NELSON
One of the most cheerful features in New Zealand country life, perhaps, is the extent to which those who own the land are taking root in the soil. Far the greater part of the settled country is in the hands of men and families who live on the land, and may go on living there as long as they please; no one can oust13 them. They are either freeholders, or tenants15 of the State or public bodies. Such tenants hold their lands [30]on terms so easy that their position as working farmers is as good as or better than that of freeholders. As prospective16 sellers of land they may not be so well placed; but that is another story. Anyway, rural New Zealand is becoming filled with capable independent farmers, with farms of all sizes from the estate of four thousand or five thousand acres to the peasant holding of fifty or one hundred. Colonists17 still think in large areas when they define the degrees of land-holding and ownership.
ON THE BEACH AT NGUNGURU
And here a New Zealander, endeavouring to make a general sketch19 that may place realities clearly before the English eye, is confronted with the difficulty, almost impossibility, of helping20 the European to conceive a thinly peopled territory. Suppose, for a moment, what the British Islands would be like if they were populated on the New Zealand scale—that is to say, if they held about a million souls, of whom fifty thousand were brown and the rest white. The brown would be English-speaking and half civilised, and the whites just workaday Britons of the middle and labouring classes, better fed, a little taller and rather more tanned by sun and wind. That at first sight does not seem to imply any revolutionary change. But imagine yourself standing21 on the deck of a steamer running up the English Channel past the coast as it would look if nineteen-twentieths of the British population, and all traces of them and the historic past of their country, had been swept away. The cliff edges of Cornwall and hills of Devon would be covered with thick forest, and perhaps a few people [31]might cluster round single piers22 in sheltered inlets like Falmouth and Plymouth. The Chalk Downs of Wiltshire and Hampshire would be held by a score or two of sheep-farmers, tenants of the Crown, running their flocks over enormous areas of scanty23 grass. Fertile strips like the vale of Blackmore would be occupied by independent farmers with from three hundred to two thousand acres of grass and crops round their homesteads. Southampton would be the largest town in the British Islands, a flourishing and busy seaport24, containing with its suburbs not less than 90,000 people. Its inhabitants would proudly point to the railway system, of which they were the terminus, and by which they were connected with Liverpool, the second city of the United Kingdom, holding with Birkenhead about 70,000 souls. Journeying from Southampton to Liverpool on a single line of rails, the traveller would note a comfortable race of small farmers established in the valley of the Thames, and would hear of similar conditions about the Wye and the Severn. But he would be struck by the almost empty look of the wide pastoral stretches in Berkshire and Oxfordshire, and would find axemen struggling with Nature in the forest of Arden, where dense26 thickets27 would still cover the whole of Warwickshire and spread over into the neighbouring counties. Arrived at Liverpool after a twelve hours’ journey, he might wish to visit Dublin or Glasgow, the only two other considerable towns in the British Islands; the one about as large as York now is, the other the size of Northampton. He would be informed by the [32]Government tourist agent in Liverpool that his easiest way to Glasgow would be by sea to a landing-place in the Solway Firth, where he would find the southern terminus of the Scotch28 railways. He would discover that England and Scotland were not yet linked by rail, though that great step in progress was confidently looked for within a few months.
AT THE FOOT OF LAKE TE-ANAU
By all this I do not mean to suggest that there are no spots in New Zealand where the modern side of rural English life is already closely reproduced. On an earlier page I have said that there are. Our country life differs widely as you pass from district to district, and is marked by as much variety as is almost everything else in the islands. On the east coast of the South Island, between Southland and the Kaikouras, mixed farming is scientifically carried on with no small expenditure29 of skill and capital. The same can be said of certain districts on the west coast of the Wellington Province, and in the province of Hawkes Bay, within a moderate distance of the town of Napier. Elsewhere, with certain exceptions, farming is of a rougher and more primitive-looking sort than anything seen in the mother country, though it does not follow that a comparatively rough, unkempt appearance denotes lack of skill or agricultural knowledge. It may mean, and usually does mean, that the land is in the earlier stages of settlement, and that the holders14 have not yet had time to think much of appearances. Then outside the class of small or middle-sized farms come the large holdings of the islands, which are like nothing at all in the [33]United Kingdom. They are of two kinds, freehold and Crown lands held under pastoral licences. Generally speaking, the freeholds are much the more valuable, have much more arable30 land, and will, in days to come, carry many more people. The pastoral Crown tenants have, by the pressure of land laws and the demands of settlement, been more and more restricted to the wilder and more barren areas of the islands. They still hold more than ten million acres; but this country chiefly lies in the mountainous interior, covering steep faces where the plough will never go, and narrow terraces and cold, stony31 valleys where the snow lies deep in winter.
