charging the other passengers three. He seated himself, or rather stretched himself, into a palanquin carried by four men,—one at each end of a long pole,—and like a native rode through the streets of Bombay on the necks of servants. But he did not enjoy that kind of conveyance42; he had too much sympathy with the human race to impose his weight on the necks of human beings without misgiving43, and he afterwards refused to be carried about in that way when mules44 were to be had.
At Bombay, he was received with the same good-will and hospitality as he had found in other lands. Parsees, Hindoos, English, and Arabians vied with each other in giving him kindly45 attentions; the people[214] were pagan in religion, but Christian in generosity46 and charity. It broadens one’s ideas of theology to be thrown into communion with so many different nations with as many different gods. But its tendency is to confirm, rather than to unsettle, the belief in the Christian doctrines47. At all events, such was Mr. Taylor’s experience; and such has been the effect upon others.
He found the common people very servile, and lacking in spirit, and attributed it to the long despotism. But in them he found faithful friends, and learned to respect them. They were nearly all pagans when he was there, and worshipped their huge red idols48 with a sincerity49 and self-sacrifice worthy50 of the highest profession. In order to learn something of India in those remote ages beyond the testimony51 of history, and even back of the age of tradition, he visited the old temple on the island of Elephanta, about seven miles from Bombay. The massive structure, in partial ruin, so wonderfully wrought52 and massively constructed, made a deep impression upon his mind. Far, far back in the uncounted ages, the foundations were laid by men who were not low in the scale of civilization, if an idea of the beautiful and the ability to embody53 it in forms of stone be a test of enlightenment; it stands to-day, defying time, as it has defied earthquakes and cannon-shot. Into the fathomless54 future will it pass, an immovable monument of the skill and art of man in the childhood of human experience. In the statuary[215] Mr. Taylor found a strange resemblance to the three ages of art; the statue of Brahma representing the style of the Egyptian, Vishnu being represented in a form and carving55 of the Greek style, while Siva was cut from the stone in such a shape as to remind him of the Mephistopheles of the German school of sculpture.
His keen scrutiny56 also developed the theory that the pillars were rough copies of the poppy-stem and the lotus-leaf. The latter was the emblem57 of sanctity in the days of Brahma. Mr. Taylor’s suggestion has been attractively enlarged upon and illustrated58 within a few years by writers for English literary and art periodicals.
No excursion from Bombay exceeds that to Elephanta in romantic attractions; for there are not only extensive ruins of greater and lesser59 temples, but the landscape, wherein the greenest islands dot the sheen of a gorgeous bay, is bright with most beautiful flowers and bright leaves, and the air is permeated60 with the odor of roses and cassia. Soon Elephanta will be a “summer resort,” and Taylor’s description and reflections will be sold by newsboys as a guide-book.
At Bombay he visited the large mercantile establishments and investigated the prospects61 of trade; saw the people in their homes, at meals, prayers, marriages, and funerals, and studied the work of the carpenters in that celebrated62 shipyard where was constructed the man-of-war wherein the Star-Spangled Banner was written. He knew all about the city as it was when he saw it,[216] and as it had been from its Portuguese63 beginning; and yet he remained but a single week. Who was the simpleton that circulated an unauthorized statement that Mr. Taylor travelled far and saw little? In fact, he knew more of the needs and enterprise of Bombay than many old residents.
In his haste to see as much of India as possible, and yet arrive in China in season to join Commodore Perry’s expedition to Japan, he determined64 to ride in one of the mail carts of India a distance of nearly four hundred miles. His new friends advised him not to attempt the journey, and entertained him with the deeds of assassins and robbers along the route, and the results of the fatiguing65 ride of seven days and nights in a two-wheeled vehicle without springs or mattresses66. But his mind was made up to go, and go he would. So, regardless of warnings and advice, he started into the interior in a cart with a driver and the “Royal Mail.” The traveller who now lounges in the luxuriant carriages of the railway trains between Bombay and Calcutta, can have no idea of the trials of such a journey as Mr. Taylor undertook. Then, there were no railroads, no regular stages, even; nothing but lumbering67 carts drawn68 by oxen and decrepit69 old horses. But he endured the fatigue70 with his usual fortitude71 and good fortune, while his already remarkable72 experience among hospitable73 people was repeated there in a most praiseworthy style. Friends, friends, everywhere! Men divided their meals and[217] beds with him. People with whom he could converse by signs only, gave him food and pressed themselves into his service, and would take no pay. In one place a soldier sat up all night to give the weary traveller his bed. Surely, the essence of human kindness and charity is not confined to Christian lands!
