“Who hath not won a name, and seeks not noble works,
Belongs but to the elements.”
—Faust.
Some portions of Bayard Taylor’s life have been but lightly touched upon in the previous chapters, because the writer felt that if mentioned in their chronological3 order, he would be compelled to repeat them when he should reach this chapter. In fact, the history of Taylor’s translation of “Faust,” which we propose here to outline, so far as we have been able to learn it, necessarily includes the whole life of Mr. Taylor, from his first visit to Germany to the day when his mortal body gave way under its accumulated load of work. “Faust” was intimately interwoven with all the threads of his life; and whenever Messrs. Houghton, Osgood & Co. publish another edition of Taylor’s translation, they could not better please and instruct the public than by prefacing it with a synopsis4 of Mr. Taylor’s life, wherein “Faust” was his inspiration and guide.
[309]
It appears that when he began the study of the German language at Heidelberg, one of the books used by him contained a selection from the First Part of Goethe’s “Faust.” His instructors5 and companions there were delighted with Goethe’s works, and, with pride, mentioned him as Germany’s greatest man. Meeting him, as it did, on the very threshold of the language, at a time when there was a romance about the country, and a fascination6 in the language which only youthful ambition could give, he was ambitious to know more about the master-mind, and sought those works which contained the requisite7 information.
At Frankfort, he found the works of Goethe and Schiller, and was fortunately a member of a household where those authors were admired and often quoted. He was told, as he afterwards declared, that if he knew enough of German to read Goethe and Schiller, it was all that he would need to know of the language. How much that remark included he did not at the time comprehend, and declared, when his translation was in print, that he did not feel sure that he was able to read all of Goethe as Goethe intended it should be read, and that there were very few Germans who understood the wonderful figures and metaphors9 found in Goethe’s “Faust.” Being of an ambitious temperament10, which would not be satisfied with any half-performed task, but which, nevertheless, aimed at the highest achievements, he conceived the idea, as early as 1850, of translating into English[310] the greatest work of Goethe. He could not at that time comprehend how vast an undertaking11 he had assumed. It required something more than a mere12 knowledge of words to be able to translate accurately13 and fully14; and it was no light task for a person to master the common meaning of all the words and compounds which Goethe so recklessly used.
But when it became necessary not only to be able to give the meaning of each word by substituting in its stead one of another language, but also to give the sense and shades of meaning which the words in combination convey to a reader of the original, then the task became formidable. But that was not all. As Goethe, like every great genius, had many eccentricities15, as he drew many of his illustrations from events in his own experience and scenes which he had visited, it was necessary to a full understanding of the great theme, to study Goethe’s characteristics, habits of thought, education, and experience.
In short, if one were to translate Goethe, he must be like Goethe in experience and mental composition. He must know what Goethe knew; must look upon man and his complicated life as Goethe looked upon it in his time and circumstances. To the work of education and self-discipline Mr. Taylor applied16 himself most assiduously.
Twice, when some new difficulty presented itself which he had not foreseen, he became discouraged and resolved to give up the enterprise. Once was when[311] the appearance of Rev2. Charles T. Brooks’ translation seemed to forestall17 him in his hope for a profitable sale of the book; and once when he saw with unusual clearness the great difficulty of obtaining words in the English language which should not only express the meaning, but do so in acceptable rhyme.
But those discouraging facts were soon surmounted18 or forgotten in the great passion of his literary life and the study of the language, manners, and beliefs of the German people was not abandoned.
He found in the first volume many references to the superstitions19 of the German people, and he set about learning the history of witches, fairies, sprites, and the Devil, as known to German literature. This, in itself, is no small task. He then encountered what he thought was, perhaps, a kind of burlesque20 on the government and its laws, and to feel sure that it was so or was not so, he studied the history of the German principalities, especially of Weimar, where Goethe resided.
He found many illustrations from the landscapes of Italy, Switzerland, Greece and Germany, and it became necessary not only to visit those countries, but to look upon the landscapes mentioned in order to be sure of the exact meaning of the words of description as they were used by the great poet. Hence, in Spain, France, Italy, Egypt, Greece, and Germany, he sought the places mentioned by Goethe in his works, and noted21 the correctness or error of his reading.[312] The mountain scenes, more especially of the Hartz Mountains, and “The Brocken,” were peculiarly difficult passages in view of the possibly double meaning of many words when found in any connection, and in view of the peculiar22 use which Goethe so independently made of them. Hence, Mr. Taylor made frequent excursions in Europe during the last eighteen years, with the purpose in view of obtaining a more accurate knowledge of Goethe’s thoughts. Frequent references are made to customs now obsolete23, to theological opinions now unknown, and words inserted long out of use or wholly made by the poet himself. All these required much study.
To know the poet necessitated24 a thorough insight into the history of his time, a knowledge of his companions and the circumstances under which the poem was planned and written. This led to the study of Schiller’s life, who was Goethe’s bosom25 friend, and to trips to the localities where Goethe resided. Thus the work opened wider and wider at each stage in his acquirements, until at last the poem he had thought to be able to read understandingly in a year, was as yet untranslated after a score of years.
He was probably assisted much by the previous translations, and had them to criticise26 and improve upon. But his work was higher than theirs, as he not only purposed to give the meaning and rhyme, but he intended, as far as possible, to retain the rhythmical27 arrangement, and secure to the English all the[313] charms of arrangement and sound of the German original.
