Pasteur, instead of feeling regret, might have looked back with calm pride on the progress he had made in other directions.{446}
In what obscurity were fermentation and infection enveloped16 before his time, and with what light he had penetrated18 them! When he had discovered the all-powerful r?le of the infinitesimally small, he had actually mastered some of those living germs, causes of disease; he had transformed them from destructive to preservative19 agents. Not only had he renovated20 medicine and surgery, but hygiene21, misunderstood and neglected until then, was benefiting by the experimental method. Light was being thrown on preventive measures.
M. Henri Monod, Director of Hygiene and Public Charities, one day quoted, à propos of sanitary22 measures, these words of the great English Minister, Disraeli—
“Public health is the foundation upon which rest the happiness of the people and the power of the State. Take the most beautiful kingdom, give it intelligent and laborious23 citizens, prosperous manufactures, productive agriculture; let arts flourish, let architects cover the land with temples and palaces; in order to defend all these riches, have first-rate weapons, fleets of torpedo24 boats—if the population remains25 stationary26, if it decreases yearly in vigour27 and in stature28, the nation must perish. And that is why I consider that the first duty of a statesman is the care of Public Health.”
In 1889, when the International Congress of Hygiene met in Paris, M. Brouardel was able to say—
“If echoes from this meeting could reach them ... our ancestors would learn that a revolution, the most formidable for thirty centuries, has shaken medical science to its very foundations, and that it is the work of a stranger to their corporation; and their sons do not cry Anathema29, they admire him, bow to his laws.... We all proclaim ourselves disciples30 of Pasteur.”
On the very day after those words were pronounced, Pasteur saw the realization of one of his most ardent32 wishes, the inauguration33 of the new Sorbonne. At the sight of the wonderful facilities for work offered by this palace, he remembered Claude Bernard’s cellar, his own garret at the Ecole Normale, and felt a movement of patriotic34 pride.
In October, 1889, though his health remained shaken, he insisted on going to Alais, where a statue was being raised to J. B. Dumas. Many of his colleagues tried to dissuade35 him from this long and fatiguing36 journey, but he said: “I am alive, I shall go.” At the foot of the statue, he spoke37 of his{447} master, one of those men who are “the tutelary38 spirits of a nation.”
The sericicultors, desiring to thank him for the five years he had spent in studying the silkworm disease, offered him an artistic39 souvenir: a silver heather twig40 laden41 with gold cocoons42.
Pasteur did not fail to remind them that it was at the request of their fellow citizen that he had studied pébrine. He said, “In the expression of your gratitude43, by which I am deeply touched, do not forget that the initiative was due to M. Dumas.”
Thus his character revealed itself on every occasion. Every morning, with a step rendered heavy by age and ill-health, he went from his rooms to the Hydrophobia Clinic, arriving there long before the patients. He superintended the preparation of the vaccinal44 marrows45; no detail escaped him. When the time came for inoculations, he was already informed of each patient’s name, sometimes of his poor circumstances; he had a kind word for every one, often substantial help for the very poor. The children interested him most; whether severely48 bitten, or frightened at the inoculation47, he dried their tears and consoled them. How many children have thus kept a memory of him! “When I see a child,” he used to say, “he inspires me with two feelings: tenderness for what he is now, respect for what he may become hereafter.”
Already in May, 1892, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had formed various Committees of scientists and pupils of Pasteur to celebrate his seventieth birthday. In France, it was in November that the Medical and Surgical49 Section of the Academy of Sciences constituted a Subscription50 Committee to offer Pasteur an affectionate homage51. Roty, the celebrated52 engraver53, was desired to finish a medal he had already begun, representing Pasteur in profile, a skull54 cap on his broad forehead, the brow strongly prominent, the whole face full of energy and meditation55. His shoulders are covered with the cape46 he usually wore in the morning in the passages of his Institute. Roty had not time to design a satisfactory reverse side; he surrounded with laurels56 and roses the following inscription57: “To Pasteur, on his seventieth birthday. France and Humanity grateful.”
On the morning of December 27, 1892, the great theatre of the Sorbonne was filled. The seats of honour held the French{448} and foreign delegates from Scientific Societies, the members of the Institute, and the Professors of Faculties58. In the amphitheatre were the deputations from the Ecoles Normale, Polytechnique, Centrale, of Pharmacy59, Vétérinaires, and of Agriculture—deep masses of students. People pointed60 out to each other Pasteur’s pupils, Messrs. Duclaux, Roux, Chamberland, Metchnikoff, in their places; M. Perdrix, a former Normalien, now an Agrégé-préparateur; M. Edouard Calmette, a former student of the Ecole Centrale, who had taken part in the studies on beer; and M. Denys Cochin, who, thirteen years before, had studied alcoholic61 fermentation in the laboratory of the Rue62 d’Ulm. The first gallery was full of those who had subscribed63 towards the presentation about to be made to Pasteur. In the second gallery, boys from lycées crowned the immense assembly with a youthful garland.
At half past 10 o’clock, whilst the band of the Republican Guard played a triumphal march, Pasteur entered, leaning on the arm of the President of the Republic. Carnot led him to a little table, whereon the addresses from the various delegates were to be laid. The Presidents of the Senate and of the Chamber11, the Ministers and Ambassadors, took their seats on the platform. Behind the President of the Republic stood, in their uniform, the official delegates of the five Academies which form the Institut de France. The Academy of Medicine and the great Scientific Societies were represented by their presidents and life-secretaries.
