“Two days after the repulse1 of the enemy’s sortie, by Sir De Lacy Evans’ division, General Dannenberg, with a large Russian reinforcement, arrived at Baktchi-Serai from Odessa, which place he left on the 19th of October. In order that his men might reach the scene of action with the greatest practicable rapidity, and in good condition, every available cart and rustic2 conveyance3 was pressed into the service. They were thus comparatively fresh and vigorous after so rapid a march. On the 3rd of November, one division, under General Soimonoff, entered Sebastopol. The remainder, under General Pauloff, encamped at Tchorgoun, a short distance to the east.
Strengthened by this considerable reinforcement, the Russian Generals decided4 upon an attack upon the position of the Allies in such strength that it should be scarcely possible to make an effectual resistance. The Grand Dukes Michael and Nicholas, sons of the Emperor, had arrived at Sebastopol, with the purpose of encouraging the garrison5 by their presence, and witnessing the total defeat of the haughty6 invaders7. On Sunday, the 4th of November, solemn religious services were held in the town. Patriarchs and Bishops8 of the Greek Church addressed the soldiery, urged upon them the importance of the trust which their good father the Czar had thought proper to impose upon them,—assured them that death in his service was only the road to a martyr’s crown, and that the English were monsters of cruelty, who committed the most atrocious barbarities upon all prisoners of war. Finally, they said the British camp abounded9 in treasure, one-third of which should be the property of the soldiery. Incited10 by these promises,—stimulated by extra rations11 of ardent12 spirits,—and fanatically believing that the destruction of the English heretics would be a work of acceptable piety13, the Russian soldiers mingled14 shouts[158] of devotion to the Czar and death to the Allies, and prepared themselves for the encounter of the morrow.
The plan of attack, as decided upon by the enemy’s commanders, was shortly this:—The extreme right of the British position, near the bridge which crossed the Tchernaya at Inkermann, was notoriously our weak point. Sir De Lacy Evans, whose division occupied this position, had repeatedly called Lord Raglan’s attention to this vulnerable point; but so laborious16 were the duties devolving upon our men, and so extended the line of defence, that it was impossible to spare either men or guns for the establishment of works. The French, whose large numbers and secure position on the western plateau left them a far smaller share of the duty, had been early applied17 to for assistance, but had hitherto refused. Sir John Burgoyne had called the special attention of General Biot to the danger of leaving exposed such an avenue to the camp of the Allies; but the French commander seems to have been at this time but little disposed to relieve the English of any of the toil18 or danger they had so willingly undertaken, but which proved too much for their effectual performance. At length the English, by almost superhuman exertions19, had erected20 a small work on the brow of the hill, intended to carry two guns, but they had not yet been mounted.
Towards this point, then,—of the unprotected nature of which the Russians were perfectly21 well aware, thanks to the newspaper correspondents, who, in their anxiety to satisfy the curiosity of the readers at home, contrived22 (unwittingly, we believe) to afford the enemy a very great deal of valuable information,—the attention of the Russians was naturally directed. It afforded a convenient access to the very centre of the English lines, and would, in all probability, offer but a feeble resistance. It was arranged that Gortschakoff should, at an early hour on the morning of the 5th, make a threatening demonstration23 in front of Balaklava, apparently24 renewing the attempt of the 25th of October. This would have the effect of drawing a considerable portion of the armies to the defence of that important position, thus leaving the front comparatively unprotected. On the extreme left of the line, General Timofeyer would also make a feigned25 attack, occupying the attention of the French. The actual assault was to be made by the recently-arrived army of General Dannenberg. The two divisions already named, according to the Russian computation (most probably understated), were of the following strength: General Soimonoff’s corps27 consisted of three regiments28 of the 10th division, three of the 16th, and one of the 17th, amounting altogether to[159] 16,200 bayonets, with twenty-two heavy and sixteen light guns; that of General Pauloff, numbering 13,200 bayonets, was composed of three regiments of the 10th division, two Chasseur regiments of the 18th, with twelve guns. The two corps thus numbered 29,400 bayonets, and fifty guns. Soimonoff was ordered to march from the Malakoff Tower in a westerly direction, until he reached the Kilen ravine, under cover of which he was to penetrate29 into the English centre on the western side of the ravine. Five o’clock in the morning was fixed30 as the time for the assault. Pauloff’s division was to cross the Tchernaya, force the English lines at the unprotected point, and cutting their way through the second division join Soimonoff in the main attack, when General Dannenberg, with the remainder of the army, would appear upon the scene, and, it was fondly imagined, give the coup31 de grace to the invaders. Such was the plan of the Russian Generals, carefully matured, and kept profoundly secret from the Allies. We shall see the result.
