—Pudd’nhead Wilsons’s New Calendar
There isn’t a Parallel of Latitude1 but thinks it would have been the Equator if it had had its rights.
—Pudd’nhead Wilson’s New Calendar.
Next to Mr. Rhodes, to me the most interesting convulsion of nature in South Africa was the diamond-crater2. The Rand gold fields are a stupendous marvel3, and they make all other gold fields small, but I was not a stranger to gold-mining; the veldt was a noble thing to see, but it was only another and lovelier variety of our Great Plains; the natives were very far from being uninteresting, but they were not new; and as for the towns, I could find my way without a guide through the most of them because I had learned the streets, under other names, in towns just like them in other lands; but the diamond mine was a wholly fresh thing, a splendid and absorbing novelty. Very few people in the world have seen the diamond in its home. It has but three or four homes in the world, whereas gold has a million. It is worth while to journey around the globe to see anything which can truthfully be called a novelty, and the diamond mine is the greatest and most select and restricted novelty which the globe has in stock.
The Kimberley diamond deposits were discovered about 1869, I think. When everything is taken into consideration, the wonder is that they were not discovered five thousand years ago and made familiar to the African world for the rest of time. For this reason the first diamonds were found on the surface of the ground. They were smooth and limpid4, and in the sunlight they vomited5 fire. They were the very things which an African savage6 of any era would value above every other thing in the world excepting a glass bead7. For two or three centuries we have been buying his lands, his cattle, his neighbor, and any other thing he had for sale, for glass beads8 and so it is strange that he was indifferent to the diamonds—for he must have picked them up many and many a time. It would not occur to him to try to sell them to whites, of course, since the whites already had plenty of glass beads, and more fashionably shaped, too, than these; but one would think that the poorer sort of black, who could not afford real glass, would have been humbly9 content to decorate himself with the imitation, and that presently the white trader would notice the things, and dimly suspect, and carry some of them home, and find out what they were, and at once empty a multitude of fortune-hunters into Africa. There are many strange things in human history; one of the strangest is that the sparkling diamonds laid there so long without exciting any one’s interest.
The revelation came at last by accident. In a Boer’s hut out in the wide solitude10 of the plains, a traveling stranger noticed a child playing with a bright object, and was told it was a piece of glass which had been found in the veldt. The stranger bought it for a trifle and carried it away; and being without honor, made another stranger believe it was a diamond, and so got $125 out of him for it, and was as pleased with himself as if he had done a righteous thing. In Paris the wronged stranger sold it to a pawnshop for $10,000, who sold it to a countess for $90,000, who sold it to a brewer11 for $800,000, who traded it to a king for a dukedom and a pedigree, and the king “put it up the spout12.”—I know these particulars to be correct.
The news flew around, and the South African diamond-boom began. The original traveler—the dishonest one—now remembered that he had once seen a Boer teamster chocking his wagon-wheel on a steep grade with a diamond as large as a football, and he laid aside his occupations and started out to hunt for it, but not with the intention of cheating anybody out of $125 with it, for he had reformed.
We now come to matters more didactic. Diamonds are not imbedded in rock ledges13 fifty miles long, like the Johannesburg gold, but are distributed through the rubbish of a filled-up well, so to speak. The well is rich, its walls are sharply defined; outside of the walls are no diamonds. The well is a crater, and a large one. Before it had been meddled14 with, its surface was even with the level plain, and there was no sign to suggest that it was there. The pasturage covering the surface of the Kimberley crater was sufficient for the support of a cow, and the pasturage underneath15 was sufficient for the support of a kingdom; but the cow did not know it, and lost her chance.
The Kimberley crater is roomy enough to admit the Roman Coliseum; the bottom of the crater has not been reached, and no one can tell how far down in the bowels16 of the earth it goes. Originally, it was a perpendicular17 hole packed solidly full of blue rock or cement, and scattered18 through that blue mass, like raisins19 in a pudding, were the diamonds. As deep down in the earth as the blue stuff extends, so deep will the diamonds be found.
There are three or four other celebrated20 craters21 near by—a circle three miles in diameter would enclose them all. They are owned by the De Beers Company, a consolidation22 of diamond properties arranged by Mr. Rhodes twelve or fourteen years ago. The De Beers owns other craters; they are under the grass, but the De Beers knows where they are, and will open them some day, if the market should require it.
