Some consider those metals most precious which, like gold and silver, have earned that reputation by acting2 in the capacity of representatives of wealth, as the current coins of civilized3 nations. To some men these have been esteemed4 more precious than health, or even than life itself; others, calculating on the grounds of utility, have considered iron and copper5, so universally applicable to the wants of civilized life, such mighty6 agents in the cause of civilization, as the most precious of metals; and these may be right in their calculations, for although we might manage to get on without the former, we can hardly imagine for ourselves the condition occasioned by the loss of the latter. There are yet a few to whom it would seem, however strange the fact may appear, that two metals are the most precious which the rest of the world have no idea of considering as of but a very low rate of value, and without which they can readily conceive of the315 world moving on without any very great sense of their loss. These two are Arsenic7 and Mercury. The very names are almost sufficient to send a shudder8 of horror through us as we write or repeat them; and to elect them into the highest place in our affections is the last act we should, in a state of sanity9, deem ourselves likely to perform. The one suggests images of Aqua Tophana and the Middle Ages, and our teeth loosen in our gums with unpleasant reminiscences of black draught10 and blue pill as associated with the other. For one we can think of no better employment than the extirpation11 of rats, or the preservation12 of mummies; and for the other no more exalted13 an occupation than to coat the backs of our mirrors, or inform us of the conditions of the atmosphere. That any one could indulge in them as luxuries, or, by their habitual14 use, elevate them to a companionship with tobacco and opium15, with haschish and coca, would appear to be a gross libel upon the “Seven Sisters of Sleep,” and a satire16 upon the cherished companions of millions of the human race.
Medical men, foremost amongst whom is Dr. Christison, consider that these minerals cannot be indulged in without exercising a deleterious effect upon the system. The cumulative17 action of mineral poisons is a great point of difference between them and those of vegetable origin, for although the same eminent18 physician is of opinion that tobacco may be indulged in without injury, he does not believe such a possibility to exist with regard to mercury and arsenic.32
The use of corrosive19 sublimate20, the bichloride of mercury, is certainly restricted within very316 confined limits, and even within those limits, the information we have is very meagre. At Constantinople, the opium-eater, who finds his daily dose insufficient21 in time to produce those results which at first accrued23 from its use, resorts to the expedient24 of mixing therewith a small quantity of corrosive sublimate, to increase the potency25 of the drug. By itself, it is never indulged in as a passion in the same manner as vegetable narcotics27, nor can the same pleas be urged in favour of its use, or in extenuation28 of its abuse. An opium-eater at Broussa is stated to have been accustomed to swallow daily with his opium, forty grains of corrosive sublimate without any apparently29 injurious effects. In South America its use is affirmed to be very extensive.
Arsenious acid, or white arsenic, is a more popular irritant than mercury. The arsenic-eaters of Styria are now historical individuals, and the custom there and in the neighbouring districts appears to be a common one among the labouring population. Itinerant30 pedlars vend31 it for this purpose, and it becomes a necessary of life to those who commence the practice. It is taken every morning as regularly as the Turk consumes his opium.
One of the benefits said to accrue22 from its use is, that it gives a plumpness to the figure, softness to the skin, freshness to the complexion32, and brilliancy to the eye. For this purpose, young men and maidens33 resort to it, to increase their charms, and render themselves acceptable and fascinating to each other. A friend, recently returned from Canada and the United States, informs us, positively34, that it is largely consumed by the young ladies, in those regions of the civilized world, for the same purposes above described, to which it is resorted by the Austrian damsels. He declares that the custom is so common that no317 surprise is excited on discovering any one addicted35 to its use, and that amongst the fairer sex it is the rule rather than the exception.
The principal authority for its use in the European districts, is the celebrated36 traveller Von Tschuddi, who has published an account of several cases which have come to his knowledge. In one instance, a pale, thin damsel, anxious to attach herself to her lover, by presenting a more prepossessing exterior37, took the “precious metal,” in the form of its oxide38, several times a week, and soon became stout39, rosy40, and captivating; but in her over-anxiety to heighten her charms, and rival the fabled41 beauties of old, and having experienced the benefit of small doses of the poison, ventured upon a larger quantity, and died from its effects, the victim of her vanity. The habit is generally commenced with small doses, starting with about half a grain or less, each day, and gradually increasing it to two or three grains. The case of a hale old peasant is mentioned, whose morning whet42 of arsenic reached the incredible quantity of four grains.