M. Charles Dupuy, Minister of Public Instruction, rose to speak, and said, after retracing65 Pasteur’s great works—
“Who can now say how much human life owes to you and how much more it will owe to you in the future! The day will come when another Lucretius will sing, in a new poem on Nature, the immortal66 Master whose genius engendered67 such benefits.
“He will not describe him as a solitary68, unfeeling man, like the hero of the Latin poet; but he will show him mingling69 with the life of his time, with the joys and trials of his country, dividing his life between the stern enjoyment70 of scientific research and the sweet communion of family intercourse71; going from the laboratory to his hearth72, finding in his dear ones, particularly in the helpmeet who has understood him so well and loved him all the better for it, that comforting encouragement of every hour and each moment, without which{449} so many struggles might have exhausted73 his ardour, arrested his perseverance74, and enervated75 his genius....
“May France keep you for many more years, and show you to the world as the worthy76 object of her love, of her gratitude and pride.”
The President of the Academy of Sciences, M. d’Abbadie, was chosen to present to Pasteur the commemorative medal of this great day.
Joseph Bertrand said that the same science, wide, accurate, and solid, had been a foundation to all Pasteur’s works, each of them shining “with such a dazzling light, that, in looking at either, one is inclined to think that it eclipses all others.”
After a few words from M. Daubrée, senior member of the Mineralogical Section and formerly77 a colleague of Pasteur’s at the Strasburg Faculty78, the great Lister, who represented the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, brought to Pasteur the homage of medicine and surgery. “You have,” said he, “raised the veil which for centuries had covered infectious diseases; you have discovered and demonstrated their microbian nature.”
When Pasteur rose to embrace Lister, the sight of those two men gave the impression of a brotherhood79 of science labouring to diminish the sorrows of humanity.
After a speech from M. Bergeron, Life-Secretary of the Academy of Medicine, and another from M. Sauton, President of the Paris Municipal Council, the various delegates presented the addresses they had brought. Each of the large cities of Europe had its representative. The national delegates were called in their turn. A student from the Alfort Veterinary School brought a medal offered by the united Veterinary Schools of France. Amongst other offerings, Pasteur was given an album containing the signatures of the inhabitants of Arbois, and another coming from D?le, in which were reproduced a facsimile of his birth-certificate and a photograph of the house in which he was born. The sight of his father’s signature at the end of the certificate moved him more than anything else.
The Paris Faculty of Medicine was represented by its Dean, Professor Brouardel. “More fortunate than Harvey and than Jenner,” he said, “you have been able to see the triumph of your doctrines81, and what a triumph!...”
The last word of homage was pronounced by M. Devise,{450} President of the Students’ Association, who said to Pasteur, “You have been very great and very good; you have given a beautiful example to students.”
Pasteur’s voice, made weaken than usual by his emotion, could not have been heard all over the large theatre; his thanks were read out by his son—
“Monsieur le Président de la République, your presence transforms an intimate fête into a great ceremony, and makes of the simple birthday of a savant a special date for French science.
“M. le Ministre, Gentlemen—In the midst of all this magnificence, my first thought takes me back to the melancholy82 memory of so many men of science who have known but trials. In the past, they had to struggle, against the prejudices which hampered their ideas. After those prejudices were vanquished83, they encountered obstacles and difficulties of all kinds.
“Very few years ago, before the public authorities and the town councils had endowed science with splendid dwellings84, a man whom I loved and admired, Claude Bernard, had, for a laboratory, a wretched cellar not far from here, low and damp. Perhaps it was there that he contracted the disease of which he died. When I heard what you were preparing for me here, the thought of him arose in my mind; I hail his great memory.
“Gentlemen, by an ingenious and delicate thought, you seem to make the whole of my life pass before my eyes. One of my Jura compatriots, the Mayor of D?le, has brought me a photograph of the very humble85 home where my father and mother lived such a hard life. The presence of the students of the Ecole Normale brings back to me the glamour86 of my first scientific enthusiasms. The representatives of the Lille Faculty evoke87 memories of my first studies on crystallography and fermentation, which opened to me a new world. What hopes seized upon me when I realized that there must be laws behind so many obscure phenomena88! You, my dear colleagues, have witnessed by what series of deductions89 it was given to me, a disciple31 of the experimental method, to reach physiological90 studies. If I have sometimes disturbed the calm of our Academies by somewhat violent discussions, it was because I was passionately91 defending truth.
“And you, delegates from foreign nations, who have come from so far to give to France a proof of sympathy, you bring{451} me the deepest joy that can be felt by a man whose invincible93 belief is that Science and Peace will triumph over Ignorance and War, that nations will unite, not to destroy, but to build, and that the future will belong to those who will have done most for suffering humanity. I appeal to you, my dear Lister, and to you all, illustrious representatives of medicine and surgery.
“Young men, have confidence in those powerful and safe methods, of which we do not yet know all the secrets. And, whatever your career may be, do not let yourselves become tainted94 by a deprecating and barren scepticism, do not let yourselves be discouraged by the sadness of certain hours which pass over nations. Live in the serene95 peace of laboratories and libraries. Say to yourselves first: ‘What have I done for my instruction?’ and, as you gradually advance, ‘What have I done for my country?’ until the time comes when you may have the immense happiness of thinking that you have contributed in some way to the progress and to the good of humanity. But, whether our efforts are or not favoured by life, let us be able to say, when we come near the great goal, ‘I have done what I could.’
