VALENCIENNES, SIEGE OF.—Besieged2 from May 23rd to July 14th, when the French garrison surrendered to the Duke of York, 1793. Retaken by the French, on capitulation; the garrison and 1100 emigrants3 made prisoners, with immense stores, viz. 200 cannon4, 1,000,000 pounds of gunpowder5, 8,000,000 florins in specie, 6,000,000 of livres, 1000 head of cattle, &c., on August 30th, 1794.
VALUE OF PRINCES.—￡400,000 was the price paid to the Scots for delivering up to the English Charles I.
￡1,000 offered by Parliament for the head of Charles II.
￡30,000 for that of the Pretender.
Richard I was ransomed for the large sum of ￡100,000 or 150,000 marks; he had before been sold by the Duke Leopold of Austria, to the Emperor Henry IV, for ￡60,000.
King John, of France, was to be redeemed7 by his subjects for the enormous sum of 3,000,000 crowns, but they could not raise the amount.
VARNA, BATTLE OF.—The Emperor Nicholas of Russia arrived before Varna, the head-quarters of his army, then besieging8 the place, August 5th, 1828. The Turks made a vigorous attack on the besiegers August 7th; another on the 21st, but they were repulsed9; surrendered to[366] the Russians, October 1st, 1828. Famous as the point of rendezvous10 of the Allied11 army, preparatory to the Crimean war. The cholera12 made dreadful devastation13 in both the English and French armies; then a great fire nearly destroyed the town, but purified the air; and the news of the Crimean invasion expedition dispelled14 the gloom and melancholy15 which pervaded16, to a very great degree, our troops.
VIENNA.—Besieged by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent, with an army of 300,000 men, but forced to raise the siege having lost 70,000 soldiers. Again besieged in 1683, and the siege raised by the celebrated17 John Sobieski, King of Poland, who totally routed the Turkish army of 100,000 men. Taken by the French, November 14th, 1805, and afterwards retaken and taken for some time.
VILLA18 FRANCA, BATTLE OF.—Engagement here between the British cavalry19, under Cotton, and the French cavalry, under Soult. The French were defeated, April 10th, 1812. When Napoleon heard of the result he reproached Soult the first time in his life.
VIMEIRA, BATTLE OF.—Between the British, under Wellington, and the whole of the French and Spanish forces, in Portugal, under Marshal Guinot, whom the British signally defeated, August 21st, 1808. The enemy’s force were 14,000 men, of whom 1600 were cavalry. They attacked the English at Vimeira early in the morning. The principal assault was on the English centre and left, with the view, according to a favourite French expression of “driving the English into the sea,” which was close in their rear. The attack was made with great bravery but as bravely repulsed. It was repeated by Kellerman, at the head of the French reserve, which was also signally repulsed, and the French being charged with the British bayonet, withdrew on all sides in confusion, leaving many prisoners, a General Officer, and 14 cannon, with ammunition20, in the hands of the British. French loss, killed and wounded, 1800. English 720; only one-half of the British force was actually engaged.
VINEGAR HILL, BATTLE OF.—Between the British troops and the Irish insurgents21, in 1798. The rebels suffered a severe defeat, and much blood shed on both sides. June 12th, 1798.
VITTORIA, BATTLE OF.—Fought, June 21st, 1813, between[367] the French and English. The following is a graphic22 account of this great victory:
“The splendid achievements of the campaign of 1812 produced their natural results. Even the torpid23 obstinacy24 of Castilian pride was at last overcome, and by a decree of the Cortes of September 22nd, 1812, the great English General was invested with the supreme25 command of the Spanish armies. He repaired to Cadiz on the 24th of December, and on the 30th he was received by the Cortes in full assembly. The news of Napoleon’s overthrow26 in Russia had just arrived, and all hearts seemed to expand with hope of the speedy expulsion of his troops from Spain.
