In February, 1763, The Peace of Paris, concluded between the governments of England and France, closed the war in America that had been so painful to the colonies from the part which the French persuaded the Indians to take in it. But, while the colonies bore a large part of the burden, (they had raised $16,000,000 of its expenses, and had lost, in battle or in hospital, 30,000 men,) of a war that drove the French out of all their possessions in Canada and east of the Mississippi river; they were, at the same time, trained to act in concert, which paved the way for a future confederation, and hardened them to war. Being called into battle under celebrated1 English commanders, and to fight side by side with European veterans, they had opportunity to learn the art of war, as well as to compare themselves with the soldiers of the mother country and of France. This comparison was favorable to them, and inspired them with confidence in their own ability.
The fatal blunders of Gen. Braddock, and the skill and bravery of Washington and his provincial2 troops which, alone, saved the British army from entire annihilation in the Pennsylvania wilderness3, was never forgotten. They felt themselves, even as raw militia4, equal to the best European soldiers, when on their own ground.
It was a great mistake of the Home Government to put on an arrogant5 tone with them just when they had learned their strength. In the year 1764 that government, plunged6 in debt by its long wars with the continental7 powers, (it amounted to[163] $700,000,000,) and on the plea that the colonies who had been protected, should bear a fair share of the pecuniary8 burden, determined9 to impose taxes on them. Previously10 they had restricted their commerce to English ports, had laid duties on various imports, and assumed authority to change the governments of the colonies without their consent. This had produced much dissatisfaction, but had no further immediate11 effect than to lead them to remonstrance12, evasion13, or legal resistance. The proposal to lay internal taxes was quite another affair. Submission14 to this they thought would be fatal to their liberties. They resisted with general moderation, respectfully, but with determined resolution.
The British ministry15 were provoked by this resistance, holding it to be rebellion; and determined to put it down, by force, if need be. The struggle continued for ten years with growing obstinacy16 on either side. The home government was exceedingly obtuse17 or it would have either proceeded to extremes at once or yielded the whole case, as it finally determined to do in 1776, when it was too late. In this period of lively discussion, and of organization to secure the strength of union in resistance, the separate colonies were gradually moulded into a nation, imbued18 with common sympathies and ideas, and moved by common interests. They had not thought of independence during all this preliminary struggle. The war had lasted a year before that idea became prominent. That was not, even then, regarded as an end, so much as an indispensable means to secure their liberties. Thus we see that no taint19 of conspiracy20 attached to the revolutionary struggle. The colonies were thoroughly21 loyal, until loyalty22 came to mean loss of liberty, and the rights enjoyed by Englishmen in England. The exercise of arbitrary power they felt it right to resist; but they exhausted23 all other modes and means of resistance before they resorted to arms.
They did not even make a first attack. They waited till armies were sent to subjugate24 them, and until those armies[164] commenced the attack; then the whole country rose in the stern resolve to right their wrongs.
1763.
The Peace of Paris was signed in February of this year. July 7th began “Pontiac’s War,” with the simultaneous attack on all the forts in the peninsula of Michigan, and the whole frontier of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Pontiac was an Ottawa chief, of great ability, and had drawn25 many Indian tribes into the war. It was virtually ended in September of the same year.
1764.
April 5.—“The Sugar Act” was passed in the English Parliament. This levied26 duties on coffee, pimento, French and East India goods, and forbade iron and lumber27 to be exported except to England. It was for the avowed28 purpose of raising a revenue, and raised instead a storm of indignation. The Massachusetts House of Representatives said: “If we are taxed and not represented, we are slaves.”
1765.
Feb. 27—Was passed the obnoxious29 Stamp Act. Also the military law was made to authorize30 the ministry to send any number of troops to the colonies, for whom the colonists31 were to find “quarters, fire-wood, bedding, drink, soap, and candles.”
May 29—Patrick Henry introduced five “Resolutions” into the Virginia House of Burgesses, claiming for Virginians the rights of British subjects; that only their own representatives could lawfully33 tax them; declaring the attempt to vest that power in any other hands subversive34 of both British and American liberty.
