July 12—Lord Howe arrived from England; Gen. Clinton returned from his repulse5 at Fort Moultrie, several Hessian regiments6 soon after arrived, and the British force amounted to 24,000; Gen. Carleton was near Lake Champlain with 13,000 men. The forces under Washington did not amount to half as many, but the British had a salutary respect for American prowess, and were laboring7 to win the American leaders back by promises of pardon.
[192]
Aug. 27—The battle of Long Island. The Americans, 9,000 strong, are attacked by the British, 15,000 strong. The Americans are worsted, but hold their intrenched camp. Washington silently and safely retreats during the night. The Americans lost 1,600 in killed, wounded and prisoners. British killed and wounded, 400.
Sept. 1—General Howe sends General Sullivan (American, taken prisoner in the late battle), to Congress to discuss a compromise of the dispute between England and the Colonies. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge, are appointed to meet English commissioners8. They meet on Staten Island, but can make no arrangements.
Sept. 15—British army takes possession of New York. General Washington’s army being largely made up of militia9, which come and go, he adopts “The Fabian Policy” of avoiding general engagements, keeping the enemy harrassed and in constant movement. This saved the American cause.
Sept. 26—Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee appointed commissioners to France.
Nov. 1—Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, chosen President of Congress.
Nov. 16—Fort Washington, at the north end of Manhattan Island, assaulted by the British, in force. The fort was taken with 2,000 prisoners. The British loss was 1,200 in killed and wounded.
Nov. 28—Washington retreats across the Delaware into Pennsylvania.
Dec. 7—Gen. Lee disobeys the instructions of Washington and is taken prisoner by the British.
[193]
Dec. 12—The British army being stationed along the Delaware, in New Jersey12, Congress adjourns13 from Philadelphia to Baltimore.
Dec. 26-27—Washington suddenly crosses the Delaware and surprises Trenton. He captures 1,000 Hessians and six cannon14, with a loss of four killed. In this year about 350 British merchant vessels15 had been taken by Americans.
1777.
Jan. 2—Washington having re-occupied Trenton, Lord Cornwallis marches a strong force to attack him.
Jan. 3—The American army silently retreat in the night and capture Princeton, with 300 prisoners. British loss in killed and wounded, 100. American loss about the same. General Mercer killed.
March 4—Congress returns to Philadelphia.
” 23—American stores destroyed at Peekskill, New York.
April 26—Danbury, Connecticut, burned by the British.
May 24—This outrage17 is retaliated18 by Colonel Meigs, of Connecticut, who lands on Long Island with 200 men, destroys twelve vessels, large quantities of provision and forage19, takes ninety prisoners, and retreats without the loss of a man.
May 27—Button Gwinnett, of Georgia, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, is killed in a duel20.
June 22—Gen. Howe evacuates21 New Brunswick, New Jersey, and retires in order to draw Washington into a battle. Washington advances till he penetrates22 the design of the enemy, when he retreats to a strong position and foils the British.
June 30—General Howe embarks23 16,000 troops at Staten Island for Philadelphia. About this time the French Marquis De Lafayette, a youth of nineteen, arrived[194] in America, with twelve other foreign officers, to aid the American cause.
July 1—British Gen. Burgoyne appears before Fort Ticonderoga.
” 5—Americans evacuate Ticonderoga.
” 7—Americans retreating from Ticonderoga, are defeated at Hubbardton.
” 29—Burgoyne’s army, constantly victorious25, reaches the Hudson.
Aug. 3—British Gen. St. Leger invests Fort Stanwix (Utica, New York).
” 6—American Gen. Herkimer defeated near Fort Stanwix. American loss 400. Gen. Herkimer killed.
” 16—Battle of Bennington, Vermont. A victory for the “Green Mountain Boys.” British lost 200 killed, 600 prisoners, 1,000 stand of arms, 1,000 swords, and four cannon. American loss fourteen killed and forty-two wounded. This turned the tide against Burgoyne.
” 22—Gen. Arnold raises the siege of Fort Stanwix. St. Leger loses his artillery26, tents, and stores.
” 11—Washington’s army defeated by the British at the battle of the Brandywine, near Wilmington, Delaware. Washington retreats in good order.
” 18—Congress adjourns from Philadelphia to Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
” 19—Battle of Stillwater between Gates, American, and Gen. Burgoyne. Burgoyne held the field, but lost 500 men; Gates 300.