England herself also now began to put forth27 efforts commensurate with the crisis. At the opening of the year 1813 her land forces consisted of 228,000 men, besides 28,000 in India, 95,000 militia28 at home, and 32,000 foreign troops in the British service. And, besides these, she had 200,000 native troops in India, a local militia of 300,000, and a yeomanry cavalry of 68,000, forming a grand total of 949,000 men in arms; and her expenditure30 in the year amounted to ￡118,000,000 sterling31.
Thus supported, her great Commander, of whom it may be questioned if his equal in all respects ever stood upon a field of battle, looked forward with reasonable expectation to a coming harvest; to a campaign in which, after four years’ toils33 and sufferings, the grand object of the final expulsion of the French from Spain might be anticipated. And assuredly the means he took to gain this end in the simplest and completest manner, were marked by the most consummate34 skill and wisdom.
To be nearer to his supplies, and to relieve the wasted provinces of Spain, Wellington had withdrawn35 his army into cantonments on the Coa and the Agueda, that is, in Leon and in Beira, or Northern Portugal. All the Lusitanian kingdom had long been free from the French, and the campaign of 1812 had compelled them to abandon all Andalusia Murcia, Granada, Asturias and Estramadura. The French army now occupied only central and eastern Spain, the bulk of the troops being quartered in New and Old Castile.
Wellington’s chief attention was naturally devoted37, during the winter, to the task of reorganizing his forces for the final struggle of the opening year. His own English army was the only force he had which was at all in a condition to march against the enemy. Of the Spanish troops he found it necessary to give the Spanish Minister of War, in March 1813, the following description:—“There is not a single battalion38 or[368] squadron in the Spanish armies in a condition to take the field; there is not in the whole kingdom of Spain a dep?t of provisions for the support of a single battalion for one day; there is not a shilling of money in any military chest. To move them forward at any point now, against even inconsiderable bodies of the enemy, would be to insure their certain destruction.”
But by unceasing exertions39 these evils were, in a measure, overcome: and Wellington found himself, in the month of May, 1813, for the first time in a state approaching to an equality with the French. Their force, which in former years had often amounted to nearly 400,000 men, was now reduced to 239,000 of which about 197,000 were present with the eagles. Meanwhile Wellington’s nominal40 force now amounted to 200,000, and although only about one-half of this number were fit to take the field, the remainder was still of use in maintaining the communications, guarding convoys41, and cutting off the foraging42 parties of the enemy. His principal army of English and Portuguese43 mustered44 about 75,000 men, of whom about 44,000 were English. The efficiency of the Portuguese troops was advanced in a surprising manner; reinforcements, especially of cavalry, had arrived from England; and the Anglo-Portuguese troops, conscious of an improved organization, were more confident than ever; while the French, hearing of the calamities45 of their brethren in Russia, were proportionably depressed46. Even the Spaniards had, in some numbers, been brought into better condition:—Wellington had kept them fed and clothed during the winter, and had now several efficient corps47 of native troops, ready to act in conjunction with his own army. Hence, on the 22nd of May the great English General began his march, and when he crossed the stream which divides Portugal from Spain, he rose in his stirrups, and waving his hand, exclaimed, “Good bye to Portugal!”
The military skill and talent of a commander is never more conspicuously48 seen than in those man?uvres by which an enemy is defeated without a battle. Such man?uvres often resemble the skill and power with which an able and fearless horseman, even while on the ground, will control a powerful courser, forcing him backwards49 by a small leverage50 upon his mouth. In the present instance the French still had a considerable army and able Generals, and they occupied the centre of Spain, defending the capital, and ready to fight, if needful, a succession of battles before they would relinquish51 their prey52. But their more able antagonist53 forced them to retreat, step by step, without fighting, until their last and only stand was made at Vittoria, almost in sight of France;[369] and then delivering his attack, he utterly54 routed them, and chased them over the Pyrenees. On the 22nd of May, as we have said, the English army marched out of Portugal; on the 21st of June it fought and gained the battle of Vittoria; and before the 1st of July the shattered remains55 of the French army, with their King Joseph at their head, had fled over the Pyrenees. Little more than a single month had sufficed to destroy, uproot56, and utterly abolish the French dominion57 in Spain, and that at a time, too, when there were still 197,000 French soldiers in the field, under many able Commanders.
