And all my nightly dreams
Are where thy dark eye glances,
And where thy footstep gleams:
In what etherial dances,
By what eternal streams.
E. A. Poe.
To the Peruvian the province of Yongas de la Paz in the North-East of Bolivia is an El Dorado, because there grows in the greatest profusion1 and luxuriance his favorite Coca. We may look with delight towards the island of Ceylon, and, in imagination, snuff the fragrant2 breezes that have passed over the cinnamon groves3 and coffee plantations4; or direct the gaze of our children across the map of the world to South-Eastern China, and inform them that from thence our good dames6 receive their tea; and thence to the United States, and add that from this place their worthy7 sires receive the greater part of their tobacco. But the affections of the Peruvian are not so divided; they are located upon one spot, and that the province of the “warm valleys,” or the Yungas de la Paz; there dwells his patron saint, and from thence he receives the286 “keys of Paradise.”
At the time of the conquest the Coca was only used by the Incas, and those of the royal, or rather solar, blood. It was cultivated for the monarch8 and for the solemnities of their religion; none might raise it to his mouth, unless he had rendered himself worthy by his services to partake of this honour with his sovereign. The plant was looked upon as an image of divinity, and no one entered the enclosures where it was cultivated without bending the knee in adoration10. The divine sacrifices made at that period were thought not to be acceptable to Heaven, unless the victims were crowned with branches of this tree. The oracles11 made no reply, and auguries12 were terrible if the priest did not chew coca at the time of consulting them. It was an unheard of sacrilege to invoke13 the shades of the departed great without wearing the plant in token of respect, and the Coyas and Mamas who were supposed to preside over gold and silver, rendered the mines impenetrable unless propitiated14 by it. In the course of time its use extended, and gradually became the companion of the whole Indian population. To this plant the native recurred15 for relief in his greatest distress16; no matter whether want or disease oppressed him, or whether he sought the favours of Fortune or Love, he found consolation17 in the “divine plant.”
The word by which this plant is known has been referred, for its etymology18, to the Aymara language, in which Khoka signifies tree or plant. It is known that the shrub19 producing the Matè or Paraguay tea, the favourite beverage20 of many South American nations, is called la Yerba, i.e.the plant. As also in Mexico tobacco was called yetl, and by the Peruvians Sagri, meaning in those languages the herb, so we, occasionally, are apt to designate the latter article the weed. Showing,287 that to those persons or nations who have appropriated such names, trivial in themselves, to the different articles of consumption, these plants were in themselves pre-eminent in the vegetable creation, as, in another instance, we have shown our appreciation21 of one book above all others, century after century, by the simple designation of The Book.
In Europe, the historians of the conquest gave the first information of the sacred plant of the Peruvians; this was, however, merely superficial. In 1569, Monardes, and in 1605 Clusius, wrote concerning it, but the leaves of the plant itself were not seen until brought over by one of the companions of La Condamine, Joseph de Jussieu, who nearly lost his life in 1749, while crossing the Cordilleras in search of this plant. He was compelled to cross the mountains, covered as they were with snow, on foot, descending22 by means of paths cut out like ladders, and overhanging frightful23 precipices24. The intensity25 of the sun’s rays, reflected by the snow, caused him the most distressing26 pains in the eyes, and almost blinded him, but the success of his expedition consoled him for the misfortunes that he had endured.
This shrub rises to the height of from four to eight feet, the stem covered with whitish tubercles, which appear to be formed of two curved lines set face to face. The leaves are oblong, and acute at each end, from an inch and a half to two inches in length. The leaves are the only parts used, for which purpose they are collected and dried. The shrub is found wild in Peru, according to P?ppig, in the environs of Cuchero, and on the stony27 summit of the Cerro de San Christobal. It is cultivated extensively in the mild, but very moist climate of the Andes of Peru, at from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea level; in colder situations288 it is apt to be killed, and in warmer to lose the flavour of the leaf.