“Gentlemen, I would express to you my deep emotion and hearty96 gratitude. In the same way as Roty, the great artist, has, on the back of this medal, hidden under roses the heavy number of years which weigh on my life, you have, my dear colleagues, given to my old age the most delightful97 sight of all this living and loving youth.”
The shouts “Vive Pasteur!” resounded98 throughout the building. The President of the Republic rose, went towards Pasteur to congratulate him, and embraced him with effusion.
Hearts went out to Pasteur even from distant countries. The Canadian Government, acting99 on the suggestion of the deputies of the province of Quebec, gave the name of Pasteur to a district on the borders of the state of Maine.
A few weeks after the fête, the Governor-General of Algeria, M. Cambon, wrote to Pasteur as follows—
“Sir—Desirous of showing to you the special gratitude which Algeria bears you for the immense services you have rendered to science and to humanity by your great and fruitful discoveries, I have decided100 that your name should be given to the village of Sériana, situated101 in the arrondissement of Batna,{452} department of Constantine. I am happy that I have been able to render this slight homage to your illustrious person.” “I feel a deep emotion,” replied Pasteur, “in thinking that, thanks to you, my name will remain attached to that corner of the world. When a child of this village asks what was the origin of this denomination102, I should like the schoolmaster to tell him simply that it is the name of a Frenchman who loved France very much, and who, by serving her, contributed to the good of humanity. My heart is thrilled at the thought that my name might one day awaken103 the first feelings of patriotism104 in a child’s soul. I shall owe to you this great joy in my old age; I thank you more than I can say.” The origin of Sériana is very ancient. M. Stéphane Gsell relates that this village was occupied long before the coming of the Romans, by a tribe which became Christian105, as is seen by ruins of chapels106 and basilicas. It is situated on the slope of a mountain covered with oaks and cedars107, and giving rise to springs of fresh water. A bust108 of Pasteur was soon after erected109 in this village, at the request of the inhabitants.
Enthusiasm for Pasteur was spreading everywhere. Women understood that science was entering their domain, since it served charity. They gave magnificent gifts; clauses in wills bore these words: “To Pasteur, to help in his humanitarian110 task.” In November, 1893, Pasteur saw an unknown lady enter his study in the Rue Dutot, and heard her speak thus: “There must be some students who love science and who, having to earn their living, cannot give themselves up to disinterested111 work. I should like to place at your disposal four scholarships, for four young men chosen by you. Each scholarship would be of 3,000 fr.; 2,400 for the men themselves, and 600 fr. for the expenses they would incur112 in your laboratories. Their lives would be rendered easier. You could find amongst them, either an immediate113 collaborator114 for your Institute or a missionary115 whom you might send far away; and if a medical career tempted116 them, they would be enabled by their momentary117 independence to prepare themselves all the better for their profession. I only ask one thing, which is that my name should not be mentioned.”
Pasteur was infinitely118 touched by the scheme of this mysterious lady. The scholarship foundation was for one year only, but other years were about to follow and to resemble this one.{453}
Many letters brought to Pasteur requested that he should study or order the study of such and such a disease. Some of these letters responded to preoccupations which had long been in the mind of Pasteur and his disciples. One day he received these lines:
“You have done all the good a man could do on earth. If you will, you can surely find a remedy for the horrible disease called diphtheria. Our children, to whom we teach your name as that of a great benefactor119, will owe their lives to you.—A Mother.”
Pasteur, in spite of his failing strength, had hopes that he would yet live to see the defeat of the foe120 so dreaded121 by mothers. In the laboratory of the Pasteur Institute, Dr. Roux and Dr. Yersin were obstinately122 pursuing the study of this disease. In their first paper on the subject, modestly entitled A Contribution to the Study of Diphtheria, they said: “Ever since Bretonneau, diphtheria has been looked upon as a specific and contagious123 disease; its study has therefore been undertaken of late years with the help of the microbian methods which have already been the means of finding the cause of many other infectious diseases.”
In spite of the convictions of Bretonneau, who had, in 1818, witnessed a violent epidemic124 of croup in the centre of France, his view was far from being generally adopted. Velpeau, then a young student, wrote to him in 1820 that all the members, save two, of the Faculty of Medicine were agreed in opposing or blaming his opinions. Another brilliant pupil of Bretonneau’s, Dr. Trousseau, who never ceased to correspond with his old master, wrote to him in 1854: “It remains to be proved that diphtheria always comes from a germ. I hardly doubt this with regard to small-pox; to be consistent, I ought not to doubt it either with regard to diphtheria. I was thinking so this morning, as I was performing tracheotomy on a poor child twenty-eight months old; opposite the bed, there was a picture of his five-year-old brother, painted on his death-bed. He had succumbed125 five years ago, to malignant126 angina.”
Knowing Bretonneau’s ideas on contagion127, Trousseau wrote further down: “I shall have the beds and bedding burnt, the paper hangings also, for they have a velvety128 and attractive{454} surface; I shall tell the mother to purify herself like a Hindoo—else what would you say to me!”
A German of the name of Klebs discovered the bacillus of diphtheria in 1883, by studying the characteristic membranes130; it was afterwards isolated131 by Loeffler, another German.
