TIBERIUS AND LIVIA NEVER MET NOW. LIVIA HAD OFFENDED Tiberius by dedicating a statue to Augustus in their joint1 names and putting her name first. He retaliated2 by doing the one thing that she could not even pretend to forgive-when ambassadors came to him from Spain asking that they might erect3 a temple to him and his mother he refused on behalf of both. He told the Senate that he had, perhaps in a moment of weakness, allowed the dedication4 of a temple in Asia to the Senate and its leader (namely, himself)-together symbolizing5 the paternal6 government of Rome. His mother's name also occurred in the dedicatory inscription7 as High Priestess of the cult8 of Augustus. But to assent9 to the deification of himself and his mother would be carrying indulgence too far.
"For myself, my Lords, that I am a mortal man, that I am bound by the trammels of human nature, and that I fill the principal place among you to your satisfaction-if I do-I solemnly assure you is quite enough for me: this is how I prefer to be remembered by posterity10. If posterity believes me to have been worthy11 of my ancestors, watchful12 of your interest, unmoved in dangers and, in defence of the commonwealth13, fearless of private enmities, I will be sufficiently14 remembered. The loving gratitude15 of the Senate and people of Rome and or our allies is the fairest temple I would raise-a temple not of marble but more enduring than marble, a temple of the heart. Marble -temples, when the hallowed beings to whom they are raised fall into disrepute, are despised as mere17 sepulchers18. I therefore invoke19 Heaven to grant me until the end of my life an untroubled spirit and the power of clear discernment in all duties human and sacred: and therefore too I implore20 our citizens and allies that whenever dissolution comes to this mortal body of mine, they will celebrate my life and deeds (if they are so worthy) with inward thankfulness and praise rather than the outward pomp and temple-building and annual sacrifice. The true love that Rome felt for my father Augustus when he was among us as a man is already obscured both by the awe21 which his Godhead excites in the religious-minded and by the indiscriminate use of his name as a market-place oath. And while we are on the subject, my Lords, I propose that we henceforth make it a criminal offence to use the sacred name of Augustus for any but the most solemn occasions and that we enforce this law vigorously." No mention of Livia's feelings in the matter. And the day before he had refused to appoint one of her nominees22 to a vacant Judgeship, unless he were permitted to qualify the appointment with: "This person is the choice of my mother, Livia Augusta, to whose importunities in his interest I have been forced to give way, against my better knowledge of his character and capacities."
Soon after this Livia invited all the noblewomen of Rome to an all-day entertainment. There were jugglers and acrobats23 and recitations from the poets and marvellous cakes and sweetmeats and liqueurs and a beautiful jewel for each guest as a memento24 of the occasion. To conclude the proceedings25 Livia gave a reading of Augustus's letters. She was now eighty-three years old and her voice was weak and she whistled a good deal on her s's, but for an hour and a half she held her audience spellbound. The first letters she read contained pronouncements on public policy, all of which seemed especially written as warnings against the present state of affairs at Rome. There were some very opposite remarks about treason trials, including the following paragraph:
"Though I have been bound to protect myself legally against all sorts of libel I shall exert myself to the utmost, my dear Livia, to avoid staging so unpleasant a spectacle as a trial, for treason, of any foolish historian, caricaturist or epigram-maker who has made me a target of his wit or eloquence27. My father Julius Cassar forgave the poet Catullus the most filthy28 lampoons29 imaginable: he wrote to Catullus that if he were trying to show that he was no servile flatterer like most of his fellow-poets, he had now fully30 proved his case and could return to other more poetical31 subjects than the sexual abnormalities of a middle-aged32 statesman: and would he come to dinner the next day and bring any friend he liked? Catullus came, and thenceforward the two were fast friends. To use the majesty33 of law for revenging any petty act of private spite is to make a public confession34 of weakness, cowardice35 and an ignoble36 spirit."
