—Pudd’nhead Wilson’s New Calendar.
One day during our stay in Bombay there was a criminal trial of a most interesting sort, a terribly realistic chapter out of the “Arabian Nights,” a strange mixture of simplicities1 and pieties2 and murderous practicalities, which brought back the forgotten days of Thuggee and made them live again; in fact, even made them believable. It was a case where a young girl had been assassinated3 for the sake of her trifling4 ornaments6, things not worth a laborer’s day’s wages in America. This thing could have been done in many other countries, but hardly with the cold business-like depravity, absence of fear, absence of caution, destitution7 of the sense of horror, repentance8, remorse9, exhibited in this case. Elsewhere the murderer would have done his crime secretly, by night, and without witnesses; his fears would have allowed him no peace while the dead body was in his neighborhood; he would not have rested until he had gotten it safe out of the way and hidden as effectually as he could hide it. But this Indian murderer does his deed in the full light of day, cares nothing for the society of witnesses, is in no way incommoded by the presence of the corpse10, takes his own time about disposing of it, and the whole party are so indifferent, so phlegmatic11, that they take their regular sleep as if nothing was happening and no halters hanging over them; and these five bland12 people close the episode with a religious service. The thing reads like a Meadows-Taylor Thug-tale of half a century ago, as may be seen by the official report of the trial:
“At the Mazagon Police Court yesterday, Superintendent14 Nolan again charged Tookaram Suntoo Savat Baya, woman, her daughter Krishni, and Gopal Vithoo Bhanayker, before Mr. Phiroze Hoshang Dastur, Fourth Presidency15 Magistrate16, under sections 302 and 109 of the Code, with having on the night of the 30th of December last murdered a Hindoo girl named Cassi, aged17 12, by strangulation, in the room of a chawl at Jakaria Bunder, on the Sewriroad, and also with aiding and abetting18 each other in the commission of the offense19.
“Mr. F. A. Little, Public Prosecutor20, conducted the case on behalf of the Crown, the accused being undefended.
“Mr. Little applied21 under the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code to tender pardon to one of the accused, Krishni, woman, aged 22, on her undertaking22 to make a true and full statement of facts under which the deceased girl Cassi was murdered.
“The Magistrate having granted the Public Prosecutor’s application, the accused Krishni went into the witness-box, and, on being examined by Mr. Little, made the following confession:—I am a mill-hand employed at the Jubilee23 Mill. I recollect24 the day (Tuesday); on which the body of the deceased Cassi was found. Previous to that I attended the mill for half a day, and then returned home at 3 in the afternoon, when I saw five persons in the house, viz.: the first accused Tookaram, who is my paramour, my mother, the second accused Baya, the accused Gopal, and two guests named Ramji Daji and Annaji Gungaram. Tookaram rented the room of the chawl situated25 at Jakaria Bunder-road from its owner, Girdharilal Radhakishan, and in that room I, my paramour, Tookaram, and his younger brother, Yesso Mahadhoo, live. Since his arrival in Bombay from his native country Yesso came and lived with us. When I returned from the mill on the afternoon of that day, I saw the two guests seated on a cot in the veranda26, and a few minutes after the accused Gopal came and took his seat by their side, while I and my mother were seated inside the room. Tookaram, who had gone out to fetch some ‘pan’ and betelnuts, on his return home had brought the two guests with him. After returning home he gave them ‘pan supari’. While they were eating it my mother came out of the room and inquired of one of the guests, Ramji, what had happened to his foot, when he replied that he had tried many remedies, but they had done him no good. My mother then took some rice in her hand and prophesied27 that the disease which Ramji was suffering from would not be cured until he returned to his native country. In the meantime the deceased Casi came from the direction of an out-house, and stood in front on the threshold of our room with a ‘lota’ in her hand. Tookaram then told his two guests to leave the room, and they then went up the steps towards the quarry28. After the guests had gone away, Tookaram seized the deceased, who had come into the room, and he afterwards put a waistband around her, and tied her to a post which supports a loft29. After doing this, he pressed the girl’s throat, and, having tied her mouth with the ‘dhotur’ (now shown in Court), fastened it to the post. Having killed the girl, Tookaram removed her gold head ornament5 and a gold ‘putlee’, and also took charge of her ‘lota’. Besides these two ornaments Cassi had on her person ear-studs, a nose-ring, some silver toe-rings, two necklaces, a pair of silver anklets and