Pure cultures of this bacillus, injected on the surface of the excoriated132 fauces of rabbits, guinea-pigs, and pigeons, produce the diphtheritic membranes: Messrs. Roux and Yersin demonstrated this fact and ascertained133 the method of its deadly action.
Dr. Roux, in a lecture to the London Royal Society, in 1889, said: “Microbes are chiefly dangerous on account of the toxic134 matters which they produce.” He recalled that Pasteur had been the first to investigate the action of the toxic products elaborated by the microbe of chicken-cholera135. By filtering the culture, Pasteur had obtained a liquid which contained no microbes. Hens inoculated136 with this liquid presented all the symptoms of cholera. “This experiment shows us,” continued M. Roux, “that the chemical products contained in the culture are capable by themselves of provoking the symptoms of the disease; it is therefore very probable that the same products are prepared within the body itself of a hen attacked with cholera. It has been shown since then that many pathogenic microbes manufactured these toxic products. The microbes of typhoid fever, of cholera, of blue pus, of acute experimental septic?mia, of diphtheria, are great poison-producers. The cultures of the diphtheria bacillus particularly are, after a certain time, so full of the toxin137 that, without microbes, and in infinitesimal doses, they cause the death of the animals with all the signs observed after inoculation with the microbe itself. The picture of the disease is complete, even presenting the ensuing paralysis138 if the injected dose is too weak to bring about a rapid death. Death in infectious diseases is therefore caused by intoxication139.”
This bacillus, like that of tetanus, secretes140 a poison which reaches the kidneys, attacks the nervous system, and acts on the heart, the beats of which are accelerated or suddenly arrested. Sheltered in the membrane129 like a foe in an ambush141, the microbe manufactures its deadly poison. Diphtheria, as defined by M. Roux, is an intoxication caused by a very active poison formed by the microbe within the restricted area wherein it develops.{455}
It was sufficient to examine a portion of diphtheritic membrane to distinguish the diphtheritic bacilli, tiny rods resembling short needles laid across each other. Other microbes were frequently associated with these bacilli, and it became necessary to study microbian associations in diphtheria. The Klebs-Loeffler bacillus, disseminated142 in broth80, gave within a month or three weeks a richly toxic culture; the bottom of the vessel143 was covered with a thick deposit of microbes, and a film of younger bacilli floated on the surface. By filtering this broth and freeing it from microbes, Messrs. Roux and Yersin made a great discovery: they obtained pure toxin, capable of killing144, in forty-eight hours, a guinea-pig inoculated with one-tenth of a cubic centimetre of it.
Now that the toxin was found, the remedy, the antitoxin, could be discovered. This was done by Behring, a German scientist, and by Kitasato, a Japanese physician. Drs. Richet and Héricourt had already opened the way in 1888, while studying another disease.
M. Roux inoculated a horse with diphtheritic toxin mitigated145 by the addition of iodine146, in doses, very weak at first, but gradually stronger; the horse grew by degrees capable of resisting strong doses of pure toxin. It was then bled by means of a large trocar introduced into the jugular147 vein148, the blood received in a bowl was allowed to coagulate, and the liquid part of it, the serum149, was then collected; this serum was antitoxic, antidiphtheritic—in one word, the long-desired cure.
At the beginning of 1894, M. Roux had several horses rendered immune by the above process. He desired to prove the efficiency of the serum in the treatment of diphtheria, with the collaboration150 of MM. Martin and Chaillou, who had, both clinically and bacteriologically, studied more than 400 cases of diphtheria.
There are in Paris two hospitals where diphtheritic children are taken in. It was decided that the new treatment should be applied151 at the hospital of the Enfants Malades, whilst the old system should be continued at the H?pital Trousseau.
From February 1, MM. Roux, Martin, and Chaillou paid a daily visit to the Enfants Malades; they treated all the little diphtheria patients by injection, in the side, of a dose of twenty cubic centimetres of serum, followed, twenty-four hours later, by another dose of twenty, or only of ten cubic centimetres.{456} Almost invariably, not only did the membranes cease to increase during the twenty-four hours following the first injection, but they began to come away within thirty-six or forty-eight hours, the third day at the latest; the livid, leaden paleness of the face disappeared; the child was saved.
From 1890 to 1893 there had been 3,971 cases of diphtheria, fatal in 2,029 cases, the average mortality being therefore 51 per 100. The serum treatment, applied to hundreds of children, brought it down to less than 24 per 100 in four months. At the Trousseau Hospital, where the serum was not employed, the mortality during the same period was 60 per 100.
In May, M. Roux gave a lecture on diphtheria at Lille, at the request of the Provident152 Society of the Friends of Science, which held its general meeting in that town. Pasteur, who was president of the Society, came to Lille to thank its inhabitants for the support they had afforded for forty years to the Society.
The master and his disciple were received in the Hall of the Industrial Society. Pasteur listened with an admiring emotion to his pupil, whose rigorous experimentation153, together with the beauty of the object in view, filled him with enthusiasm. He who had said, “Exhaust every combination, until the mind can conceive no others possible,” was delighted to hear the methodical exposition of the manner in which this great problem had been attacked and solved.
At the Hygiene and Demography154 Congress at Buda-Pesth, M. Roux, repeating and enlarging his lecture, made a communication on the serotherapy of diphtheria which created a great sensation in Europe.
In France, prefects asked the Minister of the Interior how local physicians might obtain this antidiphtheritic serum. The Figaro newspaper opened a subscription towards preserving children from croup; it soon reached more than a million francs. The Pasteur Institute was now able to build stables, buy a hundred horses, render them immune, and constitute a permanent organization for serotherapy. In three months, 50,000 doses of serum were about to be given away.