Another singular benefit is supposed to arise from the use of this substance, similar to that claimed by the Peruvians for their coca, namely, that of rendering43 the breathing easier in toiling44 uphill, so that steep heights may be climbed without difficulty or exhaustion45. It is curious that the mountaineers of the Andes and the Alps, at distances so remote, should deem themselves possessed46 of the means of assisting nature in surmounting47 difficulties, by preventing exhaustion in climbing the mountain side: in one instance, by chewing a quid of leaves which grow plentifully48 on the mountain slopes, and in the other, by swallowing a small fragment of a mineral obtained from the mines at the mountain side.
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Whilst the practice of arsenic eating is continued, no evil effects would seem to be experienced, everything connected with the body of the eater seems to be in a flourishing condition, the appearance is healthy, plump, and fresh, no symptoms of poisoning are manifested until the regular dose is discontinued, when a great feeling of discomfort49 arises, the digestion50 becomes deranged51, burning sensations and spasms52 are present in the throat, pains in the bowels53 commence, and the breathing becomes oppressed. From these unpleasant sensations there is no relief but by an immediate54 return to the habit of arsenic eating, and hence, when once commenced, the use of this article becomes a necessity of life, and the poisonous mineral a “precious metal.”
Dr. Macgowan of Ningpo, says, “We are told that Mongolian hunters, beyond the wall, eat arsenic to enable them to endure cold when patiently lying on the snow to entrap55 martins. In this part of China arsenic is taken by divers56, who in cold weather plunge57 into still water in pursuit of fish, which are then found hybernating among stones at the piers58 of bridges. We perceive with regret, that the modern Chinese have added arsenic to their habitual stimulants59. The red sulphuret in powder is mixed with tobacco, and their joint61 fumes62 are smoked in the ordinary manner. We have met with no habitual smokers63 of this compound of mineral and vegetable poisons; but persons who have made trial state that dizziness and sickness attend first attempts. After a few trials, arseniated tobacco may be taken without any apparent inconvenience. From reports given of it, we infer that its effects on the Chinese are analogous64 to what is observed among the arsenic-eating peasants of Austria.
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“At Peking, where arseniated tobacco is most in use, it costs no more than the unmixed article; it may be known by the red colour imparted to the vegetable by the powdered proto-sulphuret. Its introduction is attributed to Cantonese from Chauchau. If this be correct, it is probable that these southerners, unable at the north to procure65 the masticatory66 to which they are addicted, sought to appease67 a craving68 for the pungent69 but harmless lime and betel nut, by substituting the deleterious mineral gas. Many of the miserable70 victims of opium, to whom that narcotic26 is a necessity, and not a pleasure, have eagerly employed the new stimulant60 to prop71 and exhilarate their exhausted72 bodies, and, perhaps, have thereby73 meliorated and prolonged their existence. We would fain hope that the use of arsenical stimulants will not become general; yet that pernicious custom is extending, and we know our race too well not to entertain fears on that subject. It is even stated that, for a time at least, the reigning75 Emperor in his boyhood preferred tobacco thus mineralized. In domestic economy, the red sulphuret is employed for making away with rats and husbands.”33
One of the best things that Hahnemann ever did was to write a treatise76 on arsenic. This he did well, and therefore deserves to be remembered; but for this he is often forgotten, and is only extolled77 for a less important labour—the introduction of hom?opathy. Chemists deserve well of mankind for the assiduity with which they have studied this subtle poison, so that now it may be detected in the minutest quantities. One point, however, seems to be hardly clear, and on this, perhaps, the Styrian peasant could enlighten us, namely, the taste of arsenic, some declaring that it has no320 distinguishable taste, others, that it is sweetish, and others saline. The only means of arriving at the truth is rather too hazardous78 a one to be ventured upon.