Through jungles, where there was not a single path; along highways, crowded with innumerable carts; riding in wildernesses74, where water was scarce, and food not to be found; in every kind of vehicle known to the primitive75 people, from a horse chaise to a bullock-cart; surrounded by miasmatic76 marshes77, and the lairs78 of tigers, he hurried on toward Delhi.
On his way he made a short stop at Agra and Futtehpoor-Sikra, where stand some of the mightiest79 and most costly80 temples which have been reared since the beginning of the Christian era. It well repays years of work and economy to wander among the palaces, mosques81, and mausoleums of those great cities. No palace in all the world can be found to equal that of Akbar, the great Mogul, at Agra. When Mr. Taylor visited the city, nearly all the rubbish, made by wars and sieges, had been cleared away, and the scarred walls and marred82 mosaics83 had been restored, so that he stood under mighty84 domes86, amid all the splendor of the East. No one can imagine its beauty and grandeur87, unless he has seen it. Such lofty arches! such masses of pure white marble! such a profusion88 of pearl, jasper, cornelian, agate89, and many stones of[218] greater beauty and value! Such exquisite90 carvings91, such lovely mosaics, such labyrinths92 of inwrought balustrades and porticos! Such tombs, so rich, so beautiful, so great, that the tomb of Napoleon in Paris is lost in comparison!
Mr. Taylor was delighted beyond measure by a visit to the tomb of the Empress Noor-Jehan, wife of the Shah Jehan. Moore uses her romantic history in his “Lalla Rookh,” for verily she was “The Light of the Harem.” Shah Jehan, “Selim,” erected93 that marvellously beautiful building, with its lofty dome85, and slender minarets94, its inlaid jewels wherein the walls are made to hold a copy, in Arabic, of the whole Koran. Beautiful as Eastern songs represent Noor-Jehan to be, the tomb in which she lies must surpass her in whiteness and delicacy95 of outline. Never, in harem of Cashmere, nor in garden of Mogul, were there more delicious odors than those which still fill the air about her tomb. No brighter, more various, or more odorous flowers bloomed in Mahomet’s Paradise, than now bewilder the visitor to that hallowed spot. It was fortunate for Mr. Taylor that he had seen the boasted palaces and temples of Europe and Western Asia, before he visited that enchanted96 spot. Dreams of Aladdin became literal there. In towers, arches, domes, colonnades97, ceilings of pearl and precious stones, pillars wrought with the skilful98 jeweller’s art, inlaid floors in which no crease99 appears, in diamond-like foundations, and in the unity100 of its[219] unbroken sculptures, the temples of Agra and of its suburbs, excel those of Venice and Florence, as the exquisite and angelic echoes in the dome of Queen Noor’s tomb excel, in length and sweetness, those of the Baptistry at Pisa.
From Agra, he rode over the wide highway, one hundred and fifteen miles, to Delhi, the former capital of the Moguls, and which, at that time, boasted the presence, in his palace, of Akbar II. There he was treated with the same hospitality as he had been in other cities, and kind-hearted residents guided him about the streets of the modern city, and accompanied him to the magnificent ruins in various quarters of the plain whereon stood the old city. Pile on pile of massive columns lay in ragged101 majesty102 about him, and bewildered his senses with their unnumbered towers. Ruins, ruins, ruins, as far as the eye can trace the broken plain. Palaces, fortresses103, temples, mosques, harems, tombs, obelisks104, and massive battlements lie hurled105 together in undistinguished profusion, while here and there the porch of some lofty building, or some imposing106 arch, still breaks the line of the horizon. One pillar stands in the plain, whose summit is two hundred and forty feet above the ground. Near this gigantic shaft107 are the ruins of the palace of Aladdin. But the stone that cumber108 the plain, and the stable platform, once the floor, do not suggest the palace of diamonds, emeralds, pearls, gold, and ivory of which we have read; and the beholder109 is tempted110 to believe[220] that there was a mistake of location, and that Agra instead of Delhi, was the place after all. But Mr. Taylor, whose time was limited, could not linger long, nor hope to solve all the riddles111 which such an inexhaustible antiquarian museum suggested, and after visiting Hindoo temples, adorned112 with fascinating carvings and unintelligible113 inscriptions114, and tombs covering the remains116 of known and unknown monarchs117, he hastened back to the modern city, with its wide Boulevard, and made preparations to visit the Himalaya Mountains.