All night the bells of Sebastopol rang loudly. The heavy November mist obscured the sound; and most probably, the English soldiers, far from considering the clashing from the belfries as the signal for the gathering33 of troops, imagined that one of the multitudinous festivals of the Greek Church was being celebrated34 with unwonted ostentation35. Towards morning the mist thickened, and it was impossible to discern any object at above a few yards’ distance. Taking advantage of the fog, the Russians conveyed their guns to the lofty eminences36 beyond the Tchernaya, facing the British position, and by almost incredible efforts, in a very brief time, had established a formidable battery in a most commanding situation. About four o’clock in the morning, intelligence arrived at head-quarters that Balaklava was again threatened. General Bosquet was immediately on the alert, with his French chasseurs, and the indomitable Sir Colin Campbell was fully32 prepared to meet any force which might be despatched against him. It was no part, however, of the enemy’s tactics seriously to attack this position. His purpose was fully served by the attention of the French being attracted to this point, and the English being diverted from the real point of assault. About five o’clock enormous bodies of Russian infantry37, under cover of the heavy fog, silently passed the bridge across the Tchernaya, and stealthily crept up the hill towards the weak point of the English position at the newly-erected two-gun battery. The pickets39 of the 55th, on duty at this spot, suddenly found themselves in presence of an over-whelming force of the enemy. Desperately40 fighting, the courageous41 little band slowly yielded[160] ground, contesting every step, and retreating up the hill towards the redoubt. Their smart firing, in reply to the tremendous volleys of the enemy’s musketry, which were now poured into the handful of men, aroused the camp, and indicated the real nature of the enemy’s plans. General Pennefather, who commanded the Second Division, in the absence of Sir De Lacy Evans (who was compelled by the debilitated42 state of his health to leave his active duties, and retire on board one of the ships in the harbor), immediately hastened to the scene; and the men of his division, hastily shaking off their sleep, quickly responded to the alarm. In a few minutes all was bustle43 and activity. Officers and men, alike hurried forward, some half-dressed, all unbreakfasted, many suffering from sickness, and none free from the effects of privation and over-toil. From the Second Division the intelligence of the attack was quickly carried to the camps of the First, Fourth and Light Divisions, and the Duke of Cambridge, Sir George Cathcart, and Sir George Brown, instantly put themselves at the heads of their men, and lost no time in marching to the scene of action.
When the pickets were driven in, they retreated to the little two-gun battery, and fired through the embrasures at the masses of the enemy, now advancing in dense44 columns to the attack. The Russian batteries on the opposite hills opened a tremendous fire upon them, and the guns of the town and the ships in the harbor threw enormous volleys of shell and shot right into the camp of the Second Division, tearing up the ground, and destroying the tents. For a few moments the gallant45 fellows of the 51st held their ground, but no courage could long contend against such fearful odds46. In spite of their fire, much too feeble to stay the advance of such massive columns, the Russians advanced at a rapid pace up the hill, the few shots of the undaunted defenders48 of the redoubt telling fatally in their ranks. Almost before the English could reload, the Russians were swarming50 around the battery, and leaping over the embrasure. Many were hurled52 back again by the bayonets of the undaunted picket38, who at length, borne down by the weight of the attack, were driven from the work, and retreated down the hill. The 41st and 49th now came into the action, and forming into line, charged the advancing Russians, and drove them back to the redoubt. Again was this little work the scene of a tremendous contest. The two regiments discharging a brisk volley from their Minié rifles, levelled their bayonets, and driving the enemy pell-mell before them, hurled them out of the battery, and once more the English were masters of the position. The retreating Russians[161] were speedily met and reinforced by other columns of infantry, and then doubled in numbers, again advanced to the attack. The fire, too, from their batteries, poured unceasing destruction into the thin ranks of the English regiments. Already the dead and dying were lying thick around, and many of the bravest and best among them had fallen beneath the intense fire of the enemy. The Russian masses literally53 surged up the hill, and hurled themselves once more at the devoted54 little band. A fearful struggle followed. Hand to hand was the combat waged, the bayonet doing deadly havoc55 upon friend and foe56. In vain the brave defenders of their post struggled against the unequal odds; in vain the officers heroically exposed themselves and encouraged their men to the desperate encounter; and in vain the men themselves emulated57 their leaders’ undaunted courage—the enemy, so immensely superior in numbers, drove them, after a sanguinary defence, from the work, and pursued them, desperately fighting in their retreat, towards the camp of their division.