A brave general of the ordinary kind would have marched in quest of the French, lying in front of Madrid; would have defeated them, and taken the capital. All the smaller bodies of French in Spain would then have been called round the King; and in July a second battle would have been fought in Arragon, or in front of Burgos. One more victory,—a third, supposing the English to have been always victorious58, might have sent the French out of Spain; but any mistake or mishap59 might have prevented this. But Wellington, by masterly tactics, always threatening to turn the enemy’s right wing and to get upon his communications, backed his foe60 as a man backs a horse, till he could bring the opposing army into a position fit for his purpose; and then, delivering at once a knock-down blow, he drove the whole mass, king and army, in four-and-twenty hours, out of Spain.
King Joseph had reckoned, in the spring, upon a direct attack by the great road of Madrid; but when it would come, or where it would fall, he could not divine, for Wellington kept him constantly in doubt, by a variety of feigned61 movements.
At last, towards the end of May, he found that Wellington, sending 40,000 men under Graham through the difficult passes of the Tras-os-Montes, and moving himself a week after on the Esla, had carried his whole army, by the 4th of June, over the Douro, and was now in full march for Valladolid. If he should gain that place, Joseph well knew that his communications would be cut off, and his whole army taken, to use Napoleon’s phrase, “flagrante delicto.” Hastily, therefore, Madrid was abandoned, the whole army put in retreat; and now Joseph would make his stand at Burgos.
Thus 100 miles of Spanish ground had been cleared of the French without firing a shot. And now, Joseph would fight for his kingdom in this, his second position. But his Generals examined the country, and disliked the prospect62. Meanwhile Wellington pushed on,[370] conducting his operations continually on the same principle,—pushing forwards his left wing, and out-flanking and turning the French right. Again perplexed63, Joseph now abandoned his second purpose, as he had abandoned his first. Burgos must be given up, and the retreat must be continued on Vittoria. Into Vittoria there was poured, therefore, the artillery64 dep?ts of Madrid, of Valladolid, and of Burgos, and the baggage and stores of several armies; with the King’s valuables, the archives, and papers of the State and of the army, and a large amount of treasure.
Vittoria is only 26 miles from Irun, on the French frontier. Here, therefore, had been driven together, like a flock of sheep, the intruders and plunderers of Spain, and one vigorous assault only was needed to rid the land of them altogether. It was not long delayed.
It was about the 15th of June when King Joseph found his army assembled round Vittoria, reckoning, Napier tells us, from 60,000 to 70,000 men. Wellington had left his sixth division at Medina de Pomar, and therefore had 60,000 English and Portuguese, besides some Spanish troops. In the number and calibre of their guns the French had the advantage.
From the mountain-region through which the British army was marching, the way to Vittoria lay over many a rugged65 steep, and through many dangerous defiles66; but no difficulty was allowed to stop their march. “Six days they toiled68 unceasingly; but on the seventh, swelled69 by a Spanish reinforcement, they burst like raging streams from every defile67, and went foaming70 into the basin of Vittoria.”
The French army was drawn36 up round this basin, which is a small plain about 10 miles in length, by 8 in breadth, through which runs the river Zadora. As this battle-field was approached by various mountain-passes, Wellington resolved to enter it from three sides at once, forming three distinct combats. General Graham, with a corps of about 20,000 men, was to attack from the British left, and to pass the Zadora at Ariaga, near the city of Vittoria. Hill was to attack from the right with an equal force. Wellington stationed himself in the centre, with a rather larger force, which was to descend71 from the mountain ridges72, to cross the Zadora by various roads, and to march straight upon Vittoria. In fact, the whole battle was merely an attack on a strong army hemmed73 in, by an army equally strong, and marching to the attack on three sides at the same moment.