Sept. 1—The Pennsylvania Assembly passed similar resolutions.
Oct. 7—A congress of delegates, or committees, from nine colonies, met in New York. It was the first Continental[165] Congress. Its spirit harmonized with that of Massachusetts, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, and its “Declaration of Rights and Grievances35” was cordially approved by all the colonial assemblies.
1766.
Mar36. 29—The Stamp Act could not be enforced in America, and it was repealed37 by Parliament; but the repeal38 was followed by another act asserting the power and right of Parliament “to bind39 the colonies in all cases whatsoever40.” Thus yielding the thing and asserting the principle, they both strengthened the colonies by a sense of their power, and exasperated41 them by a total denial of their Declaration of Rights.
May—Yet their triumph filled the colonies with joy, and gratitude42 toward the King and their English friends. Virginia voted the King a statue.
1767.
June—But their exultation43 was short-lived. In this year taxes were levied on tea, paints, paper, glass, and lead. This led to the determination, on the part of the colonies, to pay no more taxes or duties at all.
Oct. 28—The Governor of Massachusetts having refused to call the General Court (or legislative44 body of the colony) together, a public meeting was held and resolutions passed to encourage “economy, industry, and manufactures,” and a committee appointed to get subscribers to an agreement to discontinue the importation of British goods not absolute necessaries. This was imitated in other colonies.
1768.
Feb. 11—Massachusetts General Court issues a general circular to other colonial assemblies, inviting45 co?peration for the defense46 of colonial rights. Those bodies mostly gave cordial replies. This General Court having July—been dissolved, the new one being called on to rescind47 this circular, refused by a vote of ninety-two[166] to seventeen. These seventeen became the butt48 of public scorn.
” 22—The governor had been desired, by a Boston “town meeting,” to call a General Court. He refused, and the “meeting” issued a call for delegates from the towns to a colonial convention. More than a hundred towns were represented in the convention meeting this day. Their main effort was to vindicate50 the ” 28—colony from the charge of a rebellious51 spirit. The day after this meeting adjourned52 two regiments of British troops arrived in Boston.
1769.
Jan’y—Parliament severely53 censures54 all the colonial acts, and directs that persons arrested in the colonies for treason be sent to England, to be tried.
May—The Virginia Assembly take strong ground against this, and agree with the Massachusetts Convention.
” 31—The Massachusetts General Court assembles, but refuses to transact55 business in the midst of an armed force. After long contest with them the Governor adjourned them to Cambridge.
June 13—Required to support the troops, they respectfully and temperately56, but firmly, refuse, and decline to vote any supplies for government till their grievances are redressed57.
July 15—All the colonies manifest the same spirit.
1770.
Mar. 5—The indignation of Boston at the presence of troops breaks out into an affray. The troops fire on the citizens. Three are killed and five wounded. It was called the “Boston Massacre58.”
April—British Parliament repeals59 the last tax on all articles but tea. The non-importation agreements had exerted a great influence in promoting economy, encouraging manufactures, and bringing “home-made” into fashion.[167] The graduating class in Harvard College took their degrees in “home-spun” this year.
1771.
Throughout this year the same disputes were maintained between the governors and colonial legislatures as formerly60; but as the home government did not push the struggle to an issue, there was comparative quiet, but no yielding.
1772.
June 10—The Gaspe, a British revenue schooner61, burned by a party from Providence62, Rhode Island. Parliament offers six hundred pounds sterling63 and a pardon to any accomplice64 who will confess and give up the offenders65. They were well known by colonists, but no legal evidence could ever be obtained.
Oct. 28—A committee appointed in Boston to state the rights of the colonists and correspond with other sections on this subject. They publish an address, which is extensively circulated. Franklin, agent for the colonies in England, republishes it there.
1773.
March—This address led to the first measures for a political union of the colonies.
July—The British ministry attempt to import tea into the colonies.
Oct. 2—The people of Philadelphia declare that any one who shall “aid or abet66 in unloading, receiving, or vending67 the tea is an enemy to his country.”