Pasteur, who was then at Arbois, followed every detail with passionate92 interest. Sitting under the old quinces in his little garden, he read the lists of subscribers, names of little children, offering charitable gifts as they entered this life, and names of sorrowing parents, giving in the names of dear lost ones.{457}
When he started again for Paris, October 4, 1894, Pasteur was seized again with the melancholy feeling which had attended his first departure from his home, when he was sixteen years old. He saw the same grey sky, the same fine rain and misty155 horizon, as he looked for the last time upon the distant hills and wide plains he loved, perhaps conscious that it was so. But he remained silent, as was his wont156 when troubled by his thoughts, his sadness only revealing itself to those who lovingly watched every movement of his countenance.
On October 6, the Pasteur Institute was invaded by a crowd of medical men; M. Martin gave a special lecture in compliance157 with the desire of many practitioners158 unaccustomed to laboratory work, who desired to understand the diagnosis159 of diphtheria and the mode in which the serum should be used. Pasteur, from his study window, was watching all this coming and going in his Institute. A twofold feeling was visible on his worn features: a sorrowing regret that his age now disarmed160 him for work, but also the satisfaction of feeling that his work was growing day by day, and that other investigators would, in a similar spirit, pursue the many researches which remained to be undertaken. About that time, M. Yersin, now a physician in the colonies, communicated to the Annals of the Pasteur Institute the discovery of the plague bacillus. He had been desired to go to China in order to study the nature of the scourge161, its conditions of propagation, and the most efficient means of preventing it from attacking the French possessions. Pasteur had long recognized very great qualities in this pupil whose habits of silent labour were almost those of an ascete. M. Yersin started with a missionary’s zeal162. When he reached Hong-Kong, three hundred Chinese had already succumbed, and the hospitals of the colony were full; he immediately recognized the symptoms of the bubonic plague, which had ravaged163 Europe on many occasions. He noticed that the epidemic raged principally in the slums occupied by Chinese of the poorer classes, and that in the infected quarters there were a great many rats which had died of the plague. Pasteur read with the greatest interest the following lines, so exactly in accordance with his own method of observation: “The peculiar164 aptitude165 to contract plague possessed166 by certain animals,” wrote M. Yersin, “enabled me to undertake an experimental study of the disease under very favourable167 circumstances; it was obvious that the first thing to do was to look for a microbe in{458} the blood of the patients and in the bubonic pulp168.” When M. Yersin inoculated rats, mice, or guinea-pigs with this pulp, the animals died, and he found several bacilli in the ganglions, spleen, and blood. After some attempts at cultures and inoculations, he concluded thus: “The plague is a contagious and inoculable169 disease. It seems likely that rats constitute its principal vehicle, but I have also ascertained that flies can contract the disease and die of it, and may therefore become agents for its transmission.”
At the very time when M. Yersin was discovering the specific bacillus of the plague in the bubonic pulp, Kitasato was making similar investigations170. The foe now being recognized, hopes of vanquishing171 it might be entertained.
And whilst those good tidings were arriving, Pasteur was reading a new work by M. Metchnikoff, a Russian scientist, who had elected to come to France for the privilege of working by the side of Pasteur. M. Metchnikoff explained by the action of the white corpuscles of the blood, named “leucocytes,” the immunity172 or resistance, either natural or acquired, of the organism against a defined disease. These corpuscles may be considered as soldiers entrusted173 with the defence of the organism against foreign invasions. If microbes penetrate17 into the tissues, the defenders174 gather all their forces together and a free fight ensues. The organism resists or succumbs175 according to the power or inferiority of the white blood-cells. If the invading microbe is surrounded, eaten up, and ingested by the victorious176 white corpuscles (also named phagocytes), the latter find in their victory itself fresh reserve forces against a renewed invasion.
On November 1, in the midst of all this laborious activity and daily progress, Pasteur was about to pay his daily visit to his grandchildren, when he was seized by a violent attack of ur?mia. He was laid on his bed, and remained nearly unconscious for four hours; the sweat of agony bathed his forehead and his whole body, and his eyes remained closed. The evening brought with it a ray of hope; he was able to speak, and asked not to be left alone. Immediate danger seemed avoided, but great anxiety continued to be felt.
It was easy to organize a series of devoted177 nurses; all Pasteur’s disciples were eager to watch by his bedside. Every evening, two persons took their seats in his room: one a{459} member of the family, and one a “Pastorian.” About one a.m. they were replaced by another Pastorian and another member of the family. From November 1 to December 25, the laboratory workers continued this watching, regulated by Dr. Roux as follows:—
Sunday night, Roux and Chantemesse; Monday, Queyrat and Marmier; Tuesday, Borrel and Martin; Wednesday, Mesnil and Pottevin; Thursday, Marchoux and Viala; Friday, Calmette and Veillon; Saturday, Renon and Morax. A few alterations178 were made in this order; Dr. Marie claimed the privilege. M. Metchnikoff, full of anxiety, came and went continually from the laboratory to the master’s room. After the day’s work, each faithful watcher came in, bringing books or notes, to go on with the work begun, if the patient should be able to sleep. In the middle of the night, Mme. Pasteur would come in and send away with a sweet authority one of the two volunteer nurses. Pasteur’s loving and faithful wife was straining every faculty of her valiant179 and tender soul to conjure180 the vision of death which seemed so near. In spite of all her courage, there were hours of weakness, at early dawn, when life was beginning to revive in the quiet neighbourhood, when she could not keep her tears from flowing silently. Would they succeed in saving him whose life was so precious, so useful to others? In the morning, Pasteur’s two grandchildren came into the bedroom. The little girl of fourteen, fully181 realizing the prevailing182 anxiety, and rendered serious by the sorrow she struggled to hide, talked quietly with him. The little boy, only eight years old, climbed on to his grandfather’s bed, kissing him affectionately and gazing on the loved face which always found enough strength to smile at him.