On these sheep stations life changes more slowly than elsewhere. If you wish to form an idea of what pastoral life “up-country” was forty years ago, you can still do so by spending a month or two at one of these mountain homesteads. There you may possibly have the owner and the owner’s family for society, but are rather more likely to be yourself furnishing a solitary32 manager with not unwelcome company. Round about the homestead you will still see the traditional features of colonial station life, the long wool-shed with high-pitched roof of shingles34 or corrugated35 iron, and the sheep-yards which, to the eye of the new chum, seem such an unmeaning labyrinth36. Not far off will stand the men’s huts, a little larger than of yore, and more likely nowadays to be frame cottages than to be slab37 whares with the sleeping-bunks and low, wide chimneys of days gone by. In out-of-the-way spots the station [34]store may still occasionally be found, with its atmosphere made odorous by hob-nailed boots, moleskin trousers, brown sugar, flannel38 shirts, tea, tar33, and black tobacco. For the Truck Act does not apply to sheep stations, and there are still places far enough away from a township to make the station store a convenience to the men.
THE WAIKATO AT NGARUAWAHIA
At such places the homestead is still probably nothing more than a modest cottage, roomy, but built of wood, and owing any attractiveness it has to its broad verandah, perhaps festooned with creepers, and to the garden and orchard39 which are now seldom absent. In the last generation the harder and coarser specimens40 of the pioneers often affected41 to hold gardens and garden-stuffs cheap, and to despise planting and adornment42 of any kind, summing them up as “fancy work.” This was not always mere43 stinginess or brute44 indifference45 to everything that did not directly pay, though it sometimes was. There can be no doubt that absentee owners or mortgagee companies were often mean enough in these things. But the spirit that grudged46 every hour of labour bestowed47 on anything except the raising of wool, mutton, or corn, was often the outcome of nothing worse than absorption in a ceaseless and unsparing battle with Nature and the fluctuations49 of markets. The first generation of settlers had to wrestle50 hard to keep their foothold; and, naturally, the men who usually survived through bad times were those who concentrated themselves most intensely on the struggle for success and existence. But time mellows51 everything. [35]The struggle for life has still to be sustained in New Zealand. It is easier than of yore, however; and the continued prosperity of the last twelve or thirteen years has enabled settlers to bestow48 thought and money on the lighter52 and pleasanter side. Homesteads are brighter places than they were: they may not be artistic53, but even the most remote are nearly always comfortable. More than comfort the working settler does not ask for.
Then in estimating how far New Zealand country life may be enjoyable and satisfying we must remember that it is mainly a life out of doors. On farms and stations of all sorts and sizes the men spend many hours daily in the open, sometimes near the homestead, sometimes miles away from it. To them, therefore, climate is of more importance than room-space, and sunshine than furniture. If we except a handful of mountaineers, the country worker in New Zealand is either never snowbound at all, or, at the worst, is hampered54 by a snowstorm once a year. Many showery days there are, and now and again the bursts of wind and rain are wild enough to force ploughmen to quit work, or shepherds to seek cover; but apart from a few tempests there is nothing to keep country-folk indoors. It is never either too hot or too cold for out-door work, while for at least one day in three in an average year it is a positive pleasure to breathe the air and live under the pleasant skies.
The contrast between the station of the back-ranges and the country place of the wealthy freeholder is the [36]contrast between the first generation of colonial life and the third. The lord of 40,000 acres may be a rural settler or a rich man with interests in town as well as country. In either case his house is something far more costly55 than the old wooden bungalow56. It is defended by plantations57 and approached by a curving carriage drive. When the proprietor58 arrives at his front door he is as likely to step out of a motor-car as to dismount from horseback. Within, you may find an airy billiard-room; without, smooth-shaven tennis lawns, and perhaps a bowling-green. The family and their guests wear evening dress at dinner, where the wine will be expensive and may even be good. In the smoking-room, cigars have displaced the briar-root pipes of our fathers. The stables are higher and more spacious59 than were the dwellings60 of the men of the early days. Neat grooms61 and trained gardeners are seen in the place of the “rouse-abouts” of yore. Dip and wool-shed are discreetly62 hidden from view; and a conservatory63 rises where meat once hung on the gallows64.