Nov. 3—The Boston consignees required by the people to resign. They refuse.
” 5-19—A legal town meeting takes them in hand, and at length they resign.
Dec’r—Three ships loaded with tea having arrived, the people labor68 for near a month to have them sent back. Not succeeding, the cargoes69 are all emptied into the sea.
[168]
1774.
Mar. 25—Parliament retaliated70 by the “Boston Port Bill,” closing it to commerce.
May 13-20—Meetings held in the principal cities to consider the state of affairs, recommended the assembly of a Continental Congress. This body was appointed in all the provinces but Georgia. There were fifty-three delegates.
Sept. 4—These assemble at Philadelphia, and Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, is chosen President. They publish a “Declaration of Colonial Rights.” They agree on fourteen articles as the basis of an “American Association” to support these rights. This body was henceforth the real government, all their directions being obeyed by the people. They completed the organization of the union and took preliminary measures for defense in case of attack.
1775.
Feb. 1—Lord Chatham introduced a bill in Parliament which might have accommodated all differences, but it was treated with great discourtesy. Parliament determines to humble71 and subdue72 the colonies.
April 19—Battle of Lexington. General Gage73 sends eight hundred British troops to destroy some colonial military stores at Concord74, twenty miles from Boston. The “minute men” assembled at Lexington, are fired on and dispersed75. The troops march to Concord, destroy the stores, and hastily retreat before the gathering76 minute men, who assail77 them on all sides. They would have been completely destroyed but for a timely reinforcement at Lexington of nine hundred men and two cannon78. The loss of British killed and wounded was nearly three hundred; of the provincials79 eighty-five. Boston is immediately beleagured by some twenty thousand minute men.
” 22—Massachusetts Legislature assembles. It sends depositions,[169] proving that the soldiers fired first, to England, with an address to the English people, declaring that they will “die or be free.” This body voted a levy80 of thirteen thousand men for the protection of the colony.
May 10—The second Continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia.
Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprise the fortress81 of Ticonderoga, on Lake George, New York. Its small force of three officers and forty-four privates cannot defend it, and they surrender without fighting. Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, is occupied without resistance.
Peyton Randolph again chosen President of Congress.
” 24—Peyton Randolph being called home, John Hancock, of Massachusetts, is chosen President of Congress.
” 25—Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, with large British reinforcements, arrived at Boston.
June 15—George Washington unanimously chosen commander-in-chief of the Continental forces.
” 17—The battle of Bunker Hill (or Breed’s Hill), near Boston. The British were twice repulsed82, with great loss, when the ammunition83 of the Americans failing, they retreated in safety. British loss over one thousand; American, four hundred and fifty. British forces engaged, three thousand; American, less than fifteen hundred. The British commander burned Charlestown during the battle. General Warren, American, was killed.
” 23—Congress issue bills of credit for $2,000,000.
” 30—Articles of War are agreed to in Congress.
July 8—A last petition to the King is sent by Richard Penn, grandson of William Penn.
” 17—Another million dollars in bills of credit is issued. The liability for these was distributed among the Colonies.
[170]
” 26—Benjamin Franklin appointed first Postmaster General.
Aug. 30—General Schuyler embarks85 on Lake Champlain, for an expedition against Canada. He leaves the command with General Montgomery. Early in September General Arnold starts with eleven hundred men to Canada by Maine.
Sept. 24—Ethan Allen is taken prisoner, near Montreal.
Oct. 18—Falmouth (now Portland, Maine) burned by the British.
” 22—Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, died. He was the first President of Congress.
Nov. 3—Montgomery captures St. Johns, Canada.
” 13—Montreal surrendered to the Americans under Montgomery.
Dec. 7—Lord Dunmore, British Governor of Virginia, defeated near Norfolk, Virginia.
” 21—The British Parliament pass a bill declaring all American vessels and goods, and those of all persons trading with them, a lawful32 prize, and authorizing90 the impressment of American sailors into the royal navy, where they might be required to fight against their own cause and friends.