The alarm had now spread throughout the entire camp, and even reached Balaklava, rousing the sleepers58 on board the ships in the harbour. The heavy booming of the cannon59 told how fierce was the contest. Sir De Lacy Evans forgot his sickness, and leaving the bed to which for many days he had been confined, insisted on being rowed ashore60; and mounting a horse, which he was almost too weak to guide, started for the field of battle. Lord Raglan, with his staff, had by this time reached the spot, and at once saw the critical position of the Allies; and saw, too, the blunder which the enemy had committed. General Soimonoff, who should, upon issuing from the ravine near Careening Bay, have turned to the right and attacked the centre of the English line, weakened by the tremendous assault on the extreme left of the position, mistook the direction and marched to the left, thus reaching the ground occupied by the Second Division, and embarrassing General Pauloff’s operations by permitting the concentration of the English forces to repel61 his assault, instead of diverting their attention by an attack at a comparatively remote point. For a General of Raglan’s experience to take advantage of this blunder was an easy task. He immediately made such arrangements of the small means at his command as would enable him to present two fronts of resistance on the threatened points, while preserving the solidity of his position.
The 20th and 47th regiments now arrived to the assistance of the gallant 49th and 41st, driven with such dreadful slaughter62 from the two-gun[162] battery. The brave Colonel Carpenter, of the 41st, had fallen pierced with many bullets; and the blood-thirsty Russians, with that tiger-like ferocity which has made the day of Inkermann so fearfully memorable63, mutilated the senseless form of the grey-headed old warrior64, clubbing their muskets65, and beating him on the face till it was almost impossible to distinguish his features. Covered with blood, frightfully mangled66, and recognised only by his uniform, the colonel was at length, when the enemy retreated, found by his men, and borne, still breathing, from the field, to linger for a few days in acute agonies, and then to breathe his last. Amidst a hurricane of bullets from the Russian troops, and exposed to a deadly storm of missiles from the enemies’ batteries, the 20th and 47th fearlessly charged the opposing masses, and endeavoured to take the redoubt. They were successful in the attempt. The Russian lines trembled before their impetuous onset67. The levelled bayonets, borne onwards by the resistless vigour68 of Englishmen, now maddened by the excitement of battle, cheered by their officers, and with the memory of Alma, swept down the hordes69 of irresolute70 Muscovites, and with a ringing cheer, the victorious71 Britons were once again in the earthwork. There, indeed, was a sight to rouse their hearts—if, indeed, further stimulant72 were needed—to deeds of vengeance73. Not one of those who in the previous attacks had fallen wounded was now alive. The remorseless Russians—assassins rather than soldiers—had bayonetted every one who showed signs of life. The little battery was choked with heaps of dead. Englishmen and Russians lay as they fell stiff in their blood, and disfigured by the agonies of death. Not one was left to tell his victorious comrades, who leaped shouting into the redoubt, how bravely their companions in arms had disputed its possession, how dearly the enemy had purchased a temporary success, or how basely that success had been consummated74 by the most brutal75 murder of wounded and unarmed men. But the Russians were not disposed to submit to the loss of this important position which they had made so many efforts to retain. Fresh legions were launched against the two regiments who had been thus far successful; and in irresistible76 strength, still another attempt was made to regain77 the post. Against such numbers it was impossible to contend successfully. The brave holders78 of the redoubt fought desperately, with that unyielding pertinacity79 for which the British infantry, beyond any soldiery in the world, is distinguished80. But the shot from the batteries on the hills beyond the river swept through their lines; on every hand brave fellows fell pierced with bullets, or mangled by exploding shells.[163] The enemy was tenfold their number, and swept on like a torrent81 against their feeble defence. After a brief but most heroic struggle, the noble remnant of the gallant 20th and 47th yielded to a force they could no longer withstand, and retreated to the main body, leaving the Russians for the third time the masters of the two-gun battery.