Sept. 16—Washington advances across the Schuylkill to attack the British, when a violent storm stops the conflict. The arms of the Americans are rendered unserviceable by the rain.
[195]
” 20—Gen. Wayne, surprised at Paoli, retreats with loss of 300 men.
” 26—The British enter Philadelphia.
Oct. 4—Battle of Germantown. Washington, with an inferior army, is again defeated. British loss 600. American loss over 1,000.
” 7—Battle of Saratoga. Burgoyne is defeated, and part of his camp with stores and ammunition27, much needed by the Americans, captured. British loss 400. They retreated in the night.
” 15—Kingston, New York, burned by the British. They had taken forts Clinton and Montgomery, defending the river below, October 6th. This was an effort to aid Burgoyne, but it failed, being too late, and they retreated down the river.
” 17—Gen. Burgoyne surrenders his whole army to Gen. Gates. The prisoners amounted to 5,647. Burgoyne had lost about 4,000 since his capture of Ticonderoga. Thirty-five brass28 field-pieces and 5,000 stand of arms fell into the hands of the Americans. Washington, as commander-in-chief, had diminished his own army till it was much inferior to the British he was facing, to secure the success of the northern army against Burgoyne. This was the turning point of the war. Its immediate29 result was a treaty of alliance with France.
” 22—Count Donop, with 1,200 Hessians, attacks the American fort at Red Bank, below Philadelphia, and is repulsed30 by Colonel Green with 400 men. Donop is killed, and the British retire with a loss of 500 men and two vessels of war.
Nov. 15—“The Articles of Confederation” adopted by Congress.
” 16-18—Americans abandon Mud Island, and Fort Mercer, below Philadelphia.
Dec. 11—Washington establishes his army in winter quarters[196] at Valley Forge. During this year American prisoners were treated with great cruelty at New York. General Gates, who had really succeeded in capturing Burgoyne only by the aid of Generals Schuyler and Arnold, intrigues31 against Washington. When this became known the general indignation killed the scheme.
1778.
The American cause was really gained by the war of the previous year. The Americans were so far unanimous, and so spirited, that the British had not been able to get a permanent hold on any part of the country, save what was occupied by their armies in force.
Jan. 30—A treaty of alliance is made with France.
” 20—The American Minister presented at the French Court.
Apr. 18—Count d’Estaing leaves Toulon, France, with a fleet to aid the Americans in the war.
Jun. 12—Philip Livingston, of New York, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, died.
” 17—The British Parliament having appointed three Commissioners, the Earl of Carlisle, Lord Auckland, and Governor Johnstone, to treat for peace with the colonies, on the basis of granting everything they had asked, except independence, Congress replies, refusing all intercourse32 unless the independence of the States were first recognized, and the English army withdrawn33. Two years before, this would have been eagerly accepted. England had lost, at the beginning of this year, twenty thousand men, and 550 vessels, taken by American cruisers, worth twelve million dollars, and had spent one hundred million dollars on military armaments in America.
” 18—The English, afraid of being blockaded in the Delaware river, by the French fleet, evacuate Philadelphia.
[197]
Jun. 28—Battle of Morristown; Washington wins. The British retreat in the night. Lord Cornwallis commanded.
July 4-5—“The massacre34 of Wyoming” by the Indians, under Tory influence. About 400 troops, and most of the inhabitants killed.
” 28-29—Count d’Estaing, who was to have supported General Sullivan by a naval attack on Newport, Rhode Island, having suffered severe loss in an engagement with the English fleet, and withdrawn to Boston to refit, Sullivan retires, but is attacked by the British. He repulses36 them, and retreats from Rhode Island.
Dec. 29—Savannah, Geo., taken by the British.
1779.
The British direct their main efforts, this year, to the Southern States, and overrun Georgia and part of South Carolina.
Mar. 3—American force under Ashe surprised by Brigadier-General Prevost; loss 1,600.
May 2—Verplank’s Point, on the Hudson river, surrenders to British forces.
” 10—Norfolk and Portsmouth taken and partially37 burned by the British. Stony38 Point, on the Hudson, evacuated39 by the Americans and occupied by the British.
” 12—Prevost makes an attempt on Charleston, South Carolina, but fails.