For a colony whose days are not threescore years and ten, ours has made some creditable headway in gardening. The good and bad points of our climate alike encourage us to cultivate the art. The combination of an ample rainfall with lavish65 sunshine helps the gardener’s skill. On the other hand, the winds—those gales66 from north-west and south-west, varied67 by the teasing persistency68 of the steadier north-easter, plague of spring afternoons—make the planting of hedgerows [37]and shelter clumps69 an inevitable70 self-defence. So while, on the one hand, the colonist18 hews71 and burns and drains away the natural vegetation of forest and swamp, on the other, in the character of planter and gardener, he does something to make amends73. The colours of England and New Zealand glow side by side in the flowers round his grass plots, while Australia and North America furnish sombre break-winds, and contribute some oddities of foliage74 and a share of colour. In seaside gardens the Norfolk Island pine takes the place held by the cedar75 of Lebanon on English lawns. The mimosa and jackarandah of Australia persist in flowering in the frosty days of our early spring. On the verandahs, jessamine and Virginia creeper intertwine with the clematis and passion-flower of the bush. The palm-lily—insulted with the nickname of cabbage-tree—is hardy78 enough to flourish anywhere despite its semi-tropical look; but the nikau, our true palm, requires shelter from bitter or violent winds. The toé-toé (a reed with golden plumes79), the glossy80 native flax (a lily with leaves like the blade of a classic Roman sword), and two shrubs81, the matipo and karaka, are less timid, so more serviceable. The crimson82 parrot’s-beak and veronicas—white, pink, and purple—are easily and commonly grown; and though the manuka does not rival the English whitethorn in popularity, the pohutu-kawa, most striking of flowering trees, surpasses the ruddy may and pink chestnut83 of the old country. Some English garden-charms cannot be transplanted. The thick sward and living green of soft [38]lawns, the moss84 and mellowing85 lichens86 that steal slowly over bark and walls, the quaintness87 that belongs to old-fashioned landscape gardening, the venerable aspect of aged88 trees,—these cannot be looked for in gardens the eldest89 of which scarcely count half a century. But a climate in which arum lilies run wild in the hedgerows, and in which bougainvilleas, camellias, azaleas, oleanders, and even (in the north) the stephanotis, bloom in the open air, gives to skill great opportunities. Then the lover of ferns—and they have many lovers in New Zealand—has there a whole realm to call his own. Not that every fern will grow in every garden. Among distinct varieties numbering scores, there are many that naturally cling to the peace and moisture of deep gullies and overshadowing jungle. There, indeed, is found a wealth of them—ferns with trunks as thick as trees, and ferns with fronds90 as fine as hair or as delicate as lace; and there are filmy ferns, and such as cling to and twine77 round their greater brethren, and pendant ferns that droop91 from crevices92 and drape the faces of cliffs. To these add ferns that climb aloft as parasites93 on branches and among foliage, or that creep upon the ground, after the manner of lycopodium, or coat fallen forest trees like mosses94. The tree-ferns are large enough to be hewn down with axes, and to spread their fronds as wide as the state umbrellas of Asiatic kings. Thirty feet is no uncommon95 span for the shade they cast, and their height has been known to reach fifty feet. They are to other ferns as the wandering albatross is to lesser96 sea-birds. The black-trunked[39] are the tallest, while the silver-fronded, whose wings seem as though frosted on the underside, are the most beautiful. In places they stand together in dense groves97. Attempt to penetrate99 these and you find a dusky entanglement100 where your feet sink into tinder and dead, brown litter. But look down upon a grove98 from above, and your eyes view a canopy101 of green intricacies, a waving covering of soft, wing-like fronds, and fresh, curving plumes.