bracelets30. Tookaram afterwards tried to remove the silver amulets31, the ear-studs, and the nose-ring; but he failed in his attempt. While he was doing so, I, my mother, and Gopal were present. After removing the two gold ornaments, he handed them over to Gopal, who was at the time standing32 near me. When he killed Cassi, Tookaram threatened to strangle me also if I informed any one of this. Gopal and myself were then standing at the door of our room, and we both were threatened by Tookaram. My mother, Baya, had seized the legs of the deceased at the time she was killed, and whilst she was being tied to the post. Cassi then made a noise. Tookaram and my mother took part in killing33 the girl. After the murder her body was wrapped up in a mattress34 and kept on the loft over the door of our room. When Cassi was strangled, the door of the room was fastened from the inside by Tookaram. This deed was committed shortly after my return home from work in the mill. Tookaram put the body of the deceased in the mattress, and, after it was left on the loft, he went to have his head shaved by a barber named Sambhoo Raghoo, who lives only one door away from me. My mother and myself then remained in the possession of the information. I was slapped and threatened by my paramour, Tookaram, and that was the only reason why I did not inform any one at that time. When I told Tookaram that I would give information of the occurrence, he slapped me. The accused Gopal was asked by Tookaram to go back to his room, and he did so, taking away with him the two gold ornaments and the ‘lota’. Yesso Mahadhoo, a brother-in-law of Tookaram, came to the house and asked Tookaram why he was washing, the water-pipe being just opposite. Tookaram replied that he was washing his dhotur, as a fowl35 had polluted it. About 6 o’clock of the evening of that day my mother gave me three pice and asked me to buy a cocoanut, and I gave the money to Yessoo, who went and fetched a cocoanut and some betel leaves. When Yessoo and others were in the room I was bathing, and, after I finished my bath, my mother took the cocoanut and the betel leaves from Yessoo, and we five went to the sea. The party consisted of Tookaram, my mother, Yessoo, Tookaram’s younger brother, and myself. On reaching the seashore, my mother made the offering to the sea, and prayed to be pardoned for what we had done. Before we went to the sea, some one came to inquire after the girl Cassi. The police and other people came to make these inquiries36 both before and after we left the house for the seashore. The police questioned my mother about the girl, and she replied that Cassi had come to her door, but had left. The next day the police questioned Tookaram, and he, too, gave a similar reply. This was said the same night when the search was made for the girl. After the offering was made to the sea, we partook of the cocoanut and returned home, when my mother gave me some food; but Tookaram did not partake of any food that night. After dinner I and my mother slept inside the room, and Tookaram slept on a cot near his brother-in-law, Yessoo Mahadhoo, just outside the door. That was not the usual place where Tookaram slept. He usually slept inside the room. The body of the deceased remained on the loft when I went to sleep. The room in which we slept was locked, and I heard that my paramour, Tookaram, was restless outside. About 3 o’clock the following morning Tookaram knocked at the door, when both myself and my mother opened it. He then told me to go to the steps leading to the quarry, and see if any one was about. Those steps lead to a stable, through which we go to the quarry at the back of the compound. When I got to the steps I saw no one there. Tookaram asked me if any one was there, and I replied that I could see no one about. He then took the body of the deceased from the loft, and having wrapped it up in his saree, asked me to accompany him to the steps of the quarry, and I did so. The ‘saree’ now produced here was the same. Besides the ‘saree’, there was also a ‘cholee’ on the body. He then carried the body in his arms, and went up the steps, through the stable, and then to the right hand towards a Sahib’s bungalow37, where Tookaram placed the body near a wall. All the time I and my mother were with him. When the body was taken down, Yessoo was lying on the cot. After depositing the body under the wall, we all returned home, and soon after 5 a.m. the police again came and took Tookaram away. About an hour after they returned and took me and my mother away. We were questioned about it, when I made a statement. Two hours later I was taken to the room, and I pointed38 out this waistband, the ‘dhotur’, the mattress, and the wooden post to Superintendent Nolan and Inspectors39 Roberts and Rashanali, in the presence of my mother and Tookaram. Tookaram killed the girl Cassi for her ornaments, which he wanted for the girl to whom he was shortly going to be married. The body was found in the same place where it was deposited by Tookaram.”