The coca plant is propagated from seed sown in nursery beds and carefully watered. When about sixteen or eighteen inches high they are transplanted into plantations called cocals, in terraces upon the sides of the mountains. At the end of a year and a half the plant affords its first crop, and from this period to the age of forty years or more it continues to yield a supply. Instances have been noticed of coca plantations that have existed for near a century; but the greatest abundance of leaves is obtained from plants between the third and sixth years. There are four gatherings29 in the season; the first takes place at the period of flowering, and consists of the lower leaves only. These are larger and less finely flavoured than those afterwards collected, and are mostly consumed at once. The next and most abundant harvest takes place in March; the third and most scanty30, in June or July, and the last in November. The leaves are collected similarly to those of tea. Women and children are employed for this purpose. The gatherer squats31 down, and holding the branch with one hand, plucks from it the leaves, one by one, with the other. These are deposited in a cloth, from which they are afterwards collected into sacks to be conveyed from the plantation5. The sacks of leaves are carried to the haciendas, where they are spread upon a floor of black slate32 to dry in the sun. They are then packed up in bales made of banana leaf, closely pressed together, each bale containing on an average twenty-four pounds. The price realised to the cultivator is one shilling per pound.
Dr. Weddell endeavoured to obtain reliable information as to the quantity of coca cultivated and collected in the province of Yongas, and states,289 as a result, that the annual produce is about 400,000 bales, or 9,600,000 Spanish pounds. There is also a large cultivation33, not only in other parts of Bolivia, and in Peru, but also in parts of Brazil, so that this cannot represent more than half the amount of the annual consumption of coca. It is true that P?ppig estimated fifteen millions of pounds as the quantity consumed, but this would be too small. On the other hand, Johnston estimates the consumption at thirty millions of pounds; this is, probably, erring34 rather on the contrary side. Of this quantity he estimates the value at one million and a half sterling35, and concludes that the chewing of coca is indulged in by about ten millions of the human race. This again is rather a “long bow;” the use of coca seems to be confined to Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil—at any rate, it is confined to South America, and there is no mention of its indulgence in Chili36 to the South, or in the Columbian Republics to the North. It would, moreover, confer upon us somewhat of a personal favour, were some one to convince us that the male population of South America amounts to the number which the professor has estimated as that of the indulgers in coca. Our own impression is, that the entire population has only been estimated at seventeen and a quarter millions: this is, at least, the mean of four very respectable authorities. Suppose half of these to be children, and half of the residue37 females, and we have only an adult male population of less than four and a half millions in the southern half of the New World. Ye shades of Cocker and De Morgan! tell us how from these we can subtract ten millions who indulge in coca, and yet show a remainder, be it ever so small, of abstainers. But it has never been affirmed that coca was indulged in, except in290 Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. The population of these three countries amount, according to the higher authorities, only to ten millions, so that every man, woman, and child, must be a coquero to reach the estimated number. Viewing this subject in another of its phases—Johnston states that the average consumption of the coquero is from one ounce to one ounce and a half per day, or, according to ordinary computation, twenty-two to thirty-three pounds per year, whereas the estimated production, which we have presumed to be too large, is, in fact, too small for the number estimated as indulging therein, as it only allows each coca masticator38 three pounds per annum. In all deference39 to so high an authority, we will venture to suggest that were the number indulging in coca limited to two millions, and the supply to twenty millions of pounds, or ten pounds annually40 to each person, some of these difficulties would be removed; but, out of regard for the patience of our readers, we will forbear detailing any further calculations, or the bases on which they rest.
At first the Spaniards strenuously41 opposed the use of the coca—it was anathematized by them everywhere, as tobacco was by its zealous42 opponents in the old world, but this opposition43 only seemed to produce an extension of the habit. Then the Spaniards, appreciating the advantages which might accrue44 to them in a monopoly of the plant, took the culture into their own hands, and by force, enrolled45 the Indians of the Cordilleras in their service, much to the discomfort46 of the latter, who suffered extremely from the change of climate. Complaints to the government being so numerous, the Viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, espoused47 the cause of the Indians, published seventy-one decrees in their favour, and the speculation48 was abandoned. It is said, that in291 1583 the government of Potosi derived49 a sum not less than ￡100,000 from the consumption of 90,000 to 100,000 baskets of this leaf. The cultivation of coca is therefore an important feature in Peruvian husbandry, and so lucrative50, that a coca plantation, whose original cost and current expenses amounted to ￡500 during the first twenty months, will, at the end of ten months more, bring a clear income of ￡340.