There was a notable paragraph about informers: "Except where I am convinced that an informer does not expect to benefit directly or indirectly37 by his accusations38, but brings them from a sense of true patriotism39 and public decency40, I not only discount their importance as evidence but I put a black mark against that informer's name and never afterwards employ him in any position of trust…"
And, to finish up, she read a series of very illuminating41 letters. Livia had tens of thousands of Augustus's letters, written over a stretch of fifty-two years, carefully sewn into book-form and indexed. She chose from these thousands the fifteen most damaging ones she could find. The series began with complaints against Tiberius's disgusting behaviour as a little boy, his unpopularity with his schoolfellows as a big boy, his close-fistedness and haughtiness42 as a young man, and so on, with signs of growing irritation43 and the phrase, often repeated, "and if it were not that he was your son, my dearest Livia, I would say—" Then came complaints of his brutal44 severity with the troops under his command-"almost an encouragement to mutiny" -and his dilatoriness45 in pressing his attacks on the enemy, with unfavourable comparisons between his methods and my father's. Then an angry refusal to consider him as a son in-law, and a detailed46 list of his moral shortcomings. Then more letters relating to the painful Julia story, written for the most part in terms of almost insane loathing47 and disgust for Tiberius. She read one important letter written on the occasion of Tiberius's recall from Rhodes:
"DEAREST LIVIA:
"I take advantage of this forty-second anniversary of our marriage to thank you with all my heart for the extraordinary services you have rendered the State ever since we joined forces. If I am styled the Father of the Country it seems absurd to me that you should not be styled the Mother of the Country: I swear you have done twice as much as I have in our great work of public reconstruction48. Why do you ask me to wait another few years before asking the Senate to vote you this honour? The only way that I can show my absolute confidence in your disinterested49 loyalty50 and profound judgment51 is to give way at last to your repeated pleas for the recall of Tiberius, a man to whose character I confess I continue to feel the greatest repugnance52, and I pray to Heaven that by giving way to you now I do not inflict53 lasting54 damage on the commonwealth."
Livia's last choice was a letter written about a year before Augustus's death:
"I had a sudden feeling of profoundest regret and despair, my dearest wife, when discussing State policy with Tiberius yesterday, that the people of Rome should be fated to be glared at by those protruding55 eyes of his and pounded by that bony fist of his and chewed by those dreadfully slow jaws56 of his and stamped on by those huge feet of his. But I was for the moment reckoning without yourself and our dear Germanicus. If I did not believe that when I am dead he will both be guided by you in all matters of State and shamed by Germanicus's example into at least a semblance57 of decent living, I would even now, I swear, disinherit him and ask the Senate to revoke58 all his titles of honour. The man's a beast and needs keepers."
When she had finished she rose and said: "Perhaps, ladies, it would be best to say nothing to your husbands about these peculiar59 letters. I did not realize, in fact, when I began to read, how-how peculiar they were. I am not asking you this on my own account but for the sake of the Empire."
Tiberius heard the whole story from Sejanus just as he was about to take his seat in the Senate, and he was overcome with shame and rage and alarm. It so happened that his business that afternoon was to hear a charge of treason brought against Lentulus, one of the pontiffs who had incurred60 his suspicion in the matter of the prayer for Nero and Drusus, and also because he had voted for the mitigation of Sosia's sentence. When Lentuhis, a simple old mar16, distinguished61 equally for his birth, his victories in Africa under Augustus and his unassuming mildness-his nickname was "The BeIl-Wether"-heard that he was accused of plotting against the State, he burst out laughing. Tiberius, already distracted, lost all self-control and said, nearly weeping, to the House: "If Lentulus too hates me, I am unworthy to live."
Callus replied: "Cheer up. Your Majesty-I beg your pardon, I had forgotten that you dislike the title-I should say, cheer up, Tiberius Caesar! Lentulus was not laughing at you, he was laughing with you. He was rejoicing with you that for once there should come before the Senate a charge of treason that was absolutely unfounded." So the charge against Lentulus was dropped. But Tiberius had already been the cause of Lentulus's father's death. He was immensely rich and was so frightened by Tiberius's suspicions of him that he had killed himself, and as a proof of loyalty had left his entire fortune to Tiberius, who thereafter could not believe that Lentulus, now left very poor, harboured no resentment62 against him.