At daybreak the English began to move; but the distance to Vittoria was several miles, and every step was to be contended for. Hill reached[371] the village of Puebla about ten in the morning; pushed on, fighting hard, till he gained the village of Subijana de Alava, and so placed himself in communication with the English centre. Graham had to make a march of several miles to reach Ariaga, near Vittoria; but about one o’clock his attack began to tell. This was a serious one for the French; for, if successful, it would cut them off from the great road to Bayonne. King Joseph, finding both his flanks thus threatened, sent an order to the centre to retire. But the troops were fiercely engaged, and retreat was difficult. Meanwhile, however, three attacks of the English, right, left, and centre, were all succeeding; and step by step, the French were being pushed back upon Vittoria.
“At six o’clock,” says Napier, “the French reached the last defensible height in front of Vittoria. Behind them was the plain in which the city stood, and beyond the city were thousands of carriages and animals, and of men, women, and children, crowded together in all the madness of terror; and as the English shot went booming overhead, the vast crowd started and swerved74 with a convulsive movement, while a dull and horrid75 cry of distress76 arose; but there was no hope, no stay for army or multitude, it was the wreck77 of a nation!” Still the courage of the French soldiers was unquelled. Their artillery for a time kept the Allies in check, but suddenly the fourth English division, rushing forward, carried a hill on the left, and the heights were at once abandoned. Joseph finding the main road so completely blocked up by carriages that the artillery could not pass, indicated the road of Salvatierra as the line of retreat, and the army went off in a confused and yet compact body on that side, leaving Vittoria on its left. The British infantry78 followed hard, and the light cavalry galloped79 through the town to intercept80 the new line of retreat. All became disorder81 and confusion, the guns were left, while the artillerymen fled with the horses. Vehemently82 and closely did the British pursue, and nothing could stop their victorious career until night and the disappearance83 of the flying masses had ended the struggle. The French lost all their artillery, all their baggage, all their equipages, all their stores, treasures, and papers, “so that no man,” says a French writer, “could prove even how much pay was due to him. Generals and subordinate officers were alike reduced to the clothes on their backs, and many of them were barefooted.”
“Never was victory more complete. The trophies84 were innumerable. Marshal Jourdan’s baton85 of command was brought to Lord Wellington, who sent it to the Prince Regent, from whom he quickly received one of[372] an English marshal in return. The loss of the French was never ascertained86; that of the Allies was 3,567 English, 1,059 Portuguese, and 550 Spanish. The spoil taken was enormous. “The soldiers of the army,” wrote Lord Wellington, “have got among them about 1,000,000 sterling in money, with the exception of about 100,000 dollars found in the military chest. Rich vestures of all sorts, gold and silver plate, pictures, jewels, parrots, monkeys, and children, lay scattered87 about the field amidst weeping mothers and wailing88 children. Joseph himself narrowly escaped; a squadron of dragoons pursued his carriage and fired into it.”
All the remaining bodies of the French in Spain fell in the fall of Vittoria. They escaped out of the kingdom by various roads as quickly as possible. “Joseph’s reign29 was over, the crown had fallen from his head, and after years of toil32 and combats, which had rather been admired than understood, the great English leader, emerging from the chaos89 of the Peninsular struggle, stood on the summit of the Pyrenees a recognized conqueror90. From those lofty pinnacles91 the clangour of his trumpets92 pealed93 clear and loud, and the splendour of his genius appeared as a flaming beacon94 to warring nations.”[15]
Thus, in some five or six weeks, had a great kingdom been cleared of its invaders95 and oppressors—not by the power of superior numbers, but by the natural ascendency of a consummate military genius. “Here,” remarks Napier, “was a noble army driven like sheep before prowling wolves, although in every action the officers had been prompt and skilful96, and the soldiers brave, firm, and obedient. The French troops were excellent and numerous, and the country strong and favourable97 for defence; but the soul of a great Commander was wanting; and hence, the Esla, the Tormes, the Douro, the Pisuerga, seemed to be all dried up, the mountains to be levelled; and 60,000 veteran soldiers, willing to fight at every step, were hurried with all the tumult98 and confusion of defeat across the Ebro.”