TREE FERNS
The change in country life now going on so rapidly has not meant merely more comfort for the employer: the position of the men also has altered for the better. While the land-owner’s house and surroundings show a measure of refinement102, and even something that may at the other end of the earth pass for luxury, the station hands are far better cared for than was the case a generation or two ago. The interior of the “men’s huts” no longer reminds you of the foc’sle of a merchantship. Seek out the men’s quarters on one of the better managed estates, and it may easily happen that you will now find a substantial, well-built cottage with a broad verandah round two sides. Inside you are shown a commodious103 dining-room, and a reading-room supplied with newspapers and even books. To each man is assigned a separate bedroom, clean and airy, and a big bathroom is supplemented by decent lavatory104 arrangements. The food was always abundant—in the roughest days the estate owners never grudged their men plenty of “tucker.” But it is now much more varied and better cooked, and therefore wholesome.[40] To some extent this improvement in the country labourer’s lot is due to legal enactment105 and government inspection106. But it is only fair to say that in some of the most notable instances it comes from spontaneous action by employers themselves. New Zealand has developed a public conscience during the last twenty years in matters relating to the treatment of labour, and by this development the country employers have been touched as much as any section of the community. They were never an unkindly race, and it may now be fairly claimed that they compare favourably107 with any similar class of employers within the Empire.
At the other end of the rural scale to the establishment of the great land-owner we see the home of the bush settler—the pioneer of to-day. Perhaps the Crown has leased a block of virgin76 forest to him; perhaps he is one of the tenants of a Maori tribe, holding on a twenty-one or forty-two years’ lease; perhaps he has contrived108 to pick up a freehold in the rough. At any rate he and his mate are on the ground armed with saw and axe25 for their long attack upon Nature; and as you note the muscles of their bared arms, and the swell109 of the chests expanding under their light singlets, you are quite ready to believe that Nature will come out of the contest in a damaged condition. It is their business to hack110 and grub, hew72 and burn, blacken and deface. The sooner they can set the fire running through tracts111 of fern or piles of felled bush the sooner will they be able to scatter9 broadcast the contents of certain bags of [41]grass seed now carefully stowed away in their shanty112 under cover of tarpaulins113. Sworn enemies are they of tall bracken and stately pines. To their eyes nothing can equal in beauty a landscape of black, fire-scorched stumps114 and charred115 logs—if only on the soil between these they may behold116 the green shoots of young grass thrusting ten million blades upward. What matter the ugliness and wreckage117 of the first stages of settlement, if, after many years, a tidy farm and smiling homestead are to be the outcome? In the meantime, while under-scrubbing and bush-felling are going on, the axemen build for themselves a slab hut with shingled118 roof. The furniture probably exemplifies the great art of “doing without.” The legs of their table are posts driven into the clay floor: to other posts are nailed the sacking on which their blankets are spread. A couple of sea chests hold their clothes and odds119 and ends. A sheepskin or two do duty for rugs. Tallow candles, or maybe kerosene120, furnish light. A very few well-thumbed books, and a pack or two of more than well-thumbed cards, provide amusement. Not that there are many hours in the week for amusement. When cooking is done, washing and mending have to be taken in hand. Flannel and blue dungaree require washing after a while, and even garments of canvas and moleskin must be repaired sooner or later. A camp oven, a frying-pan, and a big teapot form the front rank of their cooking utensils121, and fuel, at least, is abundant. Baking-powder helps them to make bread. Bush pork, wild birds, and fish may vary a diet in which mutton and [42]sardines figure monotonously122. After a while a few vegetables are grown behind the hut, and the settlers find time to milk a cow. Soon afterwards, perhaps, occurs the chief event of pioneer life—the coming of a wife on to the scene. With her arrival is the beginning of a civilised life indoors, though her earlier years as a housekeeper123 may be an era of odd shifts and desperate expedients124. A bush household is lucky if it is near enough to a metalled road to enable stores to be brought within fairly easy reach. More probably such necessaries as flour, groceries, tools, and grass seed—anything, in short, from a grindstone to a bag of sugar—have to be brought by pack-horse along a bush-track where road-metal is an unattainable luxury, and which may not unfairly be described as a succession of mud-holes divided by logs. Along such a thoroughfare many a rain-soaked pioneer has guided in days past the mud-plastered pack-horse which has carried the first beginnings of his fortunes. For what sustains the average settler through the early struggles of pioneering in the wilderness125 is chiefly the example of those who have done the same thing before, have lived as hard a life or harder, and have emerged as substantial farmers and leading settlers, respected throughout their district. Success has crowned the achievement so many thousand times in the past that the back-country settler of to-day, as he fells his bush and toils126 along his muddy track, may well be sustained by hope and by visions of macadamised coach roads running past well-grassed, well-stocked sheep or dairy farms in days to come.