Tiberius did not enter the Senate again for two whole months: he could not look the senators in the face with the knowledge that their wives had heard Augustus's letters about him. Sejanus suggested that it would be good for his health to leave Rome for awhile and stay a few miles away at one of his villas63, where he would escape from the daily throng64 of Palace visitors and the noise and bustle65 of the City. He followed this advice. The action that he took against his mother was to superannuate her, to omit her name from all public documents, to discontinue her customary birthday honours, and to make it clear that any coupling of her name with his or any praise of her in the Senate would be regarded as little short of treason. More active vengeance66 he did not dare take. He knew that she still had the letter which he had written from Rhodes promising67 her his lifelong obedience68 and that she was quite capable of reading it, even though it might incriminate her as the murderess of Gaius and Lucius.
But this wonderful old woman was not defeated yet, as you shall read. One day I had a note from her. "The Lady Livia Augusta expects her dear grandson Tiberius Claudius to visit and dine with her on the occasion of her birthdays he hopes that he is in good health." I could not make it out. I her dear grandson! Tender inquiries69 after my health! I did not know whether to laugh or be afraid. I had never in my life been allowed to visit her on her birthday. I had never even dined with her. I had not spoken to her, except ceremonially at the Augustan festival, for ten years. What could her motive70 be? Well, I would know in three days, and meanwhile I must buy her a really magnificent present. I finally bought her something which I was sure she would appreciate-a gracefully-shaped wine-vase in bronze, with serpent-head handles and a complicated design of gold and silver inlay. It was, in my opinion, of far finer workmanship than any of the Corinthian vessels71 that collectors give such absurd prices for nowadays. It came from China! In the centre of the design had been sunk a gold medallion of Augustus which had somehow strayed to that wonderfully distant land. That vase cost me five hundred gold pieces, though it stood no more than eighteen inches high.
But before I tell of my visit and my long interview with her I must clear up a point on which I may perhaps have misled you. From my accounts of the treason-trials and similar atrocities72 it will probably be deduced that the Empire under Tiberius was intolerably misgoverned in all departments. This was far from being the case. Though he undertook no new public works worth speaking of, merely contenting himself with completing those begun by Augustus, he kept the Army and the Fleet efficient and up to strength, paid his officials regularly and made them send in detailed reports four times a year, encouraged trade, assured a regular supply of corn for Italy, kept the roads and aqueducts in repair, limited public and private extravagance in a variety of ways, stabilized73 food prices, put down piracy74 and banditry and built up a considerable reserve of public money in case of any national emergency. He maintained his provincial75 governors in office for many years at a time, if they were any good, so as not to unsettle matters, keeping a careful watch on them however. One governor, to show his efficiency and loyalty, sent Tiberius more tribute than was due. Tiberius gave him a reprimand:
"I want my sheep shorn, not shaved." As a result there were few frontier wars after the German trouble was settled by Maroboduus's welcome to Rome and Hermann's death. Tacfarinas was the chief enemy. He was for a long time known as the "Laurel-giver" because three generals-my friend Furius, and Apronius, the father of Apronia, and a third, BIaesus, Sejanus's maternal76 uncle, had each in turn defeated him and been awarded triumphal ornaments77. Blaesus, who scattered78 Tacfarmas's army and captured his brother, was given the unusual honour of being made a field-marshal, an honour reserved in general only for the Imperial family. Tiberius told the Senate mat he was glad to honour Blaesus in this way because of his kinship with his trusted friend Sejanus; and when, three years later, a fourth general, Dolabella, put a final end to the African War, which had broken out again with redoubled force,-by not only defeating Tacfarinas but killing79 him, Dolabella was granted only triumphal ornaments "lest the laurels80 of Blaesus, uncle of my trusted friend Sejanus, should thereby81 lose their lustre82".