” 20—Gen. Lincoln, American, attacks Prevost, at Stone River. He is repulsed, and Prevost retires to Georgia.
July 4—Governor Tryon makes a descent, in Connecticut, destroys the shipping43 at New Haven44, and burns Fairfield, Norwalk, and Greenwich. He is called off
July 16—from this barbarous work by the alarm of Gen. Clinton at the attack of Gen. Wayne on Stony[198] Point. It was a complete surprise. Sixty of the British were killed and 550 made prisoners. American loss, 100.
” 19—Major Lee (“Light Horse Harry”) captured the garrison at Paulus’ Hook (Jersey City). The British lost 30 killed, and 159 prisoners.
Aug. 29—Gen. Sullivan is sent with an army to punish the Indians for the massacre of Wyoming and Cherry Valley. He defeats them in a fight near Elmira, New York, and lays waste their country. He burned more than forty of their towns, and destroyed their provisions and crops.
Sept. 24—Paul Jones, in a desperate naval engagement with seven English vessels, on the coast of Scotland, captures two of the enemy’s vessels.
Oct. 9—The combined French and American forces make an attack on Savannah, Geo. They are repulsed with a loss of 1,000 men. Count Pulaski was killed.
Joseph Hewes, of N. C., Thomas Lynch, of S. C., and George Ross, of Pa., signers of the Declaration of Independence, died during this year.
1780.
Jan.—The British send a large force to capture Charleston, S. C., and overrun that State.
Feb. 11—British troops are landed on St. Johns Island, and the fleet blockades Charleston.
May 6—Fort Moultrie, being invested by sea and land, surrenders to the British.
” 12—Charleston surrendered by Gen. Lincoln.
” 29—Col. Tarleton surprises Buford, American, at Waxhaws. Buford is totally defeated. South Carolina is now treated as a royal province, all opposition45 being overcome, for the present.
June 23—A sharp action between the British Generals Kniphausen and Clinton, with 6,000 troops, and Gen.[199] Greene, with 1,500. The town of Springfield was burned, but Greene, taking a strong position, stopped the advance of the enemy, and he retired46 to Staten Island.
July 10—The Count de Rochambeau, with a fleet and 6,000 French troops, arrives at Newport, R. I. They are blockaded by the British.
Aug. 6—Col. Sumter gains a brilliant victory at Hanging Rock, S. C.
” 16—Battle of Camden, between Lord Cornwallis and Gen. Gates. The American army was superior in numbers (5,600; Cornwallis not much more than 2,000). Gates’ army was largely composed of militia, which caught a panic at the first attack. The Americans lost 1,800 killed, wounded, and prisoners. British loss, 325.
” 18—Tarleton surprises and totally defeats Sumter.
Sept. 21—Major André, of the British army, arranges with Arnold for the surrender of the fortress47 of West Point, on the Hudson, to the British. The plot miscarries, Arnold escapes, and André is captured.
Oct. 2—Major André is hung as a spy.
” 7—The British commander, Ferguson, is defeated and killed by a body of American back-woodsmen, at Kings Mountain, South Carolina. 300 British killed and wounded, and 800 made prisoners.
John Hart, of New Jersey, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, died this year.
1781.
Jan.—An insurrection broke out among the Pennsylvania and other troops of the American army in this month, on account of the failure of Congress to pay them. It threatened serious consequences, but was subdued48 by the moderation and influence of Washington.
[200]
” 17—Battle of the “Cowpens,” South Carolina. Colonel Morgan, American, totally defeated Colonel Tarleton, who lost six hundred men, with his baggage and artillery. Morgan lost eighty men.
Feb. 23—George Taylor, of Pennsylvania, signer of the Declaration of Independence, died.
” 28—Richard Stockton, of New Jersey signer of the Declaration of Independence, died.
” 15—Battle of Guildford Court House North Carolina. Gen. Greene, American commander, and Lord Cornwallis, after long skirmishing, came to a battle. Greene’s army was mostly raw militia, which broke and fled. Greene was worsted, but retreated in quiet. His loss was 400; Cornwallis’, 500. So heavy a loss was as bad as a defeat to Cornwallis.
Apr. 25—Battle of Hobkirks Hill. General Greene attacked by Lord Rawdon. The Americans driven from the field. Loss on each side, 250.