A MAORI VILLAGE
[43]
Predominant as the white man is in New Zealand, the brown man is too interesting and important to be forgotten even in a rough and hasty sketch. The Maori do not dwell in towns: they are an element of our country life. They now number no more than a twentieth of our people; but whereas a generation ago they were regarded as a doomed127 race, whose end, perhaps, was not very far distant, their disappearance128 is now regarded as by no means certain. I doubt, indeed, whether it is even probable. Until the end of the nineteenth century official returns appeared to show that the race was steadily129 and indeed rapidly diminishing. More recent and more accurate figures, however, seem to prove either that the Maori have regained130 vitality131, or that past estimates of their numbers were too low. I am inclined to think that the explanation is found in both these reasons. In past decades our Census132 officers never claimed to be able to reckon the strength of the Maori with absolute accuracy, chiefly because the Natives would give them little or no help in their work. It is not quite so difficult now as formerly133 to enumerate134 the members of the tribes. Furthermore, there is reason to hope that the health of the race is improving and that its spirit is reviving. The first shock with our civilisation135 and our overwhelming strength is over. The Maori, beaten in war with us, were not disgraced: though their defeat disheartened them, it did not lead their conquerors136 to despise them. Again, though they have been deprived of some of their land, and have sold a great part of the rest, the [44]tribes are still great landlords. They hold the fee-simple of nearly seven million acres of land, much of it fertile. This is a large estate for about fifty thousand men, women, and children. Moreover, it is a valuable estate. I daresay its selling price might be rated at a higher figure than the value of the whole of New Zealand when we annexed137 it. Some of this great property is leased to white tenants; most of it is still retained by the native tribes. So long as they can continue to hold land on a considerable scale they will always have a chance, and may be sure of respectful treatment. At the worst they have had, and still have, three powerful allies. The Government of the colony may sometimes have erred138 against them, but in the main it has stood between them and the baser and greedier sort of whites. Maori children are educated free of cost. Most of them can now at least read and write English. Quite as useful is the work of the Department of Public Health. If I am not mistaken, it has been the main cause of the lowered Maori death-rate of the last ten years. Then the clergy139 of more than one Church have always been the Maori’s friends. Weak—too weak—as their hands have been, their voices have been raised again and again on the native’s behalf. Thirdly, the leaders of the temperance movement—one of the most powerful influences in our public life—have done all they can to save the Maori of the interior from the curse of drink. Allies, then, have been fighting for the Maori. Moreover, they are citizens with a vote at the polls and a voice in Parliament. [45]Were one political party disposed to bully140 the natives, the other might be tempted141 to befriend them. But the better sort of white has no desire to bully. He may not admit that the brown man is socially his equal; but there is neither hatred142 nor loathing143 between the races.
A PATAKA
In a word, the outlook for the Maori, though still doubtful, is by no means desperate. They will own land; they will collect substantial rents from white tenants; they will be educated; they will retain the franchise144. At last they are beginning to learn the laws of sanitation145 and the uses of ventilation and hospitals. The doctors of the Health Department have persuaded them to pull down hundreds of dirty old huts, are caring for their infants, and are awaking a wholesome distrust of the trickeries of those mischievous146 conjuror-quacks, the tohungas. Some of these good physicians—Dr. Pomaré, for instance—are themselves Maori. More of his stamp are wanted; also more Maori lawyers like Mr. Apirana Ngata, M.P. Much will turn upon the ability of the race to master co-operative farming. That there is hope of this is shown by the success of the Ngatiporou tribesmen, who in recent years have cleared and sown sixty thousand acres of land, and now own eighty-three thousand sheep, more than three thousand cattle, and more than eight thousand pigs. Only let the sanitary147 lesson be learned and the industrial problem solved, and the qualities of the Maori may be trusted to do the rest. Their muscular strength and courage, their courtesy and vein148 of humour, their [46]poetic power and artistic sense, are gifts that make it desirable that the race should survive and win a permanent place among civilised men.