But I was talking of Tiberius's good deeds, not his weaknesses: and really, from the point of view of the Empire as a whole, he had been for the last twelve years a wise and just ruler. That nobody can deny. The canker in the core of the apple-if the metaphor83 may be forgiven-did not show on the skin or impair84 the wholesomeness85 of the flesh. Of six million Roman citizens, a mere two or three hundred suffered for Tiberius's jealous fears. And I do not know how many scores of millions of slaves and provincials86, and allies who were subjects in all but name, benefited solidly by the Imperial system as perfected by Augustus and Livia and carried on in this tradition by Tiberius. But I was living in the apple's core, so to speak, and I can be pardoned if I write more about the central canker than about the still unblemished and fragrant87 outer part.
Once you give way to a metaphor, Claudius, which is rare, you pursue it too far. Surely you remember Athenodorus's injunctions against this sort of thing? Well, call Sejanus the maggot and get it done with; then return to your usual homely88 style!
Sejanus decided89 to use Tiberius's sense of shame as a means of keeping him away from the City for a longer time than a mere two months. He encouraged one of his Guards officers to accuse a celebrated90 wit called Montanus of blackening Tiberius's private character. Whereas hitherto the accusers had been restrained from reporting any but the most general abuse of Tiberius-as haughty91, or cruel or domineering-this soldier came forward and credited Montanus with libels of a most particular and substantial kind. Sejanus took care that the libels were as true as they were disgusting; though Montanus, not having Sejanus's knowledge of what went on in the Palace, had not uttered them. The witness, who was the best drill-instructor in the Guards, bawled92 out Montanus's alleged93 obscenities at the top of his voice, not slurring94 over the most obscene words or phrases, and refusing to let himself be cried down by the shocked protests of the senators. "I swore to tell the whole truth," he bellowed95, "and for the honour of Tiberius Caesar I shall not omit a single article of the accused's loathsome96 conversation overheard by me on the said date and in the said circumstances. Accused further declared that our gracious Emperor is fast becoming impotent from said alleged debauches and said over-indulgence in aphrodisiac medicines, and that in order to rally his waning97 sexual powers he holds private exhibitions every three days or so in a specially26 decorated underground room of the Palace. Accused declared that the performers at these exhibitions, Spintrians as they are called, come prancing98 in, three at a time, stark99 naked…"
He went on in that strain for half an hour and Tiberius did not dare to stop him-or perhaps he wanted to find out just how much was known-until the witness said one thing too many (never mind what it was). Tiberius, forgetting himself, leaped up suddenly, his face crimson100, and declared that he would instantly clear himself of these monstrous101 charges or establish a judicial102 investigation103. Sejanus tried to calm him down, but he remained on his feet glaring angrily about him, until Gallus rose and gently reminded him that it was Montanus, not he, who was the accused party, that his private character was beyond suspicion; and that if news that such an investigation was about to be held reached the frontier provinces and the allied104 states, it would be completely misunderstood.
Shortly afterwards Tiberius was warned by Thrasyllus- whether this was arranged by Sejanus, I do not know-that he would shortly leave the City and that it would be death for him to re-enter it. Tiberius told Sejanus that he would move to Capri and leave him to look after things at Rome. He attended one more treason-trial-that of my cousin Claudia Pulchra, Varus's widow, who, now that Sosia was banished105, was Agrippina's most intimate friend. She was charged with adultery, prostituting her daughters, and witchcraft106 against Tiberius, She was, I think, completely innocent of all these charges. As soon as Agrippina heard about it she hurried to the Palace and by chance found Tiberius sacrificing to Augustus. Almost before the ceremony was over she came close up to him and said:
"Tiberius, this is illogical behaviour. You sacrifice flamingoes and peacocks to Augustus and you persecute107 his grandchildren."
He said slowly: "I do not understand you. Which grandchildren of Augustus have I persecuted108 that he did not himself persecute?"