The coca possesses a slightly aromatic51 and agreeable odour, and when chewed, dispenses52 a grateful fragrance53, its taste is moderately bitter and astringent54, and somewhat resembles green tea; it tinges55 the saliva56 of a greenish hue57. Its effects on the system are stomachic and tonic58, and it is said to be beneficial in preventing intermittents, which have always prevailed in this country.
The mode of employing coca is to mix with it in the mouth a small quantity of lime prepared from shells, much after the manner that the betel is used in the East. With this, a handful of parched59 corn, and a ball of arrow-root, an Indian will travel on foot a hundred leagues, trotting60 on ahead of a horse. On the frequented roads, we are informed, that the Indian guides have certain spots where they throw out their quids, which have accumulated into little heaps, that now serve as marks of distance; so that, instead of saying, one place is so many leagues from another, it is common to call it so many quids. Dr. Weddell states that the Bolivians are in the habit of using instead of lime with their leaf, a substance called llipta, which consists of the ashes of the Quinoa plant; in other parts the ashes of other plants are used, as on the Amazon, those of the leaves of the trumpet-tree. These alkaline ashes are made into little cakes, and sold in the markets.
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“The Peruvian ordinarily keeps his coca in a little bag called chuspa, which he carries suspended at his side, and which he places in front whenever he intends to renew his chique, which he does at regular intervals61, even when travelling. The Indian who prepares himself to chew, in the first place sets himself as perfectly62 at ease as circumstances permit. If he has a burden, he lays it down; he seats himself, then putting his chuspa on his knees, he draws from it, one by one, the leaves which are to constitute his fresh ‘quid.’ The attention which he gives to this operation is worthy of remark. The complaisance63 with which the Indian buries his hand in the leaves of a well-filled chuspa, the regret he seems to experience when the bag is nearly empty, deserve observation, for these little points prove that to the Indian the use of coca is a real source of enjoyment64, and not the simple consequence of want.” We remember an elderly lady31 who was in the habit of taking snuff with the same amount of ceremony. First, she comfortably seated herself, arranged her dress, and smoothed her apron65. The most important occupations always being for the time put aside, and apparently66 forgotten. The next operation consisted in drawing from some capacious receptacle, the entrance to which was enveloped67 in the folds of her outer garment, a large brown handkerchief, studded with small yellow spots, just visible, we remember it for years, and never any other; this was laid upon the lap prepared to receive it. Another step consisted in drawing out from the same mysterious receptacle, a black japanned box, circular in shape, and of the diameter of a shaving-box, but scarce an inch in thickness; this was carefully wiped with the handkerchief293 already named, and then grasped in the left hand, resting on the palm, and pressed by the thumb on one side, and the extremities68 of the fingers on the other. A slight, but smartly repeated rap or two on the top of the box with the knuckles69 of the right hand constituted the commencement of the fourth operation, which ended by taking hold of the upper portion of the box with the fingers of the right hand, in the same manner that the lower was held by the left, and gently raising it obliquely70, as it were, upon a hinge, although it possessed71 none, and leaving it, when nearly perpendicular72, in charge of the now disengaged fore-finger and thumb of the left hand, whilst the right hand was entirely73 free. How radiant was the smile when the yellow dust filled at least a moiety74 of the cavity of the opened box. How disconsolate75 the expression when this devout76 consummation was not attained77. Witness next the extended fingers, and the adroit78 dexterity79 with which the finger and thumb collected its accustomed dole80, and conveyed it to the olfactory81 organs. How carefully it was carried, first to the right nostril82, and then to the left, and with two hearty83 inspirations imbibed84. The returning fingers now closed the box, which received another wipe, and was then returned into the receptacle. The fingers first, and then the nose, underwent the same purifying process by means of the brown handkerchief. Then, although no particle of dust could anywhere be seen, the whole frontispiece, from the chin to the knees, underwent a regular dusting; the handkerchief was replaced among the folds of the dress, the apron smoothed down with both hands, a half-uttered exclamation85 of satisfaction, and the work which had been temporarily laid aside was now resumed, until another occasion of a like character should arise to demand its suspension.