The masters, it is true; but not the undisputed masters. A yet bloodier82 contest was to be waged for its possession—a contest which should make that small unfinished work, on which as yet no gun had been mounted, renowned83 throughout Europe. By the time that the 20th and 41st had been driven back, as we have just recorded, the Duke of Cambridge had reached the scene of action with the brigade of Guards—those renowned soldiers whose bayonets had carried the heights of Alma, and whose prowess was a theme of terror in the Russian camps. No soldier who had shared in or witnessed that tremendous fight could forget the terrible onslaught of those bear-skinned warriors84, when the choicest troops of the Czar were trampled85 under foot, or scattered86 like chaff87 before their irresistible charge. The Coldstreams, no longer the magnificent battalion88 which a few months before left the shores of England, but reduced by the casualties of war and sickness to a few hundred badly fed and miserably-clothed men, though retaining all the ancient courage, heightened, indeed, by the hardships they had endured and the memory of their former achievements,—advanced in close ranks, at a rapid pace and with fixed bayonets, against the living wall of the Russians, who held the crown of the hill. Though the enemy were as ten to one, they yielded and broke before that matchless onset. Scattering89 the foe before them, the valiant90 Guardsmen swept like a hurricane into the battery, and the defeated Russians were precipitated91, a flying and disordered mass, down the hill. The Coldstreams had well avenged92 their comrades’ fall, but they had not yet gained an undisputed success. On came fresh battalions93 of the Russians. The flying regiments were mingled with, or sought refuge behind the advancing legions. Again the dense mass struggled up the hill, and again did it devolve upon English valour to defend the post which had been so dearly won. Not less than 6000 Russians advanced in a compact mass towards the two-gun battery. The defenders did not muster94 more than as many hundreds. Nothing daunted47, they fired through the embrasures and from the brow of the hill smart volleys; and when their ammunition95 failed, as at length it did, many hurled stones at the enemy. But moment by moment the advancing host drew nearer and nearer. The summit of the hill is reached,[164] they surround the fort, leap over the earthworks, and in an instant there is a hand to hand struggle, such as, perhaps, was never excelled in modern warfare96. They are repulsed97—literally dashed down the hill. Twice the assault renewed; the second time they are again defeated; the third time they are once more in the battery. Bayonet crosses bayonet in rapid thrusts, fearful shrieks98 of agony are mingled with the shouts and curses of infuriated men, the floor is cumbered with the fallen and slippery with blood; the gallant Coldstreams are alone and unaided, and every moment fresh foemen rush into the deadly mêlée. Hundreds fall before the fatal bayonets of the dauntless Guards—their places are supplied by hundreds more, fresh and unwounded. In front, on either side, they swarm49 around, ferocious99 and malignant100. Back to back, the English heroes meet their tremendous charge. In all the horrors of that scene, amid all the carnage which surrounds them, their high courage never fails, their firm bearing is never relaxed. Though many fall mortally wounded, their comrades bestride their bodies, and there is still the bristling101 chevaux-de-frise of bayonets, against which the foe hurl51 themselves in vain, and only to fall in hundreds, thrust to the heart by the fatal steel, wielded102 by the hands of the most determined103 soldiers in the world. At length the limit is reached beyond which resistance is impossible, and slowly yielding to the immense superiority of numbers, the Guards give ground, and prepare to leave the battery once more in the hands of the enemy. They retreat from the spot, and then see that their path is barred by another and fresh force of the enemy. Death appears inevitable104; other soldiers might lay down their arms, and few would doubt their courage, so great is the disparity of strength. But the Guards are not dismayed even then. Struggling into line, with rapidity gained only by their perfect discipline, they level their bayonets, charge the fresh foe, and in an instant are among them. Down go the Russian infantry, stabbed and trampled on. A brief struggle, and the invincible105 Coldstreams have cut through the masses of the foe, and sweeping106 all opposition107 from their path, have rejoined the main body of their comrades.
While this deadly contest was waging, the battle on the left of the position was rivalling it in intensity108. Soimonoff’s army had attacked, and the greater portion of the Second Division were bravely opposing their advance. The English artillery109 were ordered up to the support, and taking position on the hill, did good service, and sent many a Russian to his great account. But at length their ammunition was exhausted110, and the enemy advancing in great force, after a stirring combat, in which[165] Major Townsend, a gallant and experienced officer, was killed, and prodigies111 of valour were performed, succeeded in capturing four of our guns.