The deliverance of the Peninsula, by a force so far inferior to that of the French, must always remain one of Wellington’s greatest glories. The same French writer, whom we have already quoted, Jules Maurel, remarks this surprising fact. He says: “The truth is, that from 1808 to 1813, Wellington never had 30,000 English under his orders, even at a period when the Imperial armies deluged99 the Peninsula with no fewer than 370,000 men.”
[373]
Nor were the results of this great day confined to the Spanish peninsula. Like its predecessor100, the victory of Salamanca, the battle of Vittoria shook the whole continent of Europe. Napoleon himself, holding his ground at Dresden, had, up to this moment, succeeded in withholding101 Austria from any actual participation102 in the confederacy against him. He had even succeeded, on the 30th of June, in obtaining a convention for the restoration of peace between himself, Russia and Prussia. But the very next day the news of the expulsion of the French from Spain reached Dresden, filling Napoleon and his ministers with consternation103, and giving new life and vigour104 to the Russian and Prussian councils. The Allies regretted that any cessation of arms had been agreed to, and they began to long for its termination. The very moment it expired by lapse105 of time, Austria joined the Allies; war was actively106 resumed, and the autumn had not ended before Napoleon had been driven across the Rhine, and Germany freed from the presence of the French armies.
The French writer from whom we have just quoted, Jules Maurel, thus notices this remarkable107 passage in modern history:
“Scarcely had the armistice108 been signed when intelligence arrived that the French had lost everything in Spain. In 40 days Wellington had turned, one after another, all the positions occupied by the French armies of the centre, of the south and of the north, and had crossed the Tormes, the Douro, the Esla, the Carrion109, and the Ebro. He had reached Vittoria; he had gained a decisive battle; he had expelled King Joseph from the Peninsula, and had planted his army on the Pyrenees. In the beginning of May he was in Portugal; on the 23rd of June he was on the frontiers of France. The defeat of Vittoria entirely110 neutralized111 the victories of Lutzen and Bautzen, and at once restored the coalition112.”
VOUGLE, BATTLE OF.—Fought between Alaric II and Clovis of France. Alaric was entirely overthrown113, and the whole country subdued114. Clovis afterwards made Paris the capital, and became the founder115 of the French Monarchy116.
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1
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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ransomed
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| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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besieging
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的现在分词 ) | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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cholera
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| n.霍乱 | |
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devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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torpid
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| adj.麻痹的，麻木的，迟钝的 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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toils
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| 网 | |
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consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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convoys
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| n.（有护航的）船队( convoy的名词复数 )；车队；护航（队）；护送队 | |
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foraging
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| v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西） | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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48
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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50
leverage
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| n.力量，影响；杠杆作用，杠杆的力量 | |
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51
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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52
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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54
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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55
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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56
uproot
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| v.连根拔起，拔除；根除，灭绝；赶出家园，被迫移开 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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58
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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59
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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60
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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61
feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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63
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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64
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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defile
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| v.弄污，弄脏；n.(山间)小道 | |
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toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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69
swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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71
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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swerved
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| v.（使）改变方向，改变目的( swerve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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vehemently
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| adv. 热烈地 | |
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disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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baton
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| n.乐队用指挥杖 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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pinnacles
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| 顶峰( pinnacle的名词复数 )； 顶点； 尖顶； 小尖塔 | |
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trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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pealed
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| v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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beacon
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| n.烽火，（警告用的）闪火灯，灯塔 | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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deluged
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| v.使淹没( deluge的过去式和过去分词 )；淹没；被洪水般涌来的事物所淹没；穷于应付 | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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101
withholding
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| 扣缴税款 | |
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102
participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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103
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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104
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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105
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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106
actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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107
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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108
armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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109
carrion
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| n.腐肉 | |
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110
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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111
neutralized
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| v.使失效( neutralize的过去式和过去分词 )；抵消；中和；使（一个国家）中立化 | |
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112
coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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113
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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114
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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115
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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116
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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