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But to return to coca, the effects of which are described as of the most extraordinary nature, totally distinct from those produced by any other known plant in any part of the world. The exciting principle is said to be so volatile86, that leaves, after being kept for twelve months, entirely lose their power, and are good for nothing.
Large heaps of the freshly-dried leaves, particularly while the warm rays of the sun are upon them, diffuse87 a very strong smell, resembling that of hay in which there is a quantity of melilot. The natives never permit strangers to sleep near them, as they would suffer violent headaches in consequence. When kept in small portions, and after a few months, the coca loses its scent88, and becomes weak in proportion. The novice89 thinks that the grassy90 smell and fresh hue are as perceptible in the old state as when new. Without the use of lime, which always excoriates91 the mouth of a stranger, the natives declare that coca has not its true taste, a flavour which can only be detected after long use. It then tinges green the carefully swallowed saliva, and yields an infusion92 of the same colour. Of this infusion P?ppig made trial, and found that it had a flat, grass-like taste, but he experienced the full power of its stimulating93 principles. When taken in the evening, it was followed by great restlessness, loss of sleep, and generally uncomfortable sensations, while from its exhibition in the morning, a similar effect, though to a slight degree arose, accompanied with loss of appetite. Dr. Archibald Smith of Huanaco, when on one occasion unprovided with Chinese tea, made a trial of the coca as a substitute for it, but experienced such distressing sensations of nervous excitement, that he never ventured to use it again. It is not at all uncommonly94 used in this way; and the Indians have tea-parties or tertulias,295 for taking the infusion of the leaves, as well as for chewing them. Some affirm that in the coca-tea drinkings the effects are agreeably exhilarating. It is usual to say on such occasions, “Vamos à coquear y acullicar”——“Let us indulge in coca.”
Chewing the coca becomes quite a passion in those who indulge in it; and when the habit is once commenced, it is affirmed that it is never discontinued, and that an instance of a reclaimed95 coquero has never been known. To indulge in the enjoyment of this narcotic96, the Peruvian will expose himself to the greatest dangers. As its stimulus97 is most fully28 developed when the body is exhausted98 with toil99, or the mind with conversation, “the victim then hastens to some retreat in a gloomy native wood, and flinging himself under a tree, remains100 stretched out there, heedless of night or of storms, unprotected by covering or by fire, unconscious of the floods of rain, and of the tremendous winds which sweep the forest, and after yielding himself for two or three entire days to the occupation of chewing coca, returns home to his abode101, with trembling limbs, and a pallid102 countenance103, the miserable104 spectacle of unnatural105 enjoyment. Whoever accidentally meets the coquero under such circumstances, and by speaking interrupts the effects of this intoxication106, is sure to draw upon himself the hatred107 of the half-maddened creature. The man who is once seized with the passion for this practice, if placed in circumstances which favour its indulgence, is a ruined being. Many instances were related to P?ppig while in Peru, where young people of the best families, by occasionally visiting the forests, had begun using the coca for the sake of passing the time away, and acquiring a relish108 for it, from that period been lost to civilization; as if seized by some malevolent109 instinct, they296 refused to return to their homes, and resisting the entreaties110 of their friends, who occasionally discovered the haunts of these unhappy fugitives111, either retired112 to some distant solitude113, or took the first opportunity of escaping, when they had been brought back to the towns.” So seductive becomes this habit, for we cannot doubt the veracity114 of these statements, that neither home, nor friends, nor family, nor society, nor fear, nor love, nor respect, nor any other creature, nor passion, would seem to have the power of winning them back from their monomania to a rational state of existence.
