ENGLAND UNDER HENRY THE EIGHTH, CALLED BLUFF1 KING HAL AND BURLY KING HARRY2
PART THE FIRST
WE now come to King Henry the Eighth, whom it has been too much the fashion to call 'Bluff King Hal,' and 'Burly King Harry,' and other fine names; but whom I shall take the liberty to call, plainly, one of the most detestable villains3 that ever drew breath. You will be able to judge, long before we come to the end of his life, whether he deserves the character.
He was just eighteen years of age when he came to the throne. People said he was handsome then; but I don't believe it. He was a big, burly, noisy, small-eyed, large-faced, double-chinned, swinish-looking fellow in later life (as we know from the likenesses of him, painted by the famous HANS HOLBEIN), and it is not easy to believe that so bad a character can ever have been veiled under a prepossessing appearance.
He was anxious to make himself popular; and the people, who had long disliked the late King, were very willing to believe that he deserved to be so. He was extremely fond of show and display, and so were they. Therefore there was great rejoicing when he married the Princess Catherine, and when they were both crowned. And the King fought at tournaments and always came off victorious4 - for the courtiers took care of that - and there was a general outcry that he was a wonderful man. Empson, Dudley, and their supporters were accused of a variety of crimes they had never committed, instead of the offences of which they really had been guilty; and they were pilloried5, and set upon horses with their faces to the tails, and knocked about and beheaded, to the satisfaction of the people, and the enrichment of the King.
The Pope, so indefatigable6 in getting the world into trouble, had mixed himself up in a war on the continent of Europe, occasioned by the reigning7 Princes of little quarrelling states in Italy having at various times married into other Royal families, and so led to THEIR claiming a share in those petty Governments. The King, who discovered that he was very fond of the Pope, sent a herald8 to the King of France, to say that he must not make war upon that holy personage, because he was the father of all Christians9. As the French King did not mind this relationship in the least, and also refused to admit a claim King Henry made to certain lands in France, war was declared between the two countries. Not to perplex this story with an account of the tricks and designs of all the sovereigns who were engaged in it, it is enough to say that England made a blundering alliance with Spain, and got stupidly taken in by that country; which made its own terms with France when it could and left England in the lurch10. SIR EDWARD HOWARD, a bold admiral, son of the Earl of Surrey, distinguished11 himself by his bravery against the French in this business; but, unfortunately, he was more brave than wise, for, skimming into the French harbour of Brest with only a few row-boats, he attempted (in revenge for the defeat and death of SIR THOMAS KNYVETT, another bold English admiral) to take some strong French ships, well defended with batteries of cannon12. The upshot was, that he was left on board of one of them (in consequence of its shooting away from his own boat), with not more than about a dozen men, and was thrown into the sea and drowned: though not until he had taken from his breast his gold chain and gold whistle, which were the signs of his office, and had cast them into the sea to prevent their being made a boast of by the enemy. After this defeat - which was a great one, for Sir Edward Howard was a man of valour and fame - the King took it into his head to invade France in person; first executing that dangerous Earl of Suffolk whom his father had left in the Tower, and appointing Queen Catherine to the charge of his kingdom in his absence. He sailed to Calais, where he was joined by MAXIMILIAN, Emperor of Germany, who pretended to be his soldier, and who took pay in his service: with a good deal of nonsense of that sort, flattering enough to the vanity of a vain blusterer13. The King might be successful enough in sham14 fights; but his idea of real battles chiefly consisted in pitching silken tents of bright colours that were ignominiously15 blown down by the wind, and in making a vast display of gaudy16 flags and golden curtains. Fortune, however, favoured him better than he deserved; for, after much waste of time in tent pitching, flag flying, gold curtaining, and other such masquerading, he gave the French battle at a place called Guinegate: where they took such an unaccountable panic, and fled with such swiftness, that it was ever afterwards called by the English the Battle of Spurs. Instead of following up his advantage, the King, finding that he had had enough of real fighting, came home again.