” 31—General Montgomery and Colonel Arnold make an unsuccessful attack on Quebec. Montgomery is killed, Arnold wounded, and four hundred men killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. Arnold withdrew, but kept Quebec blockaded through the winter.
1776.
Jan. 1—Lord Dunmore, Royal Governor of Virginia, ravages91 the coast and burns Norfolk, but is obliged to fly to Bermuda.
[171]
” 20—Georgia prepares to join the other twelve colonies.
Feb. 4—McIntosh, with an American force, destroys several vessels loading for England, near Savannah, Georgia.
” 17—Four millions more of paper money issued by Congress.
March 4—Washington fortifies92 Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston, which renders it untenable by the British.
” 10—The inhabitants and merchants of Boston plundered93 of their lighter94 property by the British army.
” 18—Sir Archibald Campbell sails into Boston, and his whole force of seventeen hundred men are taken prisoners.
” 23—Congress declares all British vessels a lawful prize.
April 26—Washington removes his army to New York.
May 3—Sir Peter Parker, with ten ships of war and seven regiments, joins the force from Boston under General Clinton, at Cape95 Fear.
” 15—Congress declared that all authority under the British crown ought to be totally suppressed and government conducted by colonial representatives alone. This was only an expression of their sense of the danger to their interests and liberties of allowing British agents to act.
June 7—Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, moved the Declaration of Independence.
” 8—American army in Canada, under General Sullivan, make an unsuccessful attack on the enemy. They are pressed by superior numbers, and retreat in good order, though with a loss of one thousand men prisoners, out of Canada, losing all their conquests.
” 11—Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Robert R. Livingston a committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence.
[172]
” 28—British fleet attack Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan’s Island, near Charleston, South Carolina, but were defeated with loss of two hundred men, one vessel87, and death of Lord Campbell, the ex-royal Governor.
July 4—Declaration of Independence by the Congress at Philadelphia.
[173]
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1
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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remonstrance
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| n抗议，抱怨 | |
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evasion
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| n.逃避，偷漏(税) | |
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14
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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15
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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16
obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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obtuse
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| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
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imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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subjugate
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| v.征服；抑制 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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lumber
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| n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动 | |
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avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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authorize
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| v.授权，委任；批准，认可 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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32
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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lawfully
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| adv.守法地，合法地；合理地 | |
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34
subversive
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| adj.颠覆性的，破坏性的；n.破坏份子，危险份子 | |
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35
grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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repeal
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| n.废止，撤消；v.废止，撤消 | |
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bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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40
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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41
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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42
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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44
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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rescind
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| v.废除，取消 | |
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butt
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| n.笑柄；烟蒂；枪托；臀部；v.用头撞或顶 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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vindicate
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| v.为…辩护或辩解，辩明；证明…正确 | |
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51
rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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52
adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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53
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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54
censures
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的第三人称单数 ) | |
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55
transact
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| v.处理；做交易；谈判 | |
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temperately
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| adv.节制地，适度地 | |
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57
redressed
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| v.改正( redress的过去式和过去分词 )；重加权衡；恢复平衡 | |
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58
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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59
repeals
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的名词复数 ) | |
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60
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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61
schooner
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| n.纵帆船 | |
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62
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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63
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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64
accomplice
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| n.从犯，帮凶，同谋 | |
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offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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abet
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| v.教唆，鼓励帮助 | |
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67
vending
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| v.出售（尤指土地等财产）( vend的现在分词 )；（尤指在公共场所）贩卖；发表（意见，言论）；声明 | |
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68
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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cargoes
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| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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gage
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| n.标准尺寸，规格；量规，量表 [=gauge] | |
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concord
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| n.和谐；协调 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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assail
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| v.猛烈攻击，抨击，痛斥 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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79
provincials
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| n.首都以外的人，地区居民( provincial的名词复数 ) | |
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levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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84
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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embarks
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| 乘船( embark的第三人称单数 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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payable
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| adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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reprisal
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| n.报复，报仇，报复性劫掠 | |
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authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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fortifies
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的第三人称单数 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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