The virtues115 of the coca must be of the most astonishing character. The Indians, who are addicted116 to its use, are declared to be thereby117 enabled to withstand the toil of the mines amidst noxious118 metallic119 exhalations without rest, food, or protection from the climate. They run hundreds of leagues over deserts, and plains, and craggy mountains, sustained only by the coca and a little parched corn; and often too, acting120 as mules122 in bearing loads through passes where animals cannot go. Some have attributed this frugality123 and power of endurance to the effects of habit, and not to the use of coca; but the Indian is naturally voracious124, and it is known that many Spaniards were unable to perform the Herculean tasks of the Peruvians until they habitually125 used the coca; moreover, it is affirmed, that without it, the Indians lose both their vigour126 and powers of endurance. During the siege of La Paz in 1781, when the Spaniards were constantly on the watch, and destitute127 of provisions, in the inclemencies of winter, they were saved, as chroniclers narrate129, from disease and death by resorting to this plant. Some of those who deny many of the effects, said to be produced by its use, admit that the coca is useful medicinally297 as a preservative130 against the fevers which are consequent to a climate like that of Peru.
Hallucinations result from the use of the coca as from that of the narcotic hemp131, but not, as it would appear, to the same extent. The inordinate132 use of this plant, as indeed of all the narcotics133, seems to be attended with fearful results. One description with which we are acquainted, gives details of no very desirable character. It affirms that the abuse speedily occasions bodily disease, and detriment134 to the moral powers, but that still the custom may be persevered135 in for many years, especially if frequently intermitted, and the coquero sometimes attains137 the age of fifty with comparatively few complaints. But the oftener the orgies are celebrated138, especially in a warm and moist climate, the sooner are their destructive effects made evident. For this reason, the natives of the cold and dry districts of the Andes are more addicted to the consumption of coca than those of the close forests, where undoubtedly139 other stimulants140 do but take its place. Weakness in the digestive organs, which, like most incurable141 complaints, increases continually in a greater or less degree, first attacks the unfortunate coquero. This complaint, which is called “opilacion,” may be trifling142 at the beginning, but soon attains an alarming height. Then come bilious143 obstructions144, attended with all those thousand painful symptoms which are so much aggravated145 by a tropical climate, jaundice and derangement146 of the nervous system follow, along with pains in the head, and such a prostration147 of strength, that the patient speedily loses all appetite. The whites of the eyes assume a leaden colour, and a total inability to sleep ensues, which aggravates148 the mental depression of the unhappy individual, who, spite of all his ills, cannot relinquish149 the use of the herb, to which he owes his298 suffering, but craves150 brandy in addition. The appetite becomes quite irregular, sometimes failing altogether, and sometimes assuming a wolfish voracity151, especially for animal food. Thus do years of misery152 drag on, succeeded at length by a painful death.
This property of dispelling153 sleep, as a result of the inordinate use of coca, was noticed by Weddell, as the result also of the moderate indulgence, by way of experiment, in an infusion of the leaves, and which led him to suppose that the chemical principle of tea, called theine, would be found present in them. Professor Frémy analyzed154 them accordingly, but found no such principle present, although an active bitter principle was found, peculiar155 to this plant, the full properties of which are still unascertained.
Coca has the reputed power of sustaining strength in the absence of any other nutriment. The Indians declare, that when using it they feel neither the pains of hunger nor of thirst, that they are enabled to perform the most laborious156 operations with little or no food, insensible either to cold or weariness; that by its use they can ascend157 the steep passes of the Andes, carrying with them heavy loads, and without lassitude or loss of breath. When Tschuddi was in the Puna, he drank always before going out to hunt, a strong infusion of coca-leaves. Then, he states, he could during the whole day climb the heights, and follow the wild animals without experiencing any greater difficulty of breathing than he would have felt in similar movements along the coast. One account states, that a native, who was employed in laborious digging for five days and nights, tasted no food during that period, and only slept two hours each night. He regularly chewed the coca-leaves, to the extent of about half an ounce every two or three hours, and kept a quid of299 them constantly in his mouth. The work being finished, he went a two days’ journey of twenty-three leagues across the level heights, keeping pace with a mule121, and only halting to replenish158 his quid. At the end of all this labour, he was willing to engage for the performance of as much more without food, but with a plentiful159 allowance of coca. This man was sixty-two years of age, and was never known to have been ill in his life. For this reason, that it appears to act as a substitute for food, several learned and ingenious authors have lamented160 that it has not been introduced into countries like our own, where it would be a boon161 so valuable to the poor in times of scarcity162 and distress.