Dr. Chantemesse attended Pasteur with an incomparable devotion. Dr. Gille, who had often been sent for by Pasteur when staying at Villeneuve l’Etang, came to Paris from Garches to see him. Professor Guyon showed his colleague the most affectionate solicitude183. Professor Dieulafoy was brought in one morning by M. Metchnikoff; Professor Grancher, who was ill and away from Paris, hurried back to his master’s side.
How often did they hang over him, anxiously following the respiratory rhythm due to the ur?mic intoxication! movements slow at first, then rapid, accelerated, gasping184, slackening again,{460} and arrested in a long pause of several seconds, during which all seemed suspended.
At the end of December, a marked improvement took place. On January 1, after seeing all his collaborators, down to the youngest laboratory attendant, Pasteur received the visit of one of his colleagues of the Académie Fran?aise. It was Alexandre Dumas, carrying a bunch of roses, and accompanied by one of his daughters. “I want to begin the year well,” he said: “I am bringing you my good wishes.” Pasteur and Alexandre Dumas, meeting at the Academy every Thursday for twelve years, felt much attraction towards each other. Pasteur, charmed from the first by this dazzling and witty185 intellect, had been surprised and touched by the delicate attentions of a heart which only opened to a chosen few. Dumas, who had observed many men, loved and admired Pasteur, a modest and kindly186 genius; for this dramatic author hid a man thirsting for moral action, his realism was lined with mysticism, and he placed the desire to be useful above the hunger for fame. His blue eyes, usually keen and cold, easily detecting secret thoughts and looking on them with irony187, were full of an expression of affectionate veneration188 when they rested on “our dear and great Pasteur,” as he called him. Alexandre Dumas’ visit gave Pasteur very great pleasure; he compared it to a ray of sunshine.
As he could not go out, those who did not come to see him thought him worse than he really was. It was therefore with great surprise that people heard that he would be pleased to receive the old Normaliens, who were about to celebrate the centenary of their school, and who, after putting up a memorial plate on the small laboratory of the Rue d’Ulm, desired to visit the Pasteur Institute. They filed one after another into the drawing-room on the first floor. Pasteur, seated by the fire, seemed to revive the old times when he used to welcome young men into his home circle on Sunday evenings. He had an affectionate word or a smile for each of those who now passed before him, bowing low. Every one was struck with the keen expression of his eyes; never had the strength of his intellect seemed more independent of the weakness of his body. Many believed in a speedy recovery and rejoiced. “Your health,” said some one, “is not only national but universal property.”
On that day, Dr. Roux had arranged on tables, in the large{461} laboratory, the little flasks189 which Pasteur had used in his experiments on so-called spontaneous generation, which had been religiously preserved; also rows of little tubes used for studies on wines; various preparations in various culture media; microbes and bacilli, so numerous that it was difficult to know which to see first. The bacteria of diphtheria and bubonic plague completed this museum.
Pasteur was carried into the laboratory about twelve o’clock, and Dr. Roux showed his master the plague bacillus through a microscope. Pasteur, looking at these things, souvenirs of his own work and results of his pupils’ researches, thought of those disciples who were continuing his task in various parts of the world. In France, he had just sent Dr. Calmette to Lille, where he soon afterwards created a new and admirable Pasteur Institute. Dr. Yersin was continuing his investigations in China. A Normalien, M. Le Dantec, who had entered the Ecole at sixteen at the head of the list, and who had afterwards become a curator at the laboratory, was in Brazil, studying yellow fever, of which he very nearly died. Dr. Adrien Loir, after a protracted190 mission in Australia, was head of a Pasteur Institute at Tunis. Dr. Nicolle was setting up a laboratory of bacteriology at Constantinople. “There is still a great deal to do!” sighed Pasteur as he affectionately pressed Dr. Roux’ hand.
He was more than ever full of a desire to allay191 human suffering, of a humanitarian sentiment which made of him a citizen of the world. But his love for France was in no wise diminished, and the permanence of his patriotic feelings was, soon after this, revealed by an incident. The Berlin Academy of Sciences was preparing a list of illustrious contemporary scientists to be submitted to the Kaiser with a view to conferring on them the badge of the Order of Merit. As Pasteur’s protest and return of his diploma to the Bonn University had not been forgotten, the Berlin Academy, before placing his name on the list, desired to know whether he would accept this distinction at the hands of the German Emperor. Pasteur, while acknowledging with courteous192 thanks the honour done to him as a scientist, declared that he could not accept it.
For him, as for Victor Hugo, the question of Alsace-Lorraine was a question of humanity; the right of peoples to dispose of themselves was in question. And by a bitter irony of Fate, France, which had proclaimed this principle all over{462} Europe, saw Alsace tom away from her. And by whom? by the very nation whom she had looked upon as the most idealistic, with whom she had desired an alliance in a noble hope of pacific civilization, a hope shared by Humboldt, the great German scientist.