The effects of arsenic upon the human frame, were illustrated79 in a curious case which occurred a few years since in the northern part of France. A domestic at a country seat wished to cause the death of his mistress, and mixed arsenic in small quantities with her food, hoping that the slow operation of the poison would prevent any suspicion of murder. To his great astonishment80, she gained rapidly in health, flesh, and spirits. At length he gave her a larger quantity, which occasioned serious illness, and led to the discovery and punishment of the crime.
We have as yet applied81 arsenic only to some of the purposes for which it is applicable. The roses of England possess enough of bloom without resorting to the bloom of the smelting82 furnace. Although we use it to preserve with all the appearances of life the deceased zoological curiosities of our museums, we do not seek its aid to enhance the charms of those living specimens83 of beauty which are the glory and the pride of our hearths84 and homes. Fortunately, we have no Andes to climb, and no Alps to scale, and the summits we have to gain are arrived at by dint85 of perseverance86, and no small amount of puffing87, in which latter circumstance it seems to be our nature to glory as much as the Peruvian or the Austrian in its absence. Now and then we become suspicious of its presence in our green paper hangings, and in that menial office are almost content to dispense88 with its services. Or anon, we are treated to a scramble89 of Bradford drops, which, finding the temperature of the climate uncongenial, melt away to a stray ghost or two that haunt the stoppered321 bottles of our chemical museums. Grumble90 as we may at our precious metals, we—
“Rather bear those ills we have,
Than fly to others that we know not of.”
Animals have not escaped arsenic-eating, for the Austrians, having discovered its property of plumping up, and putting into good condition the human animal, have resorted to it, as an improver of their ill-conditioned horses. Gentlemen’s grooms91 bestow92 it upon the animals in their charge, and pronounce its effects as certain and as marvellous, as upon thin and sickly-looking damsels. A pinch of the white powder is sprinkled like pepper over the “feed of corn,” or tied up in a piece of rag and fastened to the “bit,” before that instrument is introduced into the animal’s mouth. The same two properties are said to be exhibited in the case of the horses, as are affirmed to take place in man. The body is plumped out, and rounded into fair proportions, the skin rendered sleek93 and glossy94, and the breath is improved, so that long journeys, steep and rugged95 ascents96, and heavy loads, are readily overcome by its potency. If this secret were communicated to some of our London omnibus and cabmen, it would probably be of advantage to the appearance of some of the poor animals doomed98 for a certain time to walk this earth, and increase their facility for moving through a space of three or four miles in less time than a pedestrian could accomplish the feat99.
The teamsters in mountainous countries frequently add a dose of arsenic to the fodder100, which they give their horses, before a laborious101 ascent97. The practice of giving arsenic to horses may continue for years without accident, but as soon as the animal passes into the hands of a master who does not use arsenic, he becomes thin, loses his spirits,322 and, in spite of the most abundant nourishment102, never recovers his former appearance.
The use of arsenic for horned cattle is less frequent; it is only given to oxen and calves103 intended for fattening104. In Austria, hogs105 and other animals are also fattened106 by a careful use of arsenic.
Precious metals, like precious stones, are subject to misfortunes. As of the latter, a learned professor saith, “Patents of nobility are distributed here in the most arbitrary manner, and outward aspect and character, weigh heaviest in the scales by which they are determined107. To such an extent is this the case, that the stones which have literally108 and truly fallen from the skies, are not reckoned among the precious stones, although they have been in all times objects of curiosity to the most cultivated minds, and certainly are of very high descent, since they came, at least, from the moon, and are even imagined to be young worlds, little princes, which would in time have come to reign74 as planets. And whence this injustice109? Because these little strangers, which, perhaps, are pleased to travel incognito110, have an inconspicuous exterior, are enveloped111 in a dark weather-proof cloak, because from under this cloak, only a greyish suit, without gold lace, with merely a little iron scattered112 about it, comes to light; because this aspect does not show from afar off that they have fallen from the skies, and because they do not say to everybody, ‘My mother lives in the mountains of the moon.’”
And although Mercury, not only in name, but also in its volatile113 and skyward tendencies, claims kindred with the planetary system, which tendencies are likewise shown in the behaviour of the other metallic114 substance, of which this chapter discourses115. Yet their high claims are disregarded, and, like the aerolites, they are condemned116 by the majority of men to a plebeian117 rank and menial offices.