What says science concerning this extraordinary power? One of two things is certain: either that the coca contains some nutritive principle which directly sustains the strength, or it does not contain it, and, therefore, simply deceives hunger while acting on the system as an excitement. As to the existence of a nutritive principle in coca, although it cannot positively163 be denied, on account of the quantity of nitrogen, together with assimilable carbonized products, which have been found to exist in the leaf; yet their proportion is so small compared with the mass, and especially with the quantity that a coquero consumes at once, that they can scarcely be taken into consideration. Moreover, it has also been affirmed that coca, as it is habitually taken, does not satiate hunger. The Indians who accompany travellers, will chew the leaves during the day, but, on the arrival of evening, they will fill their stomachs like fasting men, devouring164, at a single meal, enough to satisfy an ordinary man for two days. The Indian of the Cordillera is like the vulture of his mountains, when provisions abound165, he gorges166 himself greedily, when they are scarce, his robust167 nature enables300 him to content himself with very little. This is the evidence—what is the verdict? That the use of the coca assists, perhaps, to support the abstinence; but that its action is confined to an excitement of a peculiar kind, very different from that of the ordinary excitants, and especially alcohol. Brandy gives strength, but that strength is only a loan, at the expense of strength reserved for the future. The stimulus produced by coca is slow and sustained, in part owing to the manner of its employment, as the infusion acts differently from the leaf as taken in the ordinary way. Tea and coffee act specially136 on the brain, on which they produce an anti-soporific effect; but while coca produces a little of this effect when taken in large doses, it does not act perceptibly upon the brain in small doses. To account for the ordinary effects of the leaf, one must suppose that its action, instead of being localized, as in the case of tea and coffee, is diffused168, and bears upon the nervous system generally, producing a sustained stimulus, calculated to impart to those under its influence, that support which has been attributed erroneously to peculiar nutritive properties.
Superstition169 and prejudice combined have, however, ennobled this plant in the mind of the Peruvian, and he looks upon it as a true “gift of God.” Its influences and effects are magnified in his own mind into something miraculous170, and, indeed, miraculous powers have been attributed to it, for in what other light can we regard the belief current amongst them, that if the miner throws the masticated171 leaves upon the hard and impenetrable veins172 of metal, the ore will thereby become softened173 and be more easily worked? or that the leaves when placed in the mouth of a dead person, ensures it a more favourable174 reception into the world of spirits? or that when a mummy is met301 with disentombed from its narrow home, the presentation of a few leaves propitiates175 its disengaged spirit, and is accepted as a pious176 offering?
Much of the fidelity177 of the Indian to his coca, as with the smoker178 to his pipe of tobacco, is due to habit, and in this case the influence of the habit is more powerful, inasmuch as it has been handed down through a long line of ancestors, and is almost the only one which has been preserved. Finally, he finds in its use a distraction179, and the only one, which breaks the monotony of his existence. The Peruvian Indians are of a gloomy temperament180, and subject to fits of melancholy181. When not engaged in out-door work, they will sit in their huts chewing coca and brooding gloomily over their own thoughts; indeed, the combined testimony182 of travellers establish the fact, that there is in their features an expression of concentrated melancholy, which seems to speak of an undefined but constant suffering; we cannot be astonished at finding such people seeking for comfort in the best substitute for opium183 that their country will furnish.
Coca appears to enjoy an undisputed reign9 in the Cordilleras; no other narcotic starts up to share the throne, and this is almost the only one which has not been imitated, or for which some substitute has not either been proposed or used. The antipodes, or nearly so, of this country possesses a plant, which, had it grown freely in other parts of the world might have been heard of more extensively as an indulgence. In Siberia, however, there seems to be little use made of the small indigenous184 rhododendron, which claims to be one of the most powerful narcotics in the world. Steller, the Russian botanist185, had a tame deer which became so intoxicated186 by browsing187 on about ten of its leaves, that, after staggering302 about for some time, it dropped into a deep but troubled sleep for four hours, after which it awoke, apparently free from pain, but would never touch the leaves again. Steller’s servants, after this, took to intoxicating188 themselves with the leaves without any evil effects. We have also been informed that certain of the Russians have been charged with the habit of following the example of these experimentalists, by getting drunk upon the leaves, which have been used in infusion, as Pallas states, with good effect in the cure of chronic128 rheumatism189. The flowers of another species of rhododendron are eaten as a narcotic by the Hill people of India, but in these instances the extent of their use is so small, and the persons indulging in them so few, that no claim can be set up for them, except as minor190 narcotics occasionally employed, when the other and more important substances cannot readily be obtained.