The Scottish King, though nearly related to Henry by marriage, had taken part against him in this war. The Earl of Surrey, as the English general, advanced to meet him when he came out of his own dominions17 and crossed the river Tweed. The two armies came up with one another when the Scottish King had also crossed the river Till, and was encamped upon the last of the Cheviot Hills, called the Hill of Flodden. Along the plain below it, the English, when the hour of battle came, advanced. The Scottish army, which had been drawn18 up in five great bodies, then came steadily19 down in perfect silence. So they, in their turn, advanced to meet the English army, which came on in one long line; and they attacked it with a body of spearmen, under LORD HOME. At first they had the best of it; but the English recovered themselves so bravely, and fought with such valour, that, when the Scottish King had almost made his way up to the Royal Standard, he was slain20, and the whole Scottish power routed. Ten thousand Scottish men lay dead that day on Flodden Field; and among them, numbers of the nobility and gentry21. For a long time afterwards, the Scottish peasantry used to believe that their King had not been really killed in this battle, because no Englishman had found an iron belt he wore about his body as a penance22 for having been an unnatural23 and undutiful son. But, whatever became of his belt, the English had his sword and dagger24, and the ring from his finger, and his body too, covered with wounds. There is no doubt of it; for it was seen and recognised by English gentlemen who had known the Scottish King well.
When King Henry was making ready to renew the war in France, the French King was contemplating25 peace. His queen, dying at this time, he proposed, though he was upwards26 of fifty years old, to marry King Henry's sister, the Princess Mary, who, besides being only sixteen, was betrothed27 to the Duke of Suffolk. As the inclinations28 of young Princesses were not much considered in such matters, the marriage was concluded, and the poor girl was escorted to France, where she was immediately left as the French King's bride, with only one of all her English attendants. That one was a pretty young girl named ANNE BOLEYN, niece of the Earl of Surrey, who had been made Duke of Norfolk, after the victory of Flodden Field. Anne Boleyn's is a name to be remembered, as you will presently find.
And now the French King, who was very proud of his young wife, was preparing for many years of happiness, and she was looking forward, I dare say, to many years of misery29, when he died within three months, and left her a young widow. The new French monarch30, FRANCIS THE FIRST, seeing how important it was to his interests that she should take for her second husband no one but an Englishman, advised her first lover, the Duke of Suffolk, when King Henry sent him over to France to fetch her home, to marry her. The Princess being herself so fond of that Duke, as to tell him that he must either do so then, or for ever lose her, they were wedded31; and Henry afterwards forgave them. In making interest with the King, the Duke of Suffolk had addressed his most powerful favourite and adviser32, THOMAS WOLSEY - a name very famous in history for its rise and downfall.
Wolsey was the son of a respectable butcher at Ipswich, in Suffolk and received so excellent an education that he became a tutor to the family of the Marquis of Dorset, who afterwards got him appointed one of the late King's chaplains. On the accession of Henry the Eighth, he was promoted and taken into great favour. He was now Archbishop of York; the Pope had made him a Cardinal33 besides; and whoever wanted influence in England or favour with the King - whether he were a foreign monarch or an English nobleman - was obliged to make a friend of the great Cardinal Wolsey.
He was a gay man, who could dance and jest, and sing and drink; and those were the roads to so much, or rather so little, of a heart as King Henry had. He was wonderfully fond of pomp and glitter, and so was the King. He knew a good deal of the Church learning of that time; much of which consisted in finding artful excuses and pretences34 for almost any wrong thing, and in arguing that black was white, or any other colour. This kind of learning pleased the King too. For many such reasons, the Cardinal was high in estimation with the King; and, being a man of far greater ability, knew as well how to manage him, as a clever keeper may know how to manage a wolf or a tiger, or any other cruel and uncertain beast, that may turn upon him and tear him any day. Never had there been seen in England such state as my Lord Cardinal kept. His wealth was enormous; equal, it was reckoned, to the riches of the Crown. His palaces were as splendid as the King's, and his retinue35 was eight hundred strong. He held his Court, dressed out from top to toe in flaming scarlet36; and his very shoes were golden, set with precious stones. His followers37 rode on blood horses; while he, with a wonderful affectation of humility38 in the midst of his great splendour, ambled39 on a mule40 with a red velvet41 saddle and bridle42 and golden stirrups.