Originally, the diamond deposits were the property of the Orange Free State; but a judicious23 “rectification” of the boundary line shifted them over into the British territory of Cape24 Colony. A high official of the Free State told me that the sum of $400,000 was handed to his commonwealth25 as a compromise, or indemnity26, or something of the sort, and that he thought his commonwealth did wisely to take the money and keep out of a dispute, since the power was all on the one side and the weakness all on the other. The De Beers Company dig out $400,000 worth of diamonds per week, now. The Cape got the territory, but no profit; for Mr. Rhodes and the Rothschilds and the other De Beers people own the mines, and they pay no taxes.
In our day the mines are worked upon scientific principles, under the guidance of the ablest mining-engineering talent procurable27 in America. There are elaborate works for reducing the blue rock and passing it through one process after another until every diamond it contains has been hunted down and secured. I watched the “concentrators” at work big tanks containing mud and water and invisible diamonds—and was told that each could stir and churn and properly treat 300 car-loads of mud per day 1,600 pounds to the car-load—and reduce it to 3 car-loads of slush. I saw the 3 carloads of slush taken to the “pulsators” and there reduced to a quarter of a load of nice clean dark-colored sand. Then I followed it to the sorting tables and saw the men deftly28 and swiftly spread it out and brush it about and seize the diamonds as they showed up. I assisted, and once I found a diamond half as large as an almond. It is an exciting kind of fishing, and you feel a fine thrill of pleasure every time you detect the glow of one of those limpid pebbles29 through the veil of dark sand. I would like to spend my Saturday holidays in that charming sport every now and then. Of course there are disappointments. Sometimes you find a diamond which is not a diamond; it is only a quartz30 crystal or some such worthless thing. The expert can generally distinguish it from the precious stone which it is counterfeiting31; but if he is in doubt he lays it on a flatiron and hits it with a sledgehammer. If it is a diamond it holds its own; if it is anything else, it is reduced to powder. I liked that experiment very much, and did not tire of repetitions of it. It was full of enjoyable apprehensions32, unmarred by any personal sense of risk. The De Beers concern treats 8,000 carloads—about 6,000 tons—of blue rock per day, and the result is three pounds of diamonds. Value, uncut, $50,000 to $70,000. After cutting, they will weigh considerably33 less than a pound, but will be worth four or five times as much as they were before.
All the plain around that region is spread over, a foot deep, with blue rock, placed there by the Company, and looks like a plowed34 field. Exposure for a length of time make the rock easier to work than it is when it comes out of the mine. If mining should cease now, the supply of rock spread over those fields would furnish the usual 8,000 car-loads per day to the separating works during three years. The fields are fenced and watched; and at night they are under the constant inspection35 of lofty electric searchlight. They contain fifty or sixty million dollars’ worth’ of diamonds, and there is an abundance of enterprising thieves around.
In the dirt of the Kimberley streets there is much hidden wealth. Some time ago the people were granted the privilege of a free wash-up. There was a general rush, the work was done with thoroughness, and a good harvest of diamonds was gathered.
The deep mining is done by natives. There are many hundreds of them. They live in quarters built around the inside of a great compound. They are a jolly and good-natured lot, and accommodating. They performed a war-dance for us, which was the wildest exhibition I have ever seen. They are not allowed outside of the compound during their term of service three months, I think it is, as a rule. They go down the shaft36, stand their watch, come up again, are searched, and go to bed or to their amusements in the compound; and this routine they repeat, day in and day out.
It is thought that they do not now steal many diamonds successfully. They used to swallow them, and find other ways of concealing37 them, but the white man found ways of beating their various games. One man cut his leg and shoved a diamond into the wound, but even that project did not succeed. When they find a fine large diamond they are more likely to report it than to steal it, for in the former case they get a reward, and in the latter they are quite apt to merely get into trouble. Some years ago, in a mine not owned by the De Beers, a black found what has been claimed to be the largest diamond known to the world’s history; and, as a reward he was released from service and given a blanket, a horse, and five hundred dollars. It made him a Vanderbilt. He could buy four wives, and have money left. Four wives are an ample support for a native. With four wives he is wholly independent, and need never do a stroke of work again.
That great diamond weighs 97l carats. Some say it is as big as a piece of alum, others say it is as large as a bite of rock candy, but the best authorities agree that it is almost exactly the size of a chunk38 of ice. But those details are not important; and in my opinion not trustworthy. It has a flaw in it, otherwise it would be of incredible value. As it is, it is held to be worth $2,000,000. After cutting it ought to be worth from $5,000,000 to $8,000,000, therefore persons desiring to save money should buy it now. It is owned by a syndicate, and apparently39 there is no satisfactory market for it. It is earning nothing; it is eating its head off. Up to this time it has made nobody rich but the native who found it.
