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CHAPTER LVIII. CIRCUIT COURTS.
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 The next in dignity, power, and jurisdiction1 are the United States Circuit Courts. While the Supreme2 Court is always held in Washington, these are held in every State at such times and places as special law of Congress directs. These are often changed so as to accommodate both the people in the States and the judges of the Court. As now arranged, the whole union is divided into nine circuits, each circuit comprising several States, according to the size and population of the[432] States. The places are arranged with reference to convenience of access by all the people in the circuit.
This Court is similar in design and authority to the Supreme Court; indeed it is but a branch of it; the same officers presiding, and the same class of questions being adjudicated by it, viz.: those involving Constitutional Law; and this authority, so important to uniformity of interpretation3 of constitutional provisions, and to the enjoyment4 of rights guaranteed by that instrument to citizens of all the States, is made pervading—is carried within the reach of all.
2. The Circuit Courts are held by the Judges of the Supreme Court, who allot5 the circuits among themselves, and then travel each through his own circuit, until he has visited and held a session in every State which lies within it. A Judge of the Supreme Court is the presiding and supreme magistrate6 in every Circuit Court, but the Judge of the District Court of the district in which the Circuit is held, sits with the Judge of the Supreme Court, as Associate Justice.
JURISDICTION.
 
3. These Courts have both original and appellate jurisdiction. Causes may be appealed from the District Courts to the Circuit. They also have concurrent7 jurisdiction with the State courts, where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum of $500, and the United States are plaintiffs; or where an alien is a party, or where the suit is between citizens of different States. They have exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of crimes against the United States, except where the law especially confers the power on other courts. It extends to all cases under the revenue laws of the United States.
4. There is also a certain class of cases (too tedious to be described here in detail,) which may be removed from State and from District Courts, into these courts, and be tried and determined8 in the same manner as if they had been commenced here.
The officers of Circuit Courts are, first, the Judges; second, the District Attorney of the district in which the court is[433] held; third, the Marshal of the district; and fourth, a Clerk, who is appointed by the court.
5. It may be interesting, and perhaps useful to know how the different circuits are formed, and what States lie in each. They have been from time to time increased in number, as the number of the States increased. In some cases States have been at first placed in one circuit, and afterwards detached and placed in another.
6. By the Acts of 1862 and 1863, the circuits were arranged as follows:
First Circuit—Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire (by Act of 1820).
Second Circuit—Vermont, Connecticut, New York (Act of 1837).
Third Circuit—New Jersey9 and Pennsylvania.
Fourth Circuit—Maryland, Virginia, Delaware and North Carolina.
Fifth Circuit—South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.
Sixth Circuit—Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky and Tennessee.
Seventh Circuit—Ohio and Indiana.
Eighth Circuit—Michigan and Illinois.
Ninth Circuit—Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Minnesota.
Tenth Circuit—California and Oregon.
But in 1866 this arrangement of the circuits was again changed; and this was done, we suppose, to make the circuits approximate nearer to the number of Associate Justices, as reduced from nine to six by the same act; for, it was then enacted10 that hereafter there should be no more Associate Justices of the Supreme Court appointed, until they were reduced (by death or resignation), to six.
7. The circuits by this last act were reduced to nine, and were arranged as follows:
First and Second Circuits to remain as before.
[434]
The Third was made up of the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware.
The Fourth, of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina.
The Fifth, of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.
The Sixth, of Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennessee.
The Seventh, of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin.
The Eighth, of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas.
The Ninth, of California, Oregon and Nevada.
We have inserted both of these circuit arrangements, because one new State (Nebraska), has been admitted since the act passed. Others will soon come in, and very probably the old number of circuits and judges will be restored.

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1 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权
参考例句:
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
2 supreme PHqzc     
adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的
参考例句:
  • It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
  • He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
3 interpretation P5jxQ     
n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理
参考例句:
  • His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
  • Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。
4 enjoyment opaxV     
n.乐趣;享有;享用
参考例句:
  • Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit. 有您的陪同,我们这次访问更加愉快了。
  • After each joke the old man cackled his enjoyment.每逢讲完一个笑话,这老人就呵呵笑着表示他的高兴。
5 allot uLVyr     
v.分配;拨给;n.部分;小块菜地
参考例句:
  • The government is ready to allot houses in that area.政府准备在那个地区分配住房。
  • Who will she allot the easy jobs to?她把轻活儿分给谁呢?
6 magistrate e8vzN     
n.地方行政官,地方法官,治安官
参考例句:
  • The magistrate committed him to prison for a month.法官判处他一个月监禁。
  • John was fined 1000 dollars by the magistrate.约翰被地方法官罚款1000美元。
7 concurrent YncyG     
adj.同时发生的,一致的
参考例句:
  • You can't attend two concurrent events!你不能同时参加两项活动!
  • The twins had concurrent birthday. 双胞胎生日在同一天。
8 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
9 jersey Lp5zzo     
n.运动衫
参考例句:
  • He wears a cotton jersey when he plays football.他穿运动衫踢足球。
  • They were dressed alike in blue jersey and knickers.他们穿着一致,都是蓝色的运动衫和灯笼短裤。
10 enacted b0a10ad8fca50ba4217bccb35bc0f2a1     
制定(法律),通过(法案)( enact的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • legislation enacted by parliament 由议会通过的法律
  • Outside in the little lobby another scene was begin enacted. 外面的小休息室里又是另一番景象。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹


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