He left that interesting city with great regret, for, to the poet, it suggested a very attractive place for fanciful dreams, and peaceful moralizing. Moore incorporated in his poem a Persian inscription115, which was shown Mr. Taylor in the palace of Akbar II.: “If there be an Elysium on earth, it is here, it is here.” And it might have been such an Elysium but for the dilapidated, dirty condition of the palace, in which the motto was seen, which did not harmonize with the sentiment, and may have robbed the whole palace of its poetical118 attractions.
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1
shrouded
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| v.隐瞒( shroud的过去式和过去分词 )；保密 | |
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reposes
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的第三人称单数 ) | |
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splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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conscientiously
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| adv.凭良心地；认真地，负责尽职地；老老实实 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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bazaar
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| n.集市，商店集中区 | |
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bazaars
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| （东方国家的）市场( bazaar的名词复数 )； 义卖； 义卖市场； （出售花哨商品等的）小商品市场 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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wharves
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| n.码头，停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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tug
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| v.用力拖(或拉)；苦干；n.拖；苦干；拖船 | |
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pelican
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| n.鹈鹕，伽蓝鸟 | |
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ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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exultingly
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| 兴高采烈地，得意地 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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enigma
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| n.谜，谜一样的人或事 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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speck
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| n.微粒，小污点，小斑点 | |
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41
placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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misgiving
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| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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46
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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47
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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48
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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50
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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51
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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52
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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embody
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| vt.具体表达，使具体化；包含，收录 | |
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fathomless
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| a.深不可测的 | |
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carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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58
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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permeated
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| 弥漫( permeate的过去式和过去分词 )； 遍布； 渗入； 渗透 | |
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prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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62
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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63
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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fatiguing
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| a.使人劳累的 | |
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66
mattresses
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| 褥垫，床垫( mattress的名词复数 ) | |
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lumbering
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| n.采伐林木 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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decrepit
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| adj.衰老的，破旧的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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wildernesses
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| 荒野( wilderness的名词复数 )； 沙漠； （政治家）在野； 不再当政（或掌权） | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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miasmatic
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| adj.毒气的，沼气的 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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lairs
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| n.（野兽的）巢穴，窝( lair的名词复数 )；（人的）藏身处 | |
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mightiest
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| adj.趾高气扬( mighty的最高级 )；巨大的；强有力的；浩瀚的 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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marred
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| adj. 被损毁, 污损的 | |
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mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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agate
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| n.玛瑙 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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carvings
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| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
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labyrinths
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| 迷宫( labyrinth的名词复数 )； （文字，建筑）错综复杂的 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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minarets
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| n.（清真寺旁由报告祈祷时刻的人使用的）光塔( minaret的名词复数 ) | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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colonnades
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| n.石柱廊( colonnade的名词复数 ) | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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crease
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| n.折缝，褶痕，皱褶；v.(使)起皱 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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obelisks
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| n.方尖石塔，短剑号，疑问记号( obelisk的名词复数 ) | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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108
cumber
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| v.拖累，妨碍；n.妨害；拖累 | |
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beholder
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| n.观看者，旁观者 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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riddles
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| n.谜（语）( riddle的名词复数 )；猜不透的难题，难解之谜 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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113
unintelligible
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| adj.无法了解的，难解的，莫明其妙的 | |
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114
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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115
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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116
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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117
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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118
poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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