He found it in a mine which was being worked by contract. That is to say, a company had bought the privilege of taking from the mine 5,000,000 carloads of blue-rock, for a sum down and a royalty40. Their speculation41 had not paid; but on the very day that their privilege ran out that native found the $2,000,000-diamond and handed it over to them. Even the diamond culture is not without its romantic episodes.
The Koh-i-Noor is a large diamond, and valuable; but it cannot compete in these matters with three which—according to legend—are among the crown trinkets of Portugal and Russia. One of these is held to be worth $20,000,000; another, $25,000,000, and the third something over $28,000,000.
Those are truly wonderful diamonds, whether they exist or not; and yet they are of but little importance by comparison with the one wherewith the Boer wagoner chocked his wheel on that steep grade as heretofore referred to. In Kimberley I had some conversation with the man who saw the Boer do that—an incident which had occurred twenty-seven or twenty-eight years before I had my talk with him. He assured me that that diamond’s value could have been over a billion dollars, but not under it. I believed him, because he had devoted42 twenty-seven years to hunting for it, and was in a position to know.
A fitting and interesting finish to an examination of the tedious and laborious43 and costly44 processes whereby the diamonds are gotten out of the deeps of the earth and freed from the base stuffs which imprison45 them is the visit to the De Beers offices in the town of Kimberley, where the result of each day’s mining is brought every day, and, weighed, assorted46, valued, and deposited in safes against shipping-day. An unknown and unaccredited person cannot get into that place; and it seemed apparent from the generous supply of warning and protective and prohibitory signs that were posted all about, that not even the known and accredited47 can steal diamonds there without inconvenience.
We saw the day’s output—shining little nests of diamonds, distributed a foot apart, along a counter, each nest reposing48 upon a sheet of white paper. That day’s catch was about $70,000 worth. In the course of a year half a ton of diamonds pass under the scales there and sleep on that counter; the resulting money is $18,000,000 or $20,000,000. Profit, about $12,000,000.
Young girls were doing the sorting—a nice, clean, dainty, and probably distressing49 employment. Every day ducal incomes sift50 and sparkle through the fingers of those young girls; yet they go to bed at night as poor as they were when they got up in the morning. The same thing next day, and all the days.
They are beautiful things, those diamonds, in their native state. They are of various shapes; they have flat surfaces, rounded borders, and never a sharp edge. They are of all colors and shades of color, from dewdrop white to actual black; and their smooth and rounded surfaces and contours, variety of color, and transparent51 limpidity52 make them look like piles of assorted candies. A very light straw color is their commonest tint53. It seemed to me that these uncut gems54 must be more beautiful than any cut ones could be; but when a collection of cut ones was brought out, I saw my mistake. Nothing is so beautiful as a rose diamond with the light playing through it, except that uncostly thing which is just like it—wavy sea-water with the sunlight playing through it and striking a white-sand bottom.
Before the middle of July we reached Cape Town, and the end of our African journeyings. And well satisfied; for, towering above us was Table Mountain—a reminder55 that we had now seen each and all of the great features of South Africa except Mr. Cecil Rhodes. I realize that that is a large exception. I know quite well that whether Mr. Rhodes is the lofty and worshipful patriot56 and statesman that multitudes believe him to be, or Satan come again, as the rest of the world account him, he is still the most imposing57 figure in the British empire outside of England. When he stands on the Cape of Good Hope, his shadow falls to the Zambesi. He is the only colonial in the British dominions58 whose goings and comings are chronicled and discussed under all the globe’s meridians59, and whose speeches, unclipped, are cabled from the ends of the earth; and he is the only unroyal outsider whose arrival in London can compete for attention with an eclipse.
That he is an extraordinary man, and not an accident of fortune, not even his dearest South African enemies were willing to deny, so far as I heard them testify. The whole South African world seemed to stand in a kind of shuddering60 awe61 of him, friend and enemy alike. It was as if he were deputy-God on the one side, deputy-Satan on the other, proprietor62 of the people, able to make them or ruin them by his breath, worshiped by many, hated by many, but blasphemed by none among the judicious, and even by the indiscreet in guarded whispers only.