"I am not talking about Fostumus and Julilla. I mean myself. You banished Sosia because she was my friend. You forced Silius to kill himself because he was my friend. And Calpurnius because he was my friend. And now my dear Pulchra is doomed109 too, though her only crime is her foolish fondness for me. People are beginning to avoid me, saying that I am unlucky."
Tiberius took her by the shoulders and said once more:
And if you are not queen, my dear, Think you that you are wronged?
Pulchra was condemned110 and executed. The Crown Prosecutor111 was a man called Afer, engaged because of his eloquence. A few days later Agrippina happened to see him outside the theatre. He appeared ashamed of himself and avoided meeting her eye. She went up to him and said:
"There is no occasion for you to hide from me, Afer." Then she quoted from Homer, but with alterations112 to suit the context, Achilles's reassuring113 answer to the embarrassed heralds114 who came to him with a humiliating message from Agamemnon. She said:
He forced you to it. Though you were well fee'd It was not yours but Agamemnon's deed.
This was reported to Tiberius (though not by Afer); the word "Agamemnon" caused him fresh alarm.
Agrippina fell ill and thought that she was being poisoned. She went in her sedan to the Palace to make a last appeal to Tiberius for mercy. She looked so thin and pale that Tiberius was charmed: perhaps she would die soon. He said: "My poor Agrippina, you look seriously ill. What's wrong with you?"
She answered in a weak voice: "It may be that I have done you a wrong in thinking that you persecute my friends just because they are my friends. It may be that I am unlucky in my choice of them, or that my judgment is often at fault. But I swear you have done me equal wrong in thinking that I have the least feeling of disloyalty towards you or that I have any ambition to rule either directly or indirectly. All that I ask is to be left alone, and your forgiveness for any injuries that I have unintentionally done you, and… and . . -" She ended in sobs115.
"And what else?"
"O Tiberius, be good to my children! And be good to me! Let me marry again. I am so lonely. Since Gennanicus died I have never been able to forget my troubles. I can't sleep at night. If you let me marry I'll settle down and lose all my restlessness and be quite a different person, and then perhaps you won't suspect me of plotting against you. I am sure it's only because I look so unhappy that you think I have bad feelings towards you."
"Who's the man you want to marry?"
"A good, generous, unambitious man, past middle age and one of your most loyal ministers."
"What's his name?"
"Callus. He says that he is ready to marry me at once."
Tiberius turned on his heel and walked out of the room without another word.
A few days later he invited her to a banquet. He used often to invite people to dine with him whom he particularly mistrusted and stare at them throughout the meal as if trying to read their secret thoughts: which shook the self-possession of all hut very few. If they looked alarmed he read it as a proof of guilt116. If they met his eye steadily117 he read it as an even stronger proof of guilt, with insolence118 . added. On this occasion Agrippina, still ill and unable to eat any but the lightest food without nausea119, and stared constantly at by Tiberius, had a miserable120 time. She was not a talkative person, and the conversation, which was about the relative merits of music and philosophy, did not interest her in the least and she found it impossible to contribute anything to it. She made a pretence121 of eating, but Tiberius, who was watching her attentively122, saw that she sent away plate after plate untouched. He thought that she suspected him of trying to poison her, and to test this he carefully picked an apple from the dish in front of him and said: "My dear Agrippina, you haven't made much of a meal. At any rate, try this apple. It's a splendid one. I had a present of young apple trees from the King of Parthia three years ago and this is the first time they have borne fruit."
Now almost everyone has a certain "natural enemy"-if I may call it that. To some people honey is a violent poison. Others are made ill by touching123 a horse or entering a stable or even by lying on a couch stuffed with horse-hair. Others again are most uncomfortably affected124 by the presence of a cat, and going into a room will sometimes say, "There has been a cat here, excuse me if I retire." I myself feel an overpowering repugnance to the smell of hawthorn125 in bloom. Agrippina's natural enemy was the apple. She took the present from Tiberius and thanked him, but with an ill-concealed shudder126, and said that she would keep it, if she might, to eat when she reached home. "Just one bite now, to taste how good it is."