The battle had now assumed tremendous proportions. The whole of the Second and Fourth Divisions were engaged, as well as portions of the First and Light Divisions, about 8000 men in all. Including the fresh regiments which Dannenberg now brought into action, not less than 60,000 Russians were in the field. Against this overwhelming force the English bravely held their ground. The brigade of Guards, gallantly112 led by their royal commander, had again united, and waged a desperate warfare against unequal odds. In front, the Light Division and a portion of the Second preserved a firm bearing, and opposed themselves fearlessly to the shock of the advancing battalions. On the left, Soimonoff’s corps d’armée was met by the remainder of the Second Division, who bore the assault of the enemy, inspirited by their success in driving back the artillery and capturing the guns. Their exultation113 was fated to be of brief duration, for the gallant Second, having repulsed their first attack, now assumed the offensive, and charging the Russian columns, after a sanguinary struggle, drove them back, and recaptured the guns.
The ground to which the struggle was now confined was hilly and covered with thick brushwood, sloping towards the harbour, the ships in which, moored114 so as to command the English lines, poured a destructive fire into our ranks. The brigade of Guards, forced by the enormous odds to quit the Two-gun Battery, after such a terrific contest, were now engaged in hand-to-hand conflict with nearly ten times their number of the enemy. It was impossible, from the fierceness of the contest and the nature of the ground, to preserve military order. The battle was a series of detached groups, sometimes a few dauntless Guardsmen, bareheaded and back to back, disputing every inch of ground, and with their bayonets inflicting115 terrible execution on the enemy; sometimes a young officer, rallying a few of his men around him, dashing with a ringing cheer at a phalanx of the foe, and as their dense mass was broken by the impetuosity of the attack, falling pierced by a dozen bullets, with his last breath cheering on his men to the charge. So fell Lieut.-Colonels Mackinnon and Cowell; so fell Sir Robert Newman; and so fell many another brave soldier and good man. The Duke of Cambridge, affected116 almost to tears by the sight of so many lying in their blood, was everywhere in the thick of the fight, urging on his men, and setting them an example of the most daring courage. Almost alone, he dashed into the mêlée, amid a shower of bullets from the Russian rifles. Once he had nearly fallen a[166] victim to his own enthusiasm and contempt of danger. Conspicuous117 by his uniform and fine person, he presented a prominent mark for the aim of the ambushed118 enemy. Reckless of the danger, he disdained119 even ordinary precautions. In this emergency, Dr. Wilson, anxious to lend his professional services to the wounded, saw the peril120 of the Duke, and collecting a handful of men, dispersed121 the enemy’s riflemen, and rescued the too daring leader. Nothing could exceed the deadly nature of the combat. The Guards fought as only men can fight, when utterly122 desperate. There seemed but small probability that one of that noble brigade would leave the ground unhurt. The Russians, strong in their numbers, inspirited by intoxication123 and fanaticism124, poured their legions in vain against the resistance of such unquenchable heroism125. Heaps of dead covered the ground, and the assassin Muscovites, unable to subdue126 the living, wreaked127 a miserable128 vengeance on the fallen, bayonetting and madly disfiguring with their clubbed muskets every prostrate129 antagonist130. When the battle was over, many a brave fellow, who had fallen wounded, was found an unrecognisable mass of mangled flesh and blood. Rendered nearly mad by the sight of such devilish atrocity131, the survivors132 redoubled their almost surpernatural efforts, and though pressed on every side, maintained the struggle with unfailing valour, still the same invincible Guardsmen, so terrible at Alma, so heroic at the fight for the Two-gun Battery.
The Light Division meanwhile maintained its reputation in the vigorous struggle in which they were now engaged. Sir George Brown, their General, was severely133 wounded, and borne from the field, his white hair streaming in the wind, and his face deadly pale, from the acuteness of his suffering. A five-gun battery, under the direction of Sir Thomas Troubridge, Major of the 7th Fusiliers, did good service against the advancing columns of the enemy; but the brave fellows who manned it suffered terribly from the fire from the batteries of the town. Sir Thomas himself had his right leg and left foot carried away by a thirty-nine pounder from the Round Tower, or Malakoff. Notwithstanding the severity of the injury, and the excruciating agony he must have endured, he refused to permit his men to carry him to the rear; but ordered them to lift him to a gun-carriage, whence, streaming with blood, he continued to give the word of command, nor quitted his post till the enemy were routed.