Watching the tendencies of New Zealand life and laws to-day, one is tempted to look ahead and think of what country life in the islands may become in a generation or so, soon after the colony has celebrated149 its hundredth anniversary. It should be a pleasant life, even pleasanter than that of our own time; for more gaps will have been filled up and more angles rubbed off. Limiting laws and graduated taxes will have made an end of the great estates: a land-owner with more than ￡120,000 of real property will probably be unknown. Many land-owners will be richer than that, but it will be because a part of their money is invested in personalty. But in peacefully making an end of latifundia the law-makers will not have succeeded—even if that were their design—in handing over the land to peasants: there will be no sweeping150 revolution. Much of the soil will still be held by large and substantial farmers,—eight or ten thousand in number, perhaps,—educated men married to wives of some culture and refinement. The process of subdivision will have swelled151 the numbers and increased the influence of land-holders. The unpopularity which attached itself to the enormous estates will pass away with them. Some of the farming gentlemen of the future will be descendants of members of the English upper and upper-middle classes. Others will be the grandsons of [47]hard-headed Scotch shepherds, English rural labourers, small tenants, or successful men of commerce. Whatever their origin, however, education, intermarriage, and common habits of life will tend to level them into a homogeneous class. Dressed in tweed suits, wide-awake hats, and gaiters, riding good horses or driving in powerful motors, and with their alert, bony faces browned and reddened by sun and wind, they will look and will be a healthy, self-confident, intelligent race. Despite overmuch tea and tobacco, their nerves will seldom be highly strung; the blessed sunshine and the air of the sea and the mountains will save them from that. Moreover, colonial cookery will be better than it has been, and diet more varied. Nor will our farmers trouble the doctors much or poison themselves with patent drugs. Owning anything from half a square mile to six or seven square miles of land, they will be immensely proud of their stake in the country and cheerfully convinced of their value as the backbone152 of the community. They will not be a vicious lot; early marriage and life in the open air will prevent that. Nor will drunkenness be fashionable, though there will be gambling153 and probably far too much horse-racing. Varying in size from three or four hundred to four or five thousand acres, their properties, with stock and improvements, may be worth anything from five or six thousand to seventy or eighty thousand pounds, but amongst themselves the smaller and larger owners will meet on terms of easy equality. They will gradually form an educated rural gentry154 with which the wealthier [48]townspeople will be very proud and eager to mix. A few of them, whose land is rich, may lease it out in small allotments, and try to become squires155 on a modified English pattern. But most of them will work their land themselves, living on it, riding over it daily, directing their men, and, if need be, lending a hand themselves. That will be their salvation156, bringing them as it will into daily contact with practical things and working humanity. Conservative, of course, they will be, and in theory opposed to Socialism, yet assenting157 from time to time to Socialistic measures when persuaded of their immediate158 usefulness. Thus they will keep a keen eye on the State railways, steamships159, and Department of Agriculture, and develop the machinery160 of these in their own interests. A few of the richer of them from time to time may find that life in Europe so pleases them—or their wives—that they will sell out and cut adrift from the colony; but there will be no class of absentee owners—growling, heavily taxed, and unpopular. Our working gentlemen will stick to the country, and will be hotly, sometimes boisterously161, patriotic162, however much they may at moments abuse governments and labour laws. Most of them will be freeholders. Allied163 with them will be State pastoral tenants—holding smaller runs than now—to be found in the mountains, on the pumice plateau, or where the clay is hungry. Socially these tenants will be indistinguishable from the freeholders.