Through the influence of this stately priest, a grand meeting was arranged to take place between the French and English Kings in France; but on ground belonging to England. A prodigious43 show of friendship and rejoicing was to be made on the occasion; and heralds44 were sent to proclaim with brazen45 trumpets46 through all the principal cities of Europe, that, on a certain day, the Kings of France and England, as companions and brothers in arms, each attended by eighteen followers, would hold a tournament against all knights47 who might choose to come.
CHARLES, the new Emperor of Germany (the old one being dead), wanted to prevent too cordial an alliance between these sovereigns, and came over to England before the King could repair to the place of meeting; and, besides making an agreeable impression upon him, secured Wolsey's interest by promising48 that his influence should make him Pope when the next vacancy49 occurred. On the day when the Emperor left England, the King and all the Court went over to Calais, and thence to the place of meeting, between Ardres and Guisnes, commonly called the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Here, all manner of expense and prodigality50 was lavished51 on the decorations of the show; many of the knights and gentlemen being so superbly dressed that it was said they carried their whole estates upon their shoulders.
There were sham castles, temporary chapels52, fountains running wine, great cellars full of wine free as water to all comers, silk tents, gold lace and foil, gilt53 lions, and such things without end; and, in the midst of all, the rich Cardinal out-shone and out-glittered all the noblemen and gentlemen assembled. After a treaty made between the two Kings with as much solemnity as if they had intended to keep it, the lists - nine hundred feet long, and three hundred and twenty broad - were opened for the tournament; the Queens of France and England looking on with great array of lords and ladies. Then, for ten days, the two sovereigns fought five combats every day, and always beat their polite adversaries54; though they DO write that the King of England, being thrown in a wrestle55 one day by the King of France, lost his kingly temper with his brother-in-arms, and wanted to make a quarrel of it. Then, there is a great story belonging to this Field of the Cloth of Gold, showing how the English were distrustful of the French, and the French of the English, until Francis rode alone one morning to Henry's tent; and, going in before he was out of bed, told him in joke that he was his prisoner; and how Henry jumped out of bed and embraced Francis; and how Francis helped Henry to dress, and warmed his linen56 for him; and how Henry gave Francis a splendid jewelled collar, and how Francis gave Henry, in return, a costly57 bracelet58. All this and a great deal more was so written about, and sung about, and talked about at that time (and, indeed, since that time too), that the world has had good cause to be sick of it, for ever.
Of course, nothing came of all these fine doings but a speedy renewal59 of the war between England and France, in which the two Royal companions and brothers in arms longed very earnestly to damage one another. But, before it broke out again, the Duke of Buckingham was shamefully60 executed on Tower Hill, on the evidence of a discharged servant - really for nothing, except the folly61 of having believed in a friar of the name of HOPKINS, who had pretended to be a prophet, and who had mumbled62 and jumbled63 out some nonsense about the Duke's son being destined64 to be very great in the land. It was believed that the unfortunate Duke had given offence to the great Cardinal by expressing his mind freely about the expense and absurdity65 of the whole business of the Field of the Cloth of Gold. At any rate, he was beheaded, as I have said, for nothing. And the people who saw it done were very angry, and cried out that it was the work of 'the butcher's son!'
The new war was a short one, though the Earl of Surrey invaded France again, and did some injury to that country. It ended in another treaty of peace between the two kingdoms, and in the discovery that the Emperor of Germany was not such a good friend to England in reality, as he pretended to be. Neither did he keep his promise to Wolsey to make him Pope, though the King urged him. Two Popes died in pretty quick succession; but the foreign priests were too much for the Cardinal, and kept him out of the post. So the Cardinal and King together found out that the Emperor of Germany was not a man to keep faith with; broke off a projected marriage between the King's daughter MARY, Princess of Wales, and that sovereign; and began to consider whether it might not be well to marry the young lady, either to Francis himself, or to his eldest66 son.