For the basis of much which this chapter contains, we are indebted to the Travels in Bolivia and Peru of that worthy trio of doctors, P?ppig, Weddell, and Tschuddi, besides three times as many more, less noted191 and less known, but whose information was not less to be relied upon on the points concerning which they have spoken. Whether the votaries192 of our Lady of Yongas are as numerous as has been asserted, or only of the number we have suggested—whether the influence of this plant over the stomachic regions is sufficient to subdue193 the pangs194 of hunger, or allay195 the cruelties of thirst, or these are only effects due to the imagination—whether it has the marvellous power of softening196 the adamantine rock, or strengthening and supporting the lungs in the ascent197 of Andean summits, or whether these, and all of these, are fictions proceeding198 from the303 heat-oppressed brain, it is, nevertheless, certain, that a great amount of interest gathers around this plant, which associates itself so intimately with the country in which it flourishes, that, as for centuries past, so for centuries to come, coca will remain the characteristic plant of the Peruvian nation, as tea was, and is, of the Chinese.
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profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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oracles
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| 神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人 | |
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auguries
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| n.（古罗马）占卜术，占卜仪式( augury的名词复数 )；预兆 | |
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invoke
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| v.求助于(神、法律)；恳求，乞求 | |
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propitiated
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| v.劝解，抚慰，使息怒( propitiate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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recurred
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| 再发生，复发( recur的过去式和过去分词 )； 治愈 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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18
etymology
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| n.语源；字源学 | |
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19
shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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21
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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22
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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23
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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24
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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25
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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26
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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27
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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28
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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29
gatherings
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| 聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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squats
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| n.蹲坐，蹲姿( squat的名词复数 )；被擅自占用的建筑物v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的第三人称单数 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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slate
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| n.板岩，石板，石片，石板色，候选人名单；adj.暗蓝灰色的，含板岩的；vt.用石板覆盖，痛打，提名，预订 | |
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33
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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34
erring
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| 做错事的，错误的 | |
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35
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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36
chili
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| n.辣椒 | |
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37
residue
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| n.残余，剩余，残渣 | |
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38
masticator
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| n.咀嚼者；撕捏机；割碎机 | |
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39
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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40
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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41
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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42
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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43
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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44
accrue
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| v.(利息等)增大，增多 | |
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45
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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46
discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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49
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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50
lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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51
aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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52
dispenses
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| v.分配，分与；分配( dispense的第三人称单数 )；施与；配（药） | |
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53
fragrance
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| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
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54
astringent
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| adj.止血的，收缩的，涩的；n.收缩剂，止血剂 | |
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tinges
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| n.细微的色彩，一丝痕迹( tinge的名词复数 ) | |
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56
saliva
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| n.唾液，口水 | |
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57
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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58
tonic
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| n./adj.滋补品，补药，强身的，健体的 | |
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59
parched
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| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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60
trotting
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| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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61
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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62
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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63
complaisance
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| n.彬彬有礼，殷勤，柔顺 | |
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64
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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65
apron
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| n.围裙；工作裙 | |
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66
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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67
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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68
extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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69
knuckles
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| n.（指人）指关节( knuckle的名词复数 )；（指动物）膝关节，踝v.（指人）指关节( knuckle的第三人称单数 )；（指动物）膝关节，踝 | |
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obliquely
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| adv.斜； 倾斜； 间接； 不光明正大 | |
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71
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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72
perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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73
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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74
moiety
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| n.一半；部分 | |
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75
disconsolate
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| adj.忧郁的，不快的 | |
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76
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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77
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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78
adroit
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的 | |
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79
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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80
dole
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| n.救济，（失业）救济金；vt.（out）发放，发给 | |
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81
olfactory
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| adj.嗅觉的 | |
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82
nostril
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| n.鼻孔 | |
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83
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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84
imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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85
exclamation
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| n.感叹号，惊呼，惊叹词 | |
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86
volatile
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| adj.反复无常的，挥发性的，稍纵即逝的，脾气火爆的；n.挥发性物质 | |
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87
diffuse
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| v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的 | |
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88
scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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89
novice
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| adj.新手的，生手的 | |
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90
grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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91
excoriates
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| v.擦伤( excoriate的第三人称单数 )；擦破（皮肤）；剥（皮）；严厉指责 | |
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92
infusion
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| n.灌输 | |
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93
stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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94
uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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95
reclaimed
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| adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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96
narcotic
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| n.麻醉药，镇静剂；adj.麻醉的，催眠的 | |
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97
stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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98
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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99
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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100
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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101
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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102
pallid
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| adj.苍白的，呆板的 | |
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103
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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104
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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105
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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106
intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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107
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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108
relish
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| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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109
malevolent
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| adj.有恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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110
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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111
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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112
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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113
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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114
veracity
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| n.诚实 | |
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115
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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116
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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117
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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118
noxious
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| adj.有害的，有毒的；使道德败坏的，讨厌的 | |
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119
metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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120
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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121
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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122
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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123
frugality
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| n.节约，节俭 | |
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124
voracious
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| adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 | |
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125
habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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126
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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127
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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128
chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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129
narrate
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| v.讲，叙述 | |
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130
preservative
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| n.防腐剂；防腐料；保护料；预防药 | |
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131
hemp
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| n.大麻；纤维 | |
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132
inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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133
narcotics
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| n.麻醉药( narcotic的名词复数 )；毒品；毒 | |
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134
detriment
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| n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源 | |
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135
persevered
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| v.坚忍，坚持( persevere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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136
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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137
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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138
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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139
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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140
stimulants
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| n.兴奋剂( stimulant的名词复数 )；含兴奋剂的饮料；刺激物；激励物 | |
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141
incurable
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| adj.不能医治的，不能矫正的，无救的；n.不治的病人，无救的人 | |
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142
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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143
bilious
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| adj.胆汁过多的；易怒的 | |
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144
obstructions
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| n.障碍物( obstruction的名词复数 )；阻碍物；阻碍；阻挠 | |
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aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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146
derangement
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| n.精神错乱 | |
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147
prostration
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| n. 平伏, 跪倒, 疲劳 | |
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148
aggravates
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| 使恶化( aggravate的第三人称单数 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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149
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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150
craves
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| 渴望，热望( crave的第三人称单数 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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151
voracity
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| n.贪食，贪婪 | |
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152
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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153
dispelling
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的现在分词 ) | |
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154
analyzed
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| v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析 | |
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155
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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156
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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157
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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158
replenish
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| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
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159
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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160
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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161
boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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162
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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170
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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171
masticated
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| v.咀嚼( masticate的过去式和过去分词 )；粉碎，磨烂 | |
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172
veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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173
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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propitiates
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| v.劝解，抚慰，使息怒( propitiate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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176
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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177
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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178
smoker
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| n.吸烟者，吸烟车厢，吸烟室 | |
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179
distraction
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| n.精神涣散，精神不集中，消遣，娱乐 | |
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180
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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181
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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182
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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183
opium
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| n.鸦片；adj.鸦片的 | |
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184
indigenous
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| adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的 | |
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185
botanist
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| n.植物学家 | |
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186
intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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187
browsing
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| v.吃草( browse的现在分词 )；随意翻阅；（在商店里）随便看看；（在计算机上）浏览信息 | |
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188
intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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189
rheumatism
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| n.风湿病 | |
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190
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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191
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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192
votaries
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| n.信徒( votary的名词复数 )；追随者；（天主教）修士；修女 | |
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193
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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194
pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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195
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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196
softening
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| 变软，软化 | |
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197
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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198
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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