Solitude will be a thing of the past; for roads will [49]be excellent, motors common, and every homestead will have its telephone. And just as kerosene lamps and wax candles superseded164 the tallow dips of the early settlers, so in turn will electric light reign165, not here and there merely, but almost everywhere. Their main recreations will be shooting, fishing, motor-driving, riding, and sailing; for games—save polo—and pure athletics166 will be left to boys and to men placed lower in the social scale. They will read books, but are scarcely likely to care much about art, classing painting and music rather with such things as wood-carving and embroidery—as women’s work, something for men to look at rather than produce. But they will be gardeners, and their wives will pay the arts a certain homage167. The furniture of their houses may seem scanty in European eyes, but will not lack a simple elegance168. In their gardens, however, those of them who have money to spare will spend more freely, and on brightening these with colour and sheltering them with soft masses of foliage no mean amount of taste and skill will be lavished169. These gardens will be the scenes of much of the most enjoyable social intercourse170 to be had in the country. Perhaps—who knows?—some painter, happy in a share of Watteau’s light grace or Fragonard’s eye for decorative171 effect in foliage, may find in the New Zealand garden festivals, with their music, converse172, and games, and their framework of beauty, subjects worthy173 of art.
COROMANDEL
Socially and financially beneath these country gentlemen, though politically their equals, and in intelligence [50]often not inferior to them, will come the more numerous, rougher and poorer races of small farmers and country labourers. Here will be seen harder lives and a heavier physique—men whose thews and sinews will make Imperial recruiting officers sigh wistfully. Holding anything from twenty or thirty up to two or three hundred acres, the small farmers will have their times of stress and anxiety, when they will be hard put to it to weather a bad season combined with low prices. But their practical skill, strength, and industry, and their ability, at a pinch, to do without all but bare necessaries, will usually pull them through. Moreover, they too will be educated, and no mere race of dull-witted boors174. At the worst they will always be able to take to wage-earning for a time, and the smaller of them will commonly pass part of each year in working for others. Sometimes their sons will be labourers, and members of trade unions, and this close contact with organised labour and Socialism will have curious political results. As a class they will be much courted by politicians, and will distrust the rich, especially the rich of the towns. Their main and growing grievance175 will be the difficulty of putting their sons on the land. For themselves they will be able to live cheaply, and in good years save money; for customs tariffs176 will be more and more modified to suit them. Some of their children will migrate to the towns; others will become managers, overseers, shepherds, drovers. They will have their share of sport, and from among them will come most of the best athletes of the country, professional[51] and other. Nowhere will be seen a cringing177 tenantry, hat-touching peasantry, or underfed farm labourers. The country labourers, thoroughly178 organised, well paid, and active, will yet be not altogether ill-humoured in politics; for, by comparison with the lot of their class in other parts of the world, theirs will be a life of hope, comfort, and confidence.
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redeeming
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| 补偿的，弥补的 | |
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vistas
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| 长条形景色( vista的名词复数 )； 回顾； 展望； （未来可能发生的）一系列情景 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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8
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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9
scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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10
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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11
incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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12
increment
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| n.增值，增价；提薪，增加工资 | |
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13
oust
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| vt.剥夺，取代，驱逐 | |
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holders
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| 支持物( holder的名词复数 )； 持有者； （支票等）持有人； 支托（或握持）…之物 | |
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15
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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16
prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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17
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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18
colonist
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| n.殖民者，移民 | |
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19
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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20
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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21
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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22
piers
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| n.水上平台( pier的名词复数 )；（常设有娱乐场所的）突堤；柱子；墙墩 | |
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23
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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24
seaport
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| n.海港，港口，港市 | |
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25
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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26
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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27
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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28
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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29
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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30
arable
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| adj.可耕的，适合种植的 | |
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31
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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32
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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33
tar
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| n.柏油，焦油；vt.涂或浇柏油/焦油于 | |
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34
shingles
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| n.带状疱疹；（布满海边的）小圆石( shingle的名词复数 )；屋顶板；木瓦（板）；墙面板 | |
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35
corrugated
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| adj.波纹的；缩成皱纹的；波纹面的；波纹状的v.（使某物）起皱褶(corrugate的过去式和过去分词) | |
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36
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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37
slab
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| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
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38
flannel
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| n.法兰绒；法兰绒衣服 | |
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39
orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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40
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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41
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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42
adornment
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| n.装饰；装饰品 | |
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43
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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44
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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45
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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46
grudged
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| 怀恨（grudge的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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47
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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49
fluctuations
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| 波动，涨落，起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 ) | |
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50
wrestle
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| vi.摔跤，角力；搏斗；全力对付 | |
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51
mellows
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| （使）成熟( mellow的第三人称单数 )； 使色彩更加柔和，使酒更加醇香 | |
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52
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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53
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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54
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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56
bungalow
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| n.平房，周围有阳台的木造小平房 | |
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57
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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58
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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59
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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60
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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61
grooms
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| n.新郎( groom的名词复数 )；马夫v.照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的第三人称单数 )；使做好准备；训练；（给动物）擦洗 | |
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62
discreetly
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| ad.(言行)审慎地，慎重地 | |
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63
conservatory
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| n.温室，音乐学院；adj.保存性的，有保存力的 | |
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64
gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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65
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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66
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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67
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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68
persistency
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| n. 坚持(余辉, 时间常数) | |
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69
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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70
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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71
hews
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的第三人称单数 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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72
hew
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| v.砍；伐；削 | |