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1
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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arsenic
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| n.砒霜，砷；adj.砷的 | |
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shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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sanity
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| n.心智健全，神智正常，判断正确 | |
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draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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11
extirpation
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| n.消灭，根除，毁灭；摘除 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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opium
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| n.鸦片；adj.鸦片的 | |
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satire
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| n.讽刺，讽刺文学，讽刺作品 | |
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cumulative
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| adj.累积的，渐增的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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corrosive
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| adj.腐蚀性的；有害的；恶毒的 | |
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sublimate
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| v.(使)升华，净化 | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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22
accrue
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| v.(利息等)增大，增多 | |
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accrued
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| adj.权责已发生的v.增加( accrue的过去式和过去分词 )；（通过自然增长）产生；获得；（使钱款、债务）积累 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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potency
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| n. 效力，潜能 | |
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narcotic
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| n.麻醉药，镇静剂；adj.麻醉的，催眠的 | |
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narcotics
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| n.麻醉药( narcotic的名词复数 )；毒品；毒 | |
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extenuation
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| n.减轻罪孽的借口；酌情减轻；细 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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itinerant
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| adj.巡回的；流动的 | |
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vend
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| v.公开表明观点，出售，贩卖 | |
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complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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33
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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oxide
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| n.氧化物 | |
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rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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fabled
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| adj.寓言中的，虚构的 | |
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whet
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| v.磨快，刺激 | |
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43
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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45
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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46
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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47
surmounting
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| 战胜( surmount的现在分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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48
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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49
discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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50
digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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51
deranged
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| adj.疯狂的 | |
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52
spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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53
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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54
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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55
entrap
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| v.以网或陷阱捕捉，使陷入圈套 | |
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56
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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57
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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58
piers
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| n.水上平台( pier的名词复数 )；（常设有娱乐场所的）突堤；柱子；墙墩 | |
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59
stimulants
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| n.兴奋剂( stimulant的名词复数 )；含兴奋剂的饮料；刺激物；激励物 | |
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60
stimulant
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| n.刺激物，兴奋剂 | |
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61
joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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62
fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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63
smokers
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| 吸烟者( smoker的名词复数 ) | |
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64
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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65
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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66
masticatory
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| adj.咀嚼的，咀嚼用的n.咀嚼物，咀嚼剂 | |
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67
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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pungent
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| adj.（气味、味道）刺激性的，辛辣的；尖锐的 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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71
prop
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| vt.支撑；n.支柱，支撑物；支持者，靠山 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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73
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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74
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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76
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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77
extolled
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| v.赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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81
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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82
smelting
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| n.熔炼v.熔炼，提炼（矿石）( smelt的现在分词 ) | |
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83
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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84
hearths
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| 壁炉前的地板，炉床，壁炉边( hearth的名词复数 ) | |
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dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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87
puffing
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| v.使喷出( puff的现在分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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scramble
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| v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料 | |
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grumble
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| vi.抱怨；咕哝；n.抱怨，牢骚；咕哝，隆隆声 | |
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grooms
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| n.新郎( groom的名词复数 )；马夫v.照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的第三人称单数 )；使做好准备；训练；（给动物）擦洗 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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sleek
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| adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢 | |
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glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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ascents
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| n.上升( ascent的名词复数 )；（身份、地位等的）提高；上坡路；攀登 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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100
fodder
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| n.草料；炮灰 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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102
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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103
calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解 | |
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104
fattening
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| adj.（食物）要使人发胖的v.喂肥( fatten的现在分词 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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105
hogs
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| n.（尤指喂肥供食用的）猪( hog的名词复数 )；（供食用的）阉公猪；彻底地做某事；自私的或贪婪的人 | |
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106
fattened
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| v.喂肥( fatten的过去式和过去分词 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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incognito
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| adv.匿名地；n.隐姓埋名；adj.化装的，用假名的，隐匿姓名身份的 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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112
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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113
volatile
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| adj.反复无常的，挥发性的，稍纵即逝的，脾气火爆的；n.挥发性物质 | |
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114
metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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115
discourses
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| 论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语 | |
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116
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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117
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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