"Please forgive me, but really I could not." She handed the apple to a servant and told him to wrap it carefully in a napkin for her.
Why did Tiberius not immediately try her on a treason charge, as Sejanus urged? Because Agrippina was still under Livia's protection.
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joint
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retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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dedication
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| n.奉献，献身，致力，题献，献辞 | |
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symbolizing
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| v.象征，作为…的象征( symbolize的现在分词 ) | |
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paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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cult
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| n.异教，邪教；时尚，狂热的崇拜 | |
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assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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sepulchers
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| n.坟墓，墓穴( sepulcher的名词复数 )；圣物置放处v.埋葬( sepulcher的第三人称单数 ) | |
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invoke
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| v.求助于(神、法律)；恳求，乞求 | |
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implore
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| vt.乞求，恳求，哀求 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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nominees
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acrobats
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| n.杂技演员( acrobat的名词复数 )；立场观点善变的人，主张、政见等变化无常的人 | |
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memento
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| n.纪念品，令人回忆的东西 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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specially
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eloquence
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filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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lampoons
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| n.讽刺文章或言辞( lampoon的名词复数 )v.冷嘲热讽，奚落( lampoon的第三人称单数 ) | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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middle-aged
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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confession
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cowardice
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ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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decency
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| n.体面，得体，合宜，正派，庄重 | |
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illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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haughtiness
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| n.傲慢；傲气 | |
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43
irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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44
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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45
dilatoriness
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| n.迟缓，拖延 | |
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46
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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47
loathing
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| n.厌恶，憎恨v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的现在分词)；极不喜欢 | |
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48
reconstruction
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| n.重建，再现，复原 | |
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49
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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50
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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51
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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52
repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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53
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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54
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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55
protruding
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的现在分词 )；凸 | |
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56
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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57
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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58
revoke
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| v.废除，取消，撤回 | |
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59
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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60
incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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61
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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62
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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63
villas
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| 别墅，公馆( villa的名词复数 )； （城郊）住宅 | |
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64
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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65
bustle
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| v.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙；n.忙碌；喧闹 | |
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66
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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67
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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68
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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69
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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71
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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72
atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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73
stabilized
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| v.（使）稳定， （使）稳固( stabilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
piracy
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| n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害 | |
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75
provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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76
maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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79
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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80
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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81
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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82
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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metaphor
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| n.隐喻，暗喻 | |
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84
impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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85
wholesomeness
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| 卫生性 | |
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86
provincials
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| n.首都以外的人，地区居民( provincial的名词复数 ) | |
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fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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90
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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91
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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92
bawled
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| v.大叫，大喊( bawl的过去式和过去分词 )；放声大哭；大声叫出；叫卖（货物） | |
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93
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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94
slurring
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| 含糊地说出( slur的现在分词 )； 含糊地发…的声； 侮辱； 连唱 | |
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95
bellowed
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的过去式和过去分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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96
loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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97
waning
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| adj.（月亮）渐亏的，逐渐减弱或变小的n.月亏v.衰落( wane的现在分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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98
prancing
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| v.（马）腾跃( prance的现在分词 ) | |
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99
stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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100
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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101
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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102
judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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103
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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104
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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105
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
witchcraft
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| n.魔法，巫术 | |
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107
persecute
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| vt.迫害，虐待；纠缠，骚扰 | |
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108
persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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109
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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110
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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111
prosecutor
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| n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人 | |
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112
alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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113
reassuring
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| a.使人消除恐惧和疑虑的，使人放心的 | |
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114
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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115
sobs
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| 啜泣（声），呜咽（声）( sob的名词复数 ) | |
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116
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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117
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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118
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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119
nausea
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| n.作呕，恶心；极端的憎恶(或厌恶) | |
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120
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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121
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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122
attentively
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| adv.聚精会神地；周到地；谛；凝神 | |
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123
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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124
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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125
hawthorn
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| 山楂 | |
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126
shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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