The criminal side of the native has always been picturesque40, always readable. The Thuggee and one or two other particularly outrageous41 features of it have been suppressed by the English, but there is enough of it left to keep it darkly interesting. One finds evidence of these survivals in the newspapers. Macaulay has a light-throwing passage upon this matter in his great historical sketch42 of Warren Hastings, where he is describing some effects which followed the temporary paralysis43 of Hastings’ powerful government brought about by Sir Philip Francis and his party:
“The natives considered Hastings as a fallen man; and they acted after their kind. Some of our readers may have seen, in India, a cloud of crows pecking a sick vulture to death—no bad type of what happens in that country as often as fortune deserts one who has been great and dreaded44. In an instant all the sycophants45, who had lately been ready to lie for him, to forge for him, to pander46 for him, to poison for him, hasten to purchase the favor of his victorious47 enemies by accusing him. An Indian government has only to let it be understood that it wishes a particular man to be ruined, and in twenty-four hours it will be furnished with grave charges, supported by depositions48 so full and circumstantial that any person unaccustomed to Asiatic mendacity would regard them as decisive. It is well if the signature of the destined49 victim is not counterfeited50 at the foot of some illegal compact, and if some treasonable paper is not slipped into a hiding-place in his house.”
That was nearly a century and a quarter ago. An article in one of the chief journals of India (the Pioneer) shows that in some respects the native of to-day is just what his ancestor was then. Here are niceties of so subtle and delicate a sort that they lift their breed of rascality51 to a place among the fine arts, and almost entitle it to respect:
“The records of the Indian courts might certainly be relied upon to prove that swindlers as a class in the East come very close to, if they do not surpass, in brilliancy of execution and originality52 of design the most expert of their fraternity in Europe and America. India in especial is the home of forgery53. There are some particular districts which are noted54 as marts for the finest specimens55 of the forger’s handiwork. The business is carried on by firms who possess stores of stamped papers to suit every emergency. They habitually56 lay in a store of fresh stamped papers every year, and some of the older and more thriving houses can supply documents for the past forty years, bearing the proper water-mark and possessing the genuine appearance of age. Other districts have earned notoriety for skilled perjury57, a pre-eminence that excites a respectful admiration58 when one thinks of the universal prevalence of the art, and persons desirous of succeeding in false suits are ready to pay handsomely to avail themselves of the services of these local experts as witnesses.”