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73
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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74
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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75
cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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76
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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77
twine
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| v.搓，织，编饰；（使）缠绕 | |
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78
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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79
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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80
glossy
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|
| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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81
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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82
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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83
chestnut
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| n.栗树，栗子 | |
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84
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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85
mellowing
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| 软化，醇化 | |
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86
lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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87
quaintness
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| n.离奇有趣，古怪的事物 | |
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88
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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89
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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90
fronds
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| n.蕨类或棕榈类植物的叶子( frond的名词复数 ) | |
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91
droop
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| v.低垂，下垂；凋萎，萎靡 | |
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92
crevices
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| n.（尤指岩石的）裂缝，缺口( crevice的名词复数 ) | |
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93
parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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94
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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95
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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96
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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97
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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98
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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99
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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100
entanglement
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| n.纠缠，牵累 | |
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101
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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102
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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103
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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104
lavatory
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| n.盥洗室，厕所 | |
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105
enactment
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| n.演出，担任…角色；制订，通过 | |
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106
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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107
favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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108
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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109
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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110
hack
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| n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳 | |
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111
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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112
shanty
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| n.小屋，棚屋；船工号子 | |
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113
tarpaulins
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| n.防水帆布，防水帆布罩( tarpaulin的名词复数 ) | |
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114
stumps
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| （被砍下的树的）树桩( stump的名词复数 )； 残肢； （板球三柱门的）柱； 残余部分 | |
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115
charred
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| v.把…烧成炭( char的过去式)；烧焦 | |
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116
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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117
wreckage
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| n.（失事飞机等的）残骸，破坏，毁坏 | |
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118
shingled
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| adj.盖木瓦的；贴有墙面板的v.用木瓦盖(shingle的过去式和过去分词形式) | |
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119
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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120
kerosene
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| n.(kerosine)煤油，火油 | |
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121
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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122
monotonously
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| adv.单调地，无变化地 | |
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123
housekeeper
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| n.管理家务的主妇，女管家 | |
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124
expedients
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| n.应急有效的，权宜之计的( expedient的名词复数 ) | |
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125
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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126
toils
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| 网 | |
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127
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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128
disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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129
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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130
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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131
vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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132
census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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133
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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134
enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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135
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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erred
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| 犯错误，做错事( err的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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140
bully
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| n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮 | |
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141
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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142
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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143
loathing
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| n.厌恶，憎恨v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的现在分词)；极不喜欢 | |
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144
franchise
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| n.特许，特权，专营权，特许权 | |
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145
sanitation
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| n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备 | |
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mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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148
vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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150
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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152
backbone
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| n.脊骨，脊柱，骨干；刚毅，骨气 | |
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153
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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154
gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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squires
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| n.地主，乡绅( squire的名词复数 ) | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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assenting
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| 同意，赞成( assent的现在分词 ) | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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steamships
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| n.汽船，大轮船( steamship的名词复数 ) | |
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160
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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boisterously
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| adv.喧闹地，吵闹地 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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163
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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164
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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166
athletics
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| n.运动，体育，田径运动 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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168
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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decorative
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| adj.装饰的，可作装饰的 | |
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172
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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174
boors
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| n.农民( boor的名词复数 )；乡下佬；没礼貌的人；粗野的人 | |
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175
grievance
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| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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176
tariffs
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| 关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准 | |
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177
cringing
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| adj.谄媚，奉承 | |
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178
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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