It was obvious to those who came near Pasteur that, in spite of the regret caused in him by the decrease of his physical strength, his moral energy remained unimpaired. He never complained of the state of his health, and usually avoided speaking of himself. A little tent had been put up for him in the new garden of the Pasteur Institute, under the young chestnuts193, the flowers of which were now beginning to fall, and he often spent his afternoons there. One or other of those who had watched over him through the long winter nights frequently came to talk with him, and he would inquire, with all his old interest, into every detail of the work going on.
His old friend Chappuis, now Honorary Rector of the Academy of Dijon, often came to sit with him under this tent. Their friendship remained unchanged though it had lasted more than fifty years. Their conversation now took a yet more exalted194 turn than in the days of their youth and middle age. The dignity of Chappuis’ life was almost austere195, though tempered by a smiling philosophy.
Pasteur, less preoccupied196 than Chappuis by philosophical197 discussions, soared without an effort into the domain of spiritual things. Absolute faith in God and in Eternity198, and a conviction that the power for good given to us in this world will be continued beyond it, were feelings which pervaded199 his whole life; the virtues200 of the Gospel had ever been present to him. Full of respect for the form of religion which had been that of his forefathers201, he came to it simply and naturally for spiritual help in these last weeks of his life.
On June 13, he came, for the last time, down the steps of the Pasteur Institute, and entered the carriage which was to take him to Villeneuve l’Etang. Every one spoke to him of this stay as if it were sure to bring him back to health. Did he believe it? Did he try, in his tenderness for those around him, to share their hopes? His face almost bore the same expression as when he used to go to Villeneuve l’Etang to continue his studies. When the carriage passed through Saint Cloud, some of the inhabitants, who had seen him pass in former years,{463} saluted202 him with a mixture of emotion and respectful interest.
At Villeneuve l’Etang, the old stables of the Cent Gardes had reverted203 to their former purpose and were used for the preparation of the diphtheria antitoxin. There were about one hundred horses there; old chargers, sold by the military authorities as unfit for further work; racehorses thus ending their days; a few, presents from their owners, such as Marshal Canrobert’s old horse.
Pasteur spent those summer weeks in his room or under the trees on the lawns of the Park. A few horses had been put out to grass, the stables being quite full, and occasionally came near, looking over their hurdles204 towards him. Pasteur felt a deep thankfulness in watching the busy comings and goings of Dr. Roux and his curator, M. Martin, and of the veterinary surgeon, M. Prév?t, who was entrusted with the bleeding operations and the distribution of the flasks of serum. He thought of all that would survive him and felt that his weakened hand might now drop the torch which had set so many others alight. And, more than resigned, he sat peacefully under a beautiful group of pines and purple beeches205, listening to the readings of Mme. Pasteur and of his daughter. They smiled on him with that valiant smile which women know how to keep through deepest anguish206.
Biographies interested him as of yore. There was at that time a renewal207 of interest in memories of the First Empire; old letters, memoirs208, war anecdotes209 were being published every day. Pasteur never tired of those great souvenirs. Many of those stories brought him back to the emotions of his youth, but he no longer looked with the same eyes on the glory of conquerors210. The true guides of humanity now seemed to him to be those who gave devoted service, not those who ruled by might. After enjoying pages full of the thrill of battlefields, Pasteur admired the life of a great and good man, St. Vincent de Paul. He loved this son of poor peasants, proud to own his humble birth before a vainglorious211 society; this tutor of a future cardinal212, who desired to become the chaplain of some unhappy convicts; this priest, who founded the work of the Enfants Trouvés, and who established lay and religious alliance over the vast domain of charity.
Pasteur himself exerted a great and charitable influence. The unknown lady who had put at his disposal four scholarships{464} for young men without means came to him in August and offered him the funds for a Pasteur Hospital, the natural outcome, she said, of the Pastorian discoveries.
Pasteur’s strength diminished day by day, he now could hardly walk. When he was seated in the Park, his grandchildren around him suggested young rose trees climbing around the trunk of a dying oak. The paralysis was increasing, and speech was becoming more and more difficult. The eyes alone remained bright and clear; Pasteur was witnessing the ruin of what in him was perishable213.
How willingly they would have given a moment of their lives to prolong his, those thousands of human beings whose existence had been saved by his methods: sick children, women in lying-in hospitals, patients operated upon in surgical wards64, victims of rabid dogs saved from hydrophobia, and so many others protected against the infinitesimally small! But, whilst visions of those living beings passed through the minds of his family, it seemed as if Pasteur already saw those dead ones who, like him, had preserved absolute faith in the Future Life.
The last week in September he was no longer strong enough to leave his bed, his weakness was extreme. On September 27, as he was offered a cup of milk: “I cannot,” he murmured; his eyes looked around him with an unspeakable expression of resignation, love and farewell. His head fell back on the pillows, and he slept; but, after this delusive214 rest, suddenly came the gaspings of agony. For twenty-four hours he remained motionless, his eyes closed, his body almost entirely215 paralyzed; one of his hands rested in that of Mme. Pasteur, the other held a crucifix.
Thus, surrounded by his family and disciples, in this room of almost monastic simplicity216, on Saturday, September 28, 1895, at 4.40 in the afternoon, very peacefully, he passed away.