There now arose at Wittemberg, in Germany, the great leader of the mighty67 change in England which is called The Reformation, and which set the people free from their slavery to the priests. This was a learned Doctor, named MARTIN LUTHER, who knew all about them, for he had been a priest, and even a monk68, himself. The preaching and writing of Wickliffe had set a number of men thinking on this subject; and Luther, finding one day to his great surprise, that there really was a book called the New Testament69 which the priests did not allow to be read, and which contained truths that they suppressed, began to be very vigorous against the whole body, from the Pope downward. It happened, while he was yet only beginning his vast work of awakening70 the nation, that an impudent71 fellow named TETZEL, a friar of very bad character, came into his neighbourhood selling what were called Indulgences, by wholesale72, to raise money for beautifying the great Cathedral of St. Peter's, at Rome. Whoever bought an Indulgence of the Pope was supposed to buy himself off from the punishment of Heaven for his offences. Luther told the people that these Indulgences were worthless bits of paper, before God, and that Tetzel and his masters were a crew of impostors in selling them.
The King and the Cardinal were mightily73 indignant at this presumption74; and the King (with the help of SIR THOMAS MORE, a wise man, whom he afterwards repaid by striking off his head) even wrote a book about it, with which the Pope was so well pleased that he gave the King the title of Defender75 of the Faith. The King and the Cardinal also issued flaming warnings to the people not to read Luther's books, on pain of excommunication. But they did read them for all that; and the rumour76 of what was in them spread far and wide.
When this great change was thus going on, the King began to show himself in his truest and worst colours. Anne Boleyn, the pretty little girl who had gone abroad to France with his sister, was by this time grown up to be very beautiful, and was one of the ladies in attendance on Queen Catherine. Now, Queen Catherine was no longer young or handsome, and it is likely that she was not particularly good-tempered; having been always rather melancholy77, and having been made more so by the deaths of four of her children when they were very young. So, the King fell in love with the fair Anne Boleyn, and said to himself, 'How can I be best rid of my own troublesome wife whom I am tired of, and marry Anne?'
You recollect78 that Queen Catherine had been the wife of Henry's brother. What does the King do, after thinking it over, but calls his favourite priests about him, and says, O! his mind is in such a dreadful state, and he is so frightfully uneasy, because he is afraid it was not lawful80 for him to marry the Queen! Not one of those priests had the courage to hint that it was rather curious he had never thought of that before, and that his mind seemed to have been in a tolerably jolly condition during a great many years, in which he certainly had not fretted81 himself thin; but, they all said, Ah! that was very true, and it was a serious business; and perhaps the best way to make it right, would be for his Majesty82 to be divorced! The King replied, Yes, he thought that would be the best way, certainly; so they all went to work.
If I were to relate to you the intrigues83 and plots that took place in the endeavour to get this divorce, you would think the History of England the most tiresome84 book in the world. So I shall say no more, than that after a vast deal of negotiation85 and evasion86, the Pope issued a commission to Cardinal Wolsey and CARDINAL CAMPEGGIO (whom he sent over from Italy for the purpose), to try the whole case in England. It is supposed - and I think with reason - that Wolsey was the Queen's enemy, because she had reproved him for his proud and gorgeous manner of life. But, he did not at first know that the King wanted to marry Anne Boleyn; and when he did know it, he even went down on his knees, in the endeavour to dissuade87 him.
The Cardinals88 opened their court in the Convent of the Black Friars, near to where the bridge of that name in London now stands; and the King and Queen, that they might be near it, took up their lodgings89 at the adjoining palace of Bridewell, of which nothing now remains90 but a bad prison. On the opening of the court, when the King and Queen were called on to appear, that poor ill-used lady, with a dignity and firmness and yet with a womanly affection worthy91 to be always admired, went and kneeled at the King's feet, and said that she had come, a stranger, to his dominions; that she had been a good and true wife to him for twenty years; and that she could acknowledge no power in those Cardinals to try whether she should be considered his wife after all that time, or should be put away. With that, she got up and left the court, and would never afterwards come back to it.