Seeing the desperate nature of the contest, Sir George Cathcart conceived the idea that by descending134 the side of the hill, he might take the enemy in flank, and so relieve the Guards from the unequal struggle in[167] which they were engaged. He despatched General Torrens, with portions of the 46th and 68th regiments on this duty. They advanced rapidly, but from either hand rained the bullets of the Russian riflemen, concealed135 in the brushwood. The horse of General Torrens fell pierced by five bullets, and on every side, the number who were struck down attested136 the severity of the fire to which they were exposed. Torrens himself received a ball through his lungs, and was carried senseless from the field. Sir George Cathcart, seeing the fierce opposition which his brigade sustained, immediately dashed forward with the remainder of his men, and fearlessly charged the enemy. Too late he saw the error into which he had been led. He was perfectly surrounded by the enemy, who held the high ground commanding the valley into which he had led his brigade, in the hopes of making a vigorous flank attack. For some time, his little band returned sharp volleys to the enemy’s rifles. Then a cry was raised that their cartridges137 were exhausted. There was no retreat, and the fierce fire poured like hail into their ranks. “You have got your bayonets!” shouted their dauntless leader, and dashed forwards followed by his men. As he raised himself in his stirrups, a bullet pierced his brain, and the heroic Cathcart, the subduer of the Cape138 savages139, fell headlong from his horse, quite dead. By his side fell Colonel Seymour, Adjutant-General of the Fourth Division, sharing his leader’s fate. He was wounded before Sir George, but concealed his hurt. When the General fell, Colonel Seymour dismounted to render him assistance. The brigade had swept on, unable to pause in their career, and then the enemy rushing on the wounded Seymour cruelly murdered him, as he stooped over the body of his friend, and consummated their infamy140 by basely stabbing with their bayonets the insensible body of the noble Cathcart.
It was now eleven o’clock, and it seemed impossible that the English could much longer withstand the terrible assault. They were driven back exhausted by the long struggle; hundreds of their best and bravest had fallen heroically; and the enemy was still pouring fresh legions into the fray141. The fog and drizzling142 rain obscured the scene of action, so that it was impossible for the Generals to concert a scheme of operations, or even to know accurately143 the state of affairs: it was rather a series of battles than one action. Lord Raglan and his staff were eagerly watching the fray, but unable to control the movements of the troops. Nothing could save the entire army but the self-devotion and valour of the men: tactics were unavailable, and generalship useless. Now, however,[168] came the crisis of the struggle. General Bosquet had by this time discovered that the threatened attack on Balaklava was but a feint; and warned by the thunder of cannon and the roll of musketry of the real point of attack, hastened to, the rescue. Two troops of horse-artillery were speedily despatched, and took up a position whence they could effectively play upon the Russian guns. Hastening to the spot, with his dashing regiments of Zouaves and Chasseurs Indigènes, he precipitated himself upon the left flank of the Russian hordes. General Canrobert, too, at the same time, ordered up several French regiments of the line to the assistance of the English Second Division, on the left.
Wearied, wounded, and almost disheartened, the English heroes were gradually giving ground to the foe, when their ears caught, above the din26 of battle, the rapid tread and loud shouts of advancing troops, and perceived through the mist the forms of massive columns, moving at a rapid pace, whether friends or foes144 they scarcely knew. In a few moments, a joyous145 “Hurrah!” rang from the broken lines, and a mighty146 cheer was echoed through the fog: then they knew the French were there to help them. A new life seemed to animate147 them; no longer they retreated, but summoning up the last flashes of their failing fire, charged the foe anew. The Russians, staggered by the fresh assault, surprised by the sudden appearance of the warriors of Africa, hesitated and gave way. Then, uniting their ranks, the English and the French, with mingled shouts, loud “Hurrahs!” and “Vive l’Empereur!” dashed into the paralyzed columns, and drove the bayonets home through many a Russian breast. The Zouaves leaped through the tangled148 brushwood, and, with wondrous149 activity, scattered the confused and retreating battalions. Then came the tremendous fire from the ships in the harbour, and the guns from the heights, which almost swept them from the field, and forced them for a brief space to pause in their career. It was but for an instant. Renewing their charge, English and French once more dashed at the flying foe, and at the bayonet’s point, with fearful slaughter, drove them, a disorderly mob, down the hill-side.