Various instances illustrative of the methods of these swindlers are given. They exhibit deep cunning and total depravity on the part of the swindler and his pals59, and more obtuseness60 on the part of the victim than one would expect to find in a country where suspicion of your neighbor must surely be one of the earliest things learned. The favorite subject is the young fool who has just come into a fortune and is trying to see how poor a use he can put it to. I will quote one example:
“Sometimes another form of confidence trick is adopted, which is invariably successful. The particular pigeon is spotted61, and, his acquaintance having been made, he is encouraged in every form of vice13. When the friendship is thoroughly62 established, the swindler remarks to the young man that he has a brother who has asked him to lend him Rs.10,000. The swindler says he has the money and would lend it; but, as the borrower is his brother, he cannot charge interest. So he proposes that he should hand the dupe the money, and the latter should lend it to the swindler’s brother, exacting63 a heavy pre-payment of interest which, it is pointed out, they may equally enjoy in dissipation. The dupe sees no objection, and on the appointed day receives Rs.7,000 from the swindler, which he hands over to the confederate. The latter is profuse64 in his thanks, and executes a promissory note for Rs.10,000, payable65 to bearer. The swindler allows the scheme to remain quiescent66 for a time, and then suggests that, as the money has not been repaid and as it would be unpleasant to sue his brother, it would be better to sell the note in the bazaar67. The dupe hands the note over, for the money he advanced was not his, and, on being informed that it would be necessary to have his signature on the back so as to render the security negotiable, he signs without any hesitation68. The swindler passes it on to confederates, and the latter employ a respectable firm of solicitors69 to ask the dupe if his signature is genuine. He admits it at once, and his fate is sealed. A suit is filed by a confederate against the dupe, two accomplices70 being made co-defendants. They admit their Signatures as indorsers, and the one swears he bought the note for value from the dupe The latter has no defense71, for no court would believe the apparently72 idle explanation of the manner in which he came to endorse73 the note.”
There is only one India! It is the only country that has a monopoly of grand and imposing74 specialties75. When another country has a remarkable76 thing, it cannot have it all to itself—some other country has a duplicate. But India—that is different. Its marvels77 are its own; the patents cannot be infringed78; imitations are not possible. And think of the size of them, the majesty79 of them, the weird80 and outlandish character of the most of them!
There is the Plague, the Black Death: India invented it; India is the cradle of that mighty81 birth.
The Car of Juggernaut was India’s invention.
So was the Suttee; and within the time of men still living eight hundred widows willingly, and, in fact, rejoicingly, burned themselves to death on the bodies of their dead husbands in a single year. Eight hundred would do it this year if the British government would let them.
Famine is India’s specialty82. Elsewhere famines are inconsequential incidents—in India they are devastating83 cataclysms84; in one case they annihilate85 hundreds; in the other, millions.
India has 2,000,000 gods, and worships them all. In religion all other countries are paupers86; India is the only millionaire.
With her everything is on a giant scale—even her poverty; no other country can show anything to compare with it. And she has been used to wealth on so vast a scale that she has to shorten to single words the expressions describing great sums. She describes 100,000 with one word—a ‘lahk’; she describes ten millions with one word—a ‘crore’.
In the bowels87 of the granite88 mountains she has patiently carved out dozens of vast temples, and made them glorious with sculptured colonnades89 and stately groups of statuary, and has adorned90 the eternal walls with noble paintings. She has built fortresses91 of such magnitude that the show-strongholds of the rest of the world are but modest little things by comparison; palaces that are wonders for rarity of materials, delicacy92 and beauty of workmanship, and for cost; and one tomb which men go around the globe to see. It takes eighty nations, speaking eighty languages, to people her, and they number three hundred millions.
On top of all this she is the mother and home of that wonder of wonders—caste—and of that mystery of mysteries, the satanic brotherhood93 of the Thugs.
India had the start of the whole world in the beginning of things. She had the first civilization; she had the first accumulation of material wealth; she was populous94 with deep thinkers and subtle intellects; she had mines, and woods, and a fruitful soil. It would seem as if she should have kept the lead, and should be to-day not the meek95 dependent of an alien master, but mistress of the world, and delivering law and command to every tribe and nation in it. But, in truth, there was never any possibility of such supremacy96 for her. If there had been but one India and one language—but there were eighty of them! Where there are eighty nations and several hundred governments, fighting and quarreling must be the common business of life; unity97 of purpose and policy are impossible; out of such elements supremacy in the world cannot come. Even caste itself could have had the defeating effect of a multiplicity of tongues, no doubt; for it separates a people into layers, and layers, and still other layers, that have no community of feeling with each other; and in such a condition of things as that, patriotism98 can have no healthy growth.