The King pretended to be very much overcome, and said, O! my lords and gentlemen, what a good woman she was to be sure, and how delighted he would be to live with her unto death, but for that terrible uneasiness in his mind which was quite wearing him away! So, the case went on, and there was nothing but talk for two months. Then Cardinal Campeggio, who, on behalf of the Pope, wanted nothing so much as delay, adjourned92 it for two more months; and before that time was elapsed, the Pope himself adjourned it indefinitely, by requiring the King and Queen to come to Rome and have it tried there. But by good luck for the King, word was brought to him by some of his people, that they had happened to meet at supper, THOMAS CRANMER, a learned Doctor of Cambridge, who had proposed to urge the Pope on, by referring the case to all the learned doctors and bishops93, here and there and everywhere, and getting their opinions that the King's marriage was unlawful. The King, who was now in a hurry to marry Anne Boleyn, thought this such a good idea, that he sent for Cranmer, post haste, and said to LORD ROCHFORT, Anne Boleyn's father, 'Take this learned Doctor down to your country-house, and there let him have a good room for a study, and no end of books out of which to prove that I may marry your daughter.' Lord Rochfort, not at all reluctant, made the learned Doctor as comfortable as he could; and the learned Doctor went to work to prove his case. All this time, the King and Anne Boleyn were writing letters to one another almost daily, full of impatience94 to have the case settled; and Anne Boleyn was showing herself (as I think) very worthy of the fate which afterwards befel her.
It was bad for Cardinal Wolsey that he had left Cranmer to render this help. It was worse for him that he had tried to dissuade the King from marrying Anne Boleyn. Such a servant as he, to such a master as Henry, would probably have fallen in any case; but, between the hatred95 of the party of the Queen that was, and the hatred of the party of the Queen that was to be, he fell suddenly and heavily. Going down one day to the Court of Chancery, where he now presided, he was waited upon by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, who told him that they brought an order to him to resign that office, and to withdraw quietly to a house he had at Esher, in Surrey. The Cardinal refusing, they rode off to the King; and next day came back with a letter from him, on reading which, the Cardinal submitted. An inventory96 was made out of all the riches in his palace at York Place (now Whitehall), and he went sorrowfully up the river, in his barge97, to Putney. An abject98 man he was, in spite of his pride; for being overtaken, riding out of that place towards Esher, by one of the King's chamberlains who brought him a kind message and a ring, he alighted from his mule, took off his cap, and kneeled down in the dirt. His poor Fool, whom in his prosperous days he had always kept in his palace to entertain him, cut a far better figure than he; for, when the Cardinal said to the chamberlain that he had nothing to send to his lord the King as a present, but that jester who was a most excellent one, it took six strong yeomen to remove the faithful fool from his master.
The once proud Cardinal was soon further disgraced, and wrote the most abject letters to his vile99 sovereign; who humbled100 him one day and encouraged him the next, according to his humour, until he was at last ordered to go and reside in his diocese of York. He said he was too poor; but I don't know how he made that out, for he took a hundred and sixty servants with him, and seventy-two cart-loads of furniture, food, and wine. He remained in that part of the country for the best part of a year, and showed himself so improved by his misfortunes, and was so mild and so conciliating, that he won all hearts. And indeed, even in his proud days, he had done some magnificent things for learning and education. At last, he was arrested for high treason; and, coming slowly on his journey towards London, got as far as Leicester. Arriving at Leicester Abbey after dark, and very ill, he said - when the monks101 came out at the gate with lighted torches to receive him - that he had come to lay his bones among them. He had indeed; for he was taken to a bed, from which he never rose again. His last words were, 'Had I but served God as diligently102 as I have served the King, He would not have given me over, in my grey hairs. Howbeit, this is my just reward for my pains and diligence, not regarding my service to God, but only my duty to my prince.' The news of his death was quickly carried to the King, who was amusing himself with archery in the garden of the magnificent Palace at Hampton Court, which that very Wolsey had presented to him. The greatest emotion his royal mind displayed at the loss of a servant so faithful and so ruined, was a particular desire to lay hold of fifteen hundred pounds which the Cardinal was reported to have hidden somewhere.
The opinions concerning the divorce, of the learned doctors and bishops and others, being at last collected, and being generally in the King's favour, were forwarded to the Pope, with an entreaty103 that he would now grant it. The unfortunate Pope, who was a timid man, was half distracted between his fear of his authority being set aside in England if he did not do as he was asked, and his dread79 of offending the Emperor of Germany, who was Queen Catherine's nephew. In this state of mind he still evaded104 and did nothing. Then, THOMAS CROMWELL, who had been one of Wolsey's faithful attendants, and had remained so even in his decline, advised the King to take the matter into his own hands, and make himself the head of the whole Church. This, the King by various artful means, began to do; but he recompensed the clergy105 by allowing them to burn as many people as they pleased, for holding Luther's opinions. You must understand that Sir Thomas More, the wise man who had helped the King with his book, had been made Chancellor106 in Wolsey's place. But, as he was truly attached to the Church as it was even in its abuses, he, in this state of things, resigned.