The moment had now come when Lord Raglan could effectively exhibit his generalship: for hours he had sat in his saddle, in a most exposed situation, unable to control the fluctuating fortunes of the day. Under his direction, General Strangways had opened a heavy fire of artillery upon the Russian guns upon the opposite hills, with the hope of silencing their fatal volleys. This was all he had been enabled to perform for the succour of the troops engaged. Many fell around him, but the brave old[169] General refused to move from his exposed situation, anxious for the time to arrive when he might be enabled so to man?uvre his forces as to drive back the enemy. General Strangways was within a short distance of the Commander-in-Chief, when a shot, which had actually passed between the legs of Lord Raglan’s horse, shattered his leg, and he fell to the ground. He was borne carefully to the rear, where, in a few moments, the gallant old man, who had survived the dangers of Leipzig, and a fearful wound at Waterloo, breathed his last; meeting his fate with a calm heroism that affected to tears many a brave man fresh from the honours of that sanguinary field. The Russians had left on the field two 18-pounder guns, and Lord Raglan now ordered them to be brought up to the front. Colonel Dickson had already anticipated the order, and the guns had been dragged by main strength to the fitting position on a ridge15 front of the Second Division. Assisted by Captain D’Aguilar, a well-aimed fire was poured into the Russian batteries; the guns were overthrown150, the gunners killed, and the fire for an instant quelled151; but the fertility of the enemy’s resources did not fail them even now: fresh gunners supplied the places of those struck down by the English fire, and the deadly duel152 was resumed. Then came the retreating infantry—a headlong mass, and the fiery153 Zouaves and reanimated British in hot pursuit. Three times were the artillerymen swept away from their guns; as many times their places were supplied. Then, under cover of fierce volleys from the town and ships, they succeeded in carrying off their guns. The French batteries now advanced to the crown of the ridge, and opened fire on the retreating masses, flying pell-mell towards the heights. Hundreds fell beneath the deadly volleys—the thunders of the death-dealing artillery drowned alike the shrieks and groans154 of the wounded and the triumphant155 shouts of the victors, and the battle of Inkermann was won!
About 8000 English and 6000 French had thus utterly defeated more than 50,000 of the enemy, with the disadvantage of being taken by surprise. The English were enfeebled by sickness, imperfectly fed, and inadequately156 provided with necessary equipments and ammunition. The Russians were mostly fresh troops, prepared for the attack, and supported by the tremendous batteries of the town and ships. It is to the French unquestionably that we were indebted for the victory: no human courage could much longer have withstood such disproportionate odds. The gallant Bosquet, by his promptitude and the dashing valour of his African soldiers, saved not only the fortunes of the day, but the very existence of the English army. Our loss was 462 killed, including 43 officers, 1952[170] wounded, and 198 missing; giving a total of 2612 casualties. Three generals were killed—Cathcart, Goldie, and Strangways; and three—Brown, Torrens, and Bentinck—were wounded. If we reckon that only about 8000 were engaged, these numbers show that nearly every third man was killed, wounded, or fell into the hands of the enemy. The Russians admit a loss of 2969 killed, of whom 42 were officers; and 5791 wounded, including 206 officers; giving a total loss of 8760. There can be no rational doubt that their real loss was nearly double, and the number of Russians killed or wounded was at the least equal to the entire English and French forces engaged in the battle. Our brigade of Guards alone lost twelve officers killed on the field, besides many wounded. Truly the daring courage of the English gentleman has not deteriorated157 in these latter days! The chivalric158 valour which placed the officers in the very front of danger was nobly seconded by the unquenchable spirit of the men whom they led; they were mostly fasting, when they hurried to the scene of conflict, and for ten long hours were engaged in one of the deadliest struggles the military historian has ever recorded. Some were sick, all were gaunt and emaciated159. It was Agincourt once more. The starved legions met and overthrew160 five times their number. Such was the bloody161 battle of Inkermann!”
IPSUS, BATTLE OF.—Fought B.C. 301. Between Seleucus and Antigonus, King of Asia. On the side of Antigonus was his son, whilst Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander were ranged on the side of Seleucus. The army of Seleucus consisted of 70,000 foot, and 10,000 cavalry162, with 75 elephants. The other army amounted to 64,000 infantry, and 10,500 horse, with 600 elephants and 120 chariots. Antigonus and his son were signally defeated.
IRUN, BATTLE OF.—Between the British auxiliary163 legion, under General Evans, and the Carlist forces. It was fought, May 17th, 1837. On the 16th, the legion marched from St. Sebastian to attack Irun, which, after a desperate resistance, they carried by assault. Great exertions were made by the British officers to save the lives of the prisoners from the fury of the soldiers of the legion, their minds having been exasperated164 by the frequent massacre165 of such of their comrades as had from time to time fallen into the hands of the enemy. The town was pillaged166.