May 10—Lord Rawdon evacuates Camden, South Carolina.
” 21—Several British forts in South Carolina captured by Marion and Sumter, the British losing in them 800 troops.
June 5—General Pickens, with militia, captures Augusta, Georgia. Lafayette had been maneuvering51 with the British forces in Virginia since April, with great ability. Though much inferior, he constantly held them in check, and avoided a battle.
July 6—Cornwallis, after a sharp skirmish with Lafayette, at Jamestown, retires to Portsmouth, Virginia. The British troops had, in three months, destroyed $10,000,000 worth of property in Virginia.
Aug. 1—Cornwallis takes post at Yorktown, Virginia, and fortifies52 it. His force consists of 8,000 men.
[201]
” 17—It is arranged that the combined French and American forces shall attack Cornwallis, in Virginia.
” 25—Supplies and money for the American armies landed at Boston, from France.
Sept. 5—Forts Trumbull and Griswold, in Connecticut, taken by the British, under Arnold, with circumstances of great atrocity53, and New London burned.
” 8—Battle of Eutaw Springs. Both sides claim the victory. The loss was about equal—seven hundred on each side. The advantage, in the end, was in favor of the Americans, though they were repulsed. The British soon retired.
” 10—The French fleet enter the Chesapeake Bay with heavy artillery for the siege of Yorktown, while De Grasse, the French Admiral, with a large squadron, guards the entrance against the British.
” 19—Cornwallis surrenders Yorktown, and 7,000 troops, prisoners of war.
” 25—Colonel Willett repulses 600 tories, at Johnstown, New York, with loss.
Dec. 31—Henry Laurens, United States Minister to France, sometime a prisoner in London, England, was exchanged for Gen. Burgoyne.
1782.
The war was now practically concluded. The finances of the United States, the sad condition of which had so much interfered55 with the collection and support of strong and well-disciplined armies, had been lately supported by loans from France and Holland. The Americans were stronger than ever, the British could not hold possession even of the Southern States, where there were more royalist inhabitants than further north; and the aid of France on the sea really made the Americans invincible56. England could no longer raise the money or the troops to continue the struggle.
[202]
The year 1782 was mostly spent in negotiations57. The difficulties of arranging the terms were great; and the boundaries of the new Government were a subject of much dispute.
Mar. 4—Resolutions were passed in the English Parliament, in favor of peace.
Apr. 19—Holland acknowledges American independence.
July 11—Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British, and occupied by General Wayne. The British carried off 5,000 negroes. Great discontent arose in the army in regard to pay, and only the great influence of Washington, and the wise moderation of American statesmen in Congress, prevented serious outbreaks.
Franklin, Adams, Jay, and Laurens, were the American Commissioners who arranged terms of peace.
Various Indian wars raged on the frontiers during this year.
1783.
Jan. 20—The preliminary treaty, providing for the cessation of hostilities58 between England and the United States, was signed.
Feb. 5—The Independence of the United States acknowledged by Sweden.
Mar. 24—The Independence of the United States acknowledged by Denmark. The Independence of the United States acknowledged by Spain.
Apr. 19—Cessation of hostilities officially proclaimed in the United States—just eight years from the beginning of the war. Estimated loss of men during the war, seventy thousand.
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1
mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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7
laboring
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| n.劳动，操劳v.努力争取(for)( labor的现在分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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11
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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12
jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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adjourns
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的第三人称单数 ) | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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16
reprisal
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| n.报复，报仇，报复性劫掠 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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20
duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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21
evacuates
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| 撤离，疏散( evacuate的第三人称单数 )； 排空（胃肠），排泄（粪便）； （从危险的地方）撤出，搬出，撤空 | |
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penetrates
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| v.穿过( penetrate的第三人称单数 )；刺入；了解；渗透 | |
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embarks
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| 乘船( embark的第三人称单数 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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25
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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32
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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33
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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besieges
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的第三人称单数 ) | |
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repulses
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| v.击退( repulse的第三人称单数 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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44
haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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45
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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47
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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48
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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49
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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50
sloops
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| n.单桅纵帆船( sloop的名词复数 ) | |
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51
maneuvering
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| v.移动，用策略( maneuver的现在分词 )；操纵 | |
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52
fortifies
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的第三人称单数 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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53
atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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54
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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55
interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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56
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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57
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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