Being now quite resolved to get rid of Queen Catherine, and to marry Anne Boleyn without more ado, the King made Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, and directed Queen Catherine to leave the Court. She obeyed; but replied that wherever she went, she was Queen of England still, and would remain so, to the last. The King then married Anne Boleyn privately107; and the new Archbishop of Canterbury, within half a year, declared his marriage with Queen Catherine void, and crowned Anne Boleyn Queen.
She might have known that no good could ever come from such wrong, and that the corpulent brute108 who had been so faithless and so cruel to his first wife, could be more faithless and more cruel to his second. She might have known that, even when he was in love with her, he had been a mean and selfish coward, running away, like a frightened cur, from her society and her house, when a dangerous sickness broke out in it, and when she might easily have taken it and died, as several of the household did. But, Anne Boleyn arrived at all this knowledge too late, and bought it at a dear price. Her bad marriage with a worse man came to its natural end. Its natural end was not, as we shall too soon see, a natural death for her.
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bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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pilloried
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| v.使受公众嘲笑( pillory的过去式和过去分词 )；将…示众；给…上颈手枷；处…以枷刑 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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lurch
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| n.突然向前或旁边倒；v.蹒跚而行 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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blusterer
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| n.咆哮的人，吓唬人的人 | |
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sham
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| n./adj.假冒(的)，虚伪(的) | |
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ignominiously
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| adv.耻辱地，屈辱地，丢脸地 | |
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gaudy
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| adj.华而不实的；俗丽的 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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penance
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| n.（赎罪的）惩罪 | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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contemplating
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| 深思，细想，仔细考虑( contemplate的现在分词 )； 注视，凝视； 考虑接受（发生某事的可能性）； 深思熟虑，沉思，苦思冥想 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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betrothed
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| n. 已订婚者 动词betroth的过去式和过去分词 | |
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inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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30
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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31
wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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32
adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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33
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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34
pretences
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| n.假装( pretence的名词复数 )；作假；自命；自称 | |
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35
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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36
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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38
humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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39
ambled
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| v.（马）缓行( amble的过去式和过去分词 )；从容地走，漫步 | |
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40
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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41
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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44
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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45
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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47
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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48
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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vacancy
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| n.（旅馆的）空位，空房，（职务的）空缺 | |
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prodigality
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| n.浪费，挥霍 | |
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51
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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53
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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wrestle
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| vi.摔跤，角力；搏斗；全力对付 | |
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linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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58
bracelet
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| n.手镯，臂镯 | |
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59
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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shamefully
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| 可耻地； 丢脸地； 不体面地； 羞耻地 | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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62
mumbled
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| 含糊地说某事，叽咕，咕哝( mumble的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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jumbled
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| adj.混乱的；杂乱的 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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impudent
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| adj.鲁莽的，卑鄙的，厚颜无耻的 | |
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72
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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mightily
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| ad.强烈地；非常地 | |
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74
presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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76
rumour
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| n.谣言，谣传，传闻 | |
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77
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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80
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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81
fretted
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| 焦躁的，附有弦马的，腐蚀的 | |
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82
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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83
intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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84
tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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85
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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86
evasion
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| n.逃避，偷漏(税) | |
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87
dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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88
cardinals
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| 红衣主教( cardinal的名词复数 )； 红衣凤头鸟（见于北美，雄鸟为鲜红色）； 基数 | |
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89
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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90
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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91
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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92
adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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93
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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94
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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95
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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96
inventory
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| n.详细目录，存货清单 | |
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97
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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98
abject
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| adj.极可怜的，卑屈的 | |
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99
vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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100
humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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101
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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102
diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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103
entreaty
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| n.恳求，哀求 | |
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104
evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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105
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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106
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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107
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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108
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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