What is the secret of his formidable supremacy63? One says it is his prodigious64 wealth—a wealth whose drippings in salaries and in other ways support multitudes and make them his interested and loyal vassals65; another says it is his personal magnetism66 and his persuasive67 tongue, and that these hypnotize and make happy slaves of all that drift within the circle of their influence; another says it is his majestic68 ideas, his vast schemes for the territorial69 aggrandizement70 of England, his patriotic71 and unselfish ambition to spread her beneficent protection and her just rule over the pagan wastes of Africa and make luminous72 the African darkness with the glory of her name; and another says he wants the earth and wants it for his own, and that the belief that he will get it and let his friends in on the ground floor is the secret that rivets73 so many eyes upon him and keeps him in the zenith where the view is unobstructed.
One may take his choice. They are all the same price. One fact is sure: he keeps his prominence74 and a vast following, no matter what he does. He “deceives” the Duke of Fife—it is the Duke’s word—but that does not destroy the Duke’s loyalty75 to him. He tricks the Reformers into immense trouble with his Raid, but the most of them believe he meant well. He weeps over the harshly-taxed Johannesburgers and makes them his friends; at the same time he taxes his Charter-settlers 50 per cent., and so wins their affection and their confidence that they are squelched76 with despair at every rumor77 that the Charter is to be annulled78. He raids and robs and slays79 and enslaves the Matabele and gets worlds of Charter-Christian applause for it. He has beguiled80 England into buying Charter waste paper for Bank of England notes, ton for ton, and the ravished still burn incense81 to him as the Eventual82 God of Plenty. He has done everything he could think of to pull himself down to the ground; he has done more than enough to pull sixteen common-run great men down; yet there he stands, to this day, upon his dizzy summit under the dome83 of the sky, an apparent permanency, the marvel of the time, the mystery of the age, an Archangel with wings to half the world, Satan with a tail to the other half.
I admire him, I frankly84 confess it; and when his time comes I shall buy a piece of the rope for a keepsake.
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1
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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crater
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| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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vomited
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6
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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bead
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| n.念珠；(pl.)珠子项链；水珠 | |
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beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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brewer
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| n. 啤酒制造者 | |
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spout
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| v.喷出，涌出；滔滔不绝地讲；n.喷管；水柱 | |
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13
ledges
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| n.（墙壁，悬崖等）突出的狭长部分( ledge的名词复数 )；（平窄的）壁架；横档；（尤指）窗台 | |
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14
meddled
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| v.干涉，干预（他人事务）( meddle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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15
underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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raisins
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| n.葡萄干( raisin的名词复数 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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craters
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| n.火山口( crater的名词复数 )；弹坑等 | |
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consolidation
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| n.合并,巩固 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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indemnity
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| n.赔偿，赔款，补偿金 | |
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procurable
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| adj.可得到的，得手的 | |
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deftly
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| adv.灵巧地，熟练地，敏捷地 | |
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pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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quartz
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| n.石英 | |
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counterfeiting
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| n.伪造v.仿制，造假( counterfeit的现在分词 ) | |
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apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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plowed
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| v.耕( plow的过去式和过去分词 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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chunk
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| n.厚片，大块，相当大的部分（数量） | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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42
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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45
imprison
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| vt.监禁，关押，限制，束缚 | |
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46
assorted
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| adj.各种各样的，各色俱备的 | |
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47
accredited
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| adj.可接受的；可信任的；公认的；质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 )；委托；委任；把…归结于 | |
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48
reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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49
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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50
sift
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| v.筛撒，纷落，详察 | |
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51
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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52
limpidity
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| n.清澈，透明 | |
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53
tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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54
gems
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| growth； economy； management； and customer satisfaction 增长 | |
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55
reminder
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| n.提醒物，纪念品；暗示，提示 | |
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56
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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57
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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58
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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59
meridians
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| n.子午圈( meridian的名词复数 )；子午线；顶点；（权力，成就等的）全盛时期 | |
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60
shuddering
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| v.战栗( shudder的现在分词 )；发抖；（机器、车辆等）突然震动；颤动 | |
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61
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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magnetism
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| n.磁性，吸引力，磁学 | |
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persuasive
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| adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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territorial
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| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
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aggrandizement
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| n.增大，强化，扩大 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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rivets
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| 铆钉( rivet的名词复数 ) | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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squelched
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| v.发吧唧声，发扑哧声( squelch的过去式和过去分词 )；制止；压制；遏制 | |
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rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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annulled
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| v.宣告无效( annul的过去式和过去分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去 | |
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slays
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的第三人称单数 ) | |
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beguiled
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| v.欺骗( beguile的过去式和过去分词 )；使陶醉；使高兴；消磨（时间等） | |
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incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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eventual
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| adj.最后的，结局的，最终的 | |
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dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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