ISLE167-AUX-NOIX.—In the Richelieu River, Lower Canada.—Commands the entrance to Lake Champlain. Fortified168 by the French, in[171] 1759. Captured by the English, in 1760. Taken by the Americans, in 1775 (from which place they issued their proclamation to the Canadians). It rendered important service in the war of 1812–1814.
ISLE OF FRANCE.—Taken, with six French frigates169, and many Indiamen, by the British from the French, December 2nd, 1810. The British retain possession of it, and it is now a freed colony.
ISMAEL, SIEGE OF.—In Bessarabia.—After a long siege by the Russians, who lost 20,000 men before the place, the town was taken by storm, December 22nd, 1790, when the Russian General, Suwarrow, the bloodiest170 and most merciless warrior of modern times, put the brave Turkish garrison, consisting of 30,000 men, to the sword—every man was butchered. Not satisfied with this vengeance, the General ordered the town to be pillaged by his ferocious soldiery, and 6000 women were murdered in cold blood.
ISSUS, BATTLE OF.—Alexander the Great completely defeated Darius in this battle, fought B.C. 333. The Persian army, according to Justin, amounted to 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, of which 61,000 foot and 10,000 cavalry were left dead on the field, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The Macedonians lost only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus.
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1
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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picket
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| n.纠察队；警戒哨；v.设置纠察线；布置警卫 | |
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pickets
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| 罢工纠察员( picket的名词复数 ) | |
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desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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41
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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42
debilitated
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| adj.疲惫不堪的，操劳过度的v.使（人或人的身体）非常虚弱( debilitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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43
bustle
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| v.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙；n.忙碌；喧闹 | |
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44
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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45
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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46
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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47
daunted
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| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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49
swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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50
swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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51
hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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52
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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53
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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54
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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55
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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56
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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57
emulated
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| v.与…竞争( emulate的过去式和过去分词 )；努力赶上；计算机程序等仿真；模仿 | |
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58
sleepers
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| n.卧铺（通常以复数形式出现）；卧车( sleeper的名词复数 )；轨枕；睡觉（呈某种状态）的人；小耳环 | |
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59
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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60
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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61
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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62
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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63
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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64
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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65
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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66
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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67
onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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69
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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70
irresolute
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| adj.无决断的，优柔寡断的，踌躇不定的 | |
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71
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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72
stimulant
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| n.刺激物，兴奋剂 | |
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73
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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74
consummated
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| v.使结束( consummate的过去式和过去分词 )；使完美；完婚；（婚礼后的）圆房 | |
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75
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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76
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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77
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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78
holders
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| 支持物( holder的名词复数 )； 持有者； （支票等）持有人； 支托（或握持）…之物 | |
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79
pertinacity
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| n.执拗，顽固 | |
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80
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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81
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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82
bloodier
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| adj.血污的( bloody的比较级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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83
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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84
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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85
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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86
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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87
chaff
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| v.取笑，嘲笑；n.谷壳 | |
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88
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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89
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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90
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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91
precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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92
avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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93
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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94
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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95
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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96
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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97
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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98
shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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99
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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100
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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101
bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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102
wielded
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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103
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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104
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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105
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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106
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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111
prodigies
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| n.奇才，天才（尤指神童）( prodigy的名词复数 ) | |
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gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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114
moored
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| adj. 系泊的 动词moor的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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118
ambushed
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| v.埋伏( ambush的过去式和过去分词 )；埋伏着 | |
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disdained
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| 鄙视( disdain的过去式和过去分词 )； 不屑于做，不愿意做 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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fanaticism
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| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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wreaked
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| 诉诸（武力），施行（暴力），发（脾气）( wreak的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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138
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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infamy
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| n.声名狼藉，出丑，恶行 | |
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fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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drizzling
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| 下蒙蒙细雨，下毛毛雨( drizzle的现在分词 ) | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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joyous
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| adj.充满快乐的；令人高兴的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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animate
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| v.赋于生命，鼓励；adj.有生命的，有生气的 | |
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tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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quelled
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| v.（用武力）制止，结束，镇压( quell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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inadequately
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| ad.不够地；不够好地 | |
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deteriorated
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| 恶化，变坏( deteriorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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chivalric
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| 有武士气概的，有武士风范的 | |
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emaciated
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| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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160
overthrew
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| overthrow的过去式 | |
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161
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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auxiliary
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| adj.辅助的，备用的 | |
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exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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169
frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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170
bloodiest
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| adj.血污的( bloody的最高级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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