In this work he was often interrupted by the calls of an editorial profession, and the cares of a correspondent. His greatest delays were occasioned, however, by the production of poems on other themes. He is said to have had the “Deukalion” in mind for more than fifteen years, and upon that last work of a notable character which he has completed he bestowed28 much careful thought. It is a poem which, like those of Shakespeare and Goethe, grows valuable in proportion to the study bestowed upon it.
He began this translation in 1850 in a vague, uncertain way, and has continued it through all those years and did not lost sight of it throughout all his various duties, cares, and diversions. Meantime, he had published the following works: “A Journey to Central Africa,” “The Lands of the Saracen,” and “Poems and Ballads,” in 1855. “Visit to India, China, and Japan,” “Poems of the Orient,” and “Poems of Home and Travel,” in 1855. “Cyclopedia of Modern Travel,” edited in 1856. “Northern Travel—Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Lapland,” 1857. “Travels in Greece and Russia,” “At Home and Abroad,” first series, in 1859. “At Home and Abroad,” second series, and “The Poet’s Journal,” in 1862. “Hannah Thurston,” a novel, in 1863. “John Godfrey’s Fortunes,” a novel, in 1864. “The Story of Kennett,” a novel, and “The Picture of Saint John,” a poem, in[314] 1866. “Colorado, a Summer Trip,” and edited a translation of the “Frithjof Saga,” from the Swedish, in 1867. “The Byways of Europe,” and the “Ballad of Abraham Lincoln,” and an edited edition of Auerbach’s “Villa on the Rhine,” in 1869. “Joseph and His Friends,” a novel, in 1870. Then appeared “Goethe’s Faust,” in 1871, followed by “The Masque of the Gods” (1872), and a collected and carefully edited edition of the “Illustrated Library of Travel, Exploration and Adventure,” and “Lars,” a poem, in 1873;—all of which were in his mind, more or less distinctly, previous to the publication of “Faust.” But “The History of Germany,” “The Boys of other Countries,” “Egypt and Iceland,” a volume of travel, “The Prophet,” and “Home Pastorals,” poems, as well as the recent poem of “Deukalion,” and “The Echo Club,” were subsequently conceived and written.
Thus, it will be seen, how full of interruptions the work of translation must have been when so many volumes, so many thousands miles of travel, so much editorial work, so many lectures, such need of money, and so much attention given to the construction of a home, all intervened to distract and discourage.
Yet, with a perseverance most laudable and remarkable29, he kept ever before him Goethe and his works. Of the merits of his translation no final judgment30 can be given until the public have had more time to study the work, and until a greater number of scholars have compared it with the original. It has received great[315] commendation; but such a work requires age, and much thought. Its beauties lie deep, and are hidden from superficial minds, and it was Mr. Taylor’s plan to follow the translation with a companion edition of the lives of Goethe and Schiller, which would in a pleasant way serve to expound31 and make attractive that great poem.
That his translation is regarded by the most distinguished32 scholars as an excellent production and worthy33 of an exalted34 position in literature, is shown by the fact that he has been so often urged by them to go on with his purposed biography of that great poet. No sooner had Mr. Taylor allowed the fact to become known, that he was engaged on such a book, than he was the recipient35 of many letters from all parts of the world where English-speaking people live, expressing their satisfaction that he had undertaken it, and encouraging him in many ways. This fact, however, rather delayed than assisted the work, for the appearance of so many great writers awaiting with impatience36 the publication of the book, startled him and magnified the importance of his labors38. He felt that the combined biography of Goethe and Schiller would be the crowning work of his life, and more than once expressed the thought that it might be his last. To supply the demand for present publications, perform the duties which devolved upon him in his high office, and keep steadily39 advancing with the greater work, required more strength than one frame could supply.[316] He felt the strain, and sometimes thought it best to leave everything in the line of labor37, and rest. The need of such a course did not, however, seem imperative40 until he was too near his end to ward8 off the blow. Death came to him in the midst of his work, and in the most sudden manner. One day he is seen at his work; the next he is numbered among those that have lived—but are gone. His wife and daughter (Lillian), with most devoted41 nursing, had seen the invalid42 of the previous weeks reviving and gaining strength, until able again to attend to business, when, almost without warning, he sinks and dies within a few hours.
The book for reference, the packages of manuscript, the letters from admirers of Goethe and Schiller, the notes and extracts, slips and pictures, lay where he placed them, accessible to his hand; but the pen is unmoved, the author is dead, and the Lives of Goethe and Schiller are incomplete.
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1
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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chronological
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| adj.按年月顺序排列的，年代学的 | |
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synopsis
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| n.提要，梗概 | |
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instructors
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| 指导者，教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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6
fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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7
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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8
ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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9
metaphors
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| 隐喻( metaphor的名词复数 ) | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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15
eccentricities
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| n.古怪行为( eccentricity的名词复数 )；反常；怪癖 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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forestall
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| vt.抢在…之前采取行动；预先阻止 | |
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18
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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19
superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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20
burlesque
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| v.嘲弄，戏仿；n.嘲弄，取笑，滑稽模仿 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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23
obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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necessitated
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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25
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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criticise
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| v.批评，评论；非难 | |
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rhythmical
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| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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expound
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| v.详述；解释；阐述 | |
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32
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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recipient
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| a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器 | |
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impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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41
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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42
invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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