It was the division of the country into so many States and nations that made Thuggee possible and prosperous. It is difficult to realize the situation. But perhaps one may approximate it by imagining the States of our union peopled by separate nations, speaking separate languages, with guards and custom-houses strung along all frontiers, plenty of interruptions for travelers and traders, interpreters able to handle all the languages very rare or non-existent, and a few wars always going on here and there and yonder as a further embarrassment99 to commerce and excursioning. It would make intercommunication in a measure ungeneral. India had eighty languages, and more custom-houses than cats. No clever man with the instinct of a highway robber could fail to notice what a chance for business was here offered. India was full of clever men with the highwayman instinct, and so, quite naturally, the brotherhood of the Thugs came into being to meet the long-felt want.
How long ago that was nobody knows—centuries, it is supposed. One of the chiefest wonders connected with it was the success with which it kept its secret. The English trader did business in India two hundred years and more before he ever heard of it; and yet it was assassinating100 its thousands all around him every year, the whole time.
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1
simplicities
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| n.简单，朴素，率直( simplicity的名词复数 ) | |
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pieties
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| 虔诚，虔敬( piety的名词复数 ) | |
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assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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remorse
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| n.痛恨，悔恨，自责 | |
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corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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phlegmatic
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| adj.冷静的，冷淡的，冷漠的，无活力的 | |
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bland
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| adj.淡而无味的，温和的，无刺激性的 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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abetting
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| v.教唆（犯罪）( abet的现在分词 )；煽动；怂恿；支持 | |
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offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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prosecutor
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| n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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jubilee
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| n.周年纪念；欢乐 | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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veranda
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| n.走廊；阳台 | |
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prophesied
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| v.预告，预言( prophesy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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loft
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| n.阁楼，顶楼 | |
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bracelets
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| n.手镯，臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 ) | |
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amulets
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| n.护身符( amulet的名词复数 ) | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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mattress
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| n.床垫，床褥 | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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bungalow
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| n.平房，周围有阳台的木造小平房 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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inspectors
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| n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 )；（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；（警察）巡官；检阅官 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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paralysis
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| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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sycophants
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| n.谄媚者，拍马屁者( sycophant的名词复数 ) | |
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pander
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| v.迎合；n.拉皮条者，勾引者；帮人做坏事的人 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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depositions
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| 沉积（物）( deposition的名词复数 )； （在法庭上的）宣誓作证； 处置； 罢免 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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counterfeited
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| v.仿制，造假( counterfeit的过去分词 ) | |
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rascality
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| 流氓性，流氓集团 | |
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originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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53
forgery
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| n.伪造的文件等，赝品，伪造（行为） | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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pals
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| n.朋友( pal的名词复数 )；老兄；小子；（对男子的不友好的称呼）家伙 | |
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obtuseness
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| 感觉迟钝 | |
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spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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payable
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| adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的 | |
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quiescent
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| adj.静止的，不活动的，寂静的 | |
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bazaar
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| n.集市，商店集中区 | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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solicitors
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| 初级律师( solicitor的名词复数 ) | |
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accomplices
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| 从犯，帮凶，同谋( accomplice的名词复数 ) | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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endorse
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| vt.(支票、汇票等)背书，背署；批注；同意 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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specialties
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| n.专门，特性，特别；专业( specialty的名词复数 )；特性；特制品；盖印的契约 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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marvels
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| n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 )；令人惊奇的事物（或事例）；不平凡的成果；成就v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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infringed
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| v.违反（规章等）( infringe的过去式和过去分词 )；侵犯（某人的权利）；侵害（某人的自由、权益等） | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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specialty
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| n.(speciality)特性，特质；专业，专长 | |
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devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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cataclysms
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| n.（突然降临的）大灾难( cataclysm的名词复数 ) | |
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annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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paupers
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| n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 )；贫民；贫穷 | |
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bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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colonnades
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| n.石柱廊( colonnade的名词复数 ) | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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assassinating
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的现在分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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