The End.
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1
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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investigators
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| n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 ) | |
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hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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civilizing
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| v.使文明，使开化( civilize的现在分词 ) | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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molecular
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| adj.分子的；克分子的 | |
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revert
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| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
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inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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Forsaken
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| adj. 被遗忘的, 被抛弃的 动词forsake的过去分词 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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18
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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19
preservative
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| n.防腐剂；防腐料；保护料；预防药 | |
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renovated
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| 翻新，修复，整修( renovate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hygiene
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| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
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sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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torpedo
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| n.水雷，地雷；v.用鱼雷破坏 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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anathema
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| n.诅咒；被诅咒的人(物)，十分讨厌的人(物) | |
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disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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disciple
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| n.信徒，门徒，追随者 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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inauguration
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| n.开幕、就职典礼 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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fatiguing
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| a.使人劳累的 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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tutelary
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| adj.保护的；守护的 | |
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artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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42
cocoons
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| n.茧，蚕茧( cocoon的名词复数 )v.茧，蚕茧( cocoon的第三人称单数 ) | |
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43
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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vaccinal
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| 疫苗的 | |
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marrows
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| n.骨髓（marrow的复数形式） | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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47
inoculation
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| n.接芽；预防接种 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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surgical
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| adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的 | |
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50
subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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engraver
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| n.雕刻师，雕工 | |
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54
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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58
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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pharmacy
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| n.药房，药剂学，制药业，配药业，一批备用药品 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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alcoholic
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| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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63
subscribed
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| v.捐助( subscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；签署，题词；订阅；同意 | |
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64
wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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65
retracing
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| v.折回( retrace的现在分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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72
hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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73
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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enervated
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| adj.衰弱的，无力的v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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broth
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| n.原(汁)汤(鱼汤、肉汤、菜汤等) | |
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81
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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82
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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83
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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84
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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85
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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87
evoke
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| vt.唤起，引起，使人想起 | |
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88
phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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89
deductions
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| 扣除( deduction的名词复数 )； 结论； 扣除的量； 推演 | |
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90
physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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91
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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92
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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93
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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94
tainted
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| adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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95
serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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96
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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97
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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98
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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99
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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100
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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101
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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102
denomination
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| n.命名，取名，(度量衡、货币等的)单位 | |
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103
awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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104
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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105
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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106
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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107
cedars
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| 雪松，西洋杉( cedar的名词复数 ) | |
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108
bust
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| vt.打破；vi.爆裂；n.半身像；胸部 | |
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109
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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110
humanitarian
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| n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者 | |
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111
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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112
incur
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| vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇 | |
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113
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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114
collaborator
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| n.合作者，协作者 | |
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115
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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116
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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117
momentary
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| adj.片刻的，瞬息的；短暂的 | |
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118
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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119
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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120
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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121
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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122
obstinately
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| ad.固执地，顽固地 | |
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123
contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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124
epidemic
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| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
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125
succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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126
malignant
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|
| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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127
contagion
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| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
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128
velvety
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| adj. 像天鹅绒的, 轻软光滑的, 柔软的 | |
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129
membrane
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| n.薄膜，膜皮，羊皮纸 | |
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130
membranes
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| n.（动物或植物体内的）薄膜( membrane的名词复数 )；隔膜；（可起防水、防风等作用的）膜状物 | |
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131
isolated
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|
| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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132
excoriated
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| v.擦伤( excoriate的过去式和过去分词 )；擦破（皮肤）；剥（皮）；严厉指责 | |
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133
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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134
toxic
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|
| adj.有毒的，因中毒引起的 | |
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135
cholera
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| n.霍乱 | |
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136
inoculated
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|
| v.给…做预防注射( inoculate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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137
toxin
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|
| n.毒素，毒质 | |
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138
paralysis
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|
| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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139
intoxication
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|
| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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140
secretes
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|
| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的第三人称单数 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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141
ambush
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|
| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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142
disseminated
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|
| 散布，传播( disseminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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143
vessel
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|
| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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144
killing
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|
| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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145
mitigated
|
|
| v.减轻，缓和( mitigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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146
iodine
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|
| n.碘，碘酒 | |
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147
jugular
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|
| n.颈静脉 | |
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148
vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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149
serum
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| n.浆液，血清，乳浆 | |
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150
collaboration
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|
| n.合作，协作；勾结 | |
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151
applied
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|
| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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152
provident
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|
| adj.为将来做准备的，有先见之明的 | |
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153
experimentation
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| n.实验，试验，实验法 | |
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154
demography
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| n.人口统计，人口学 | |
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155
misty
|
|
| adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的 | |
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156
wont
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|
| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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157
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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158
practitioners
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|
| n.习艺者，实习者( practitioner的名词复数 )；从业者（尤指医师） | |
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159
diagnosis
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|
| n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断 | |
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160
disarmed
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| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
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161
scourge
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|
| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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162
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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163
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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164
peculiar
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|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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165
aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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166
possessed
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|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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167
favourable
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|
| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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168
pulp
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|
| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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169
inoculable
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|
| adj.可接种的，可用作接种的 | |
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170
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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171
vanquishing
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|
| v.征服( vanquish的现在分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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172
immunity
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|
| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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173
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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174
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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175
succumbs
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的第三人称单数 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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176
victorious
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|
| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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177
devoted
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|
| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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178
alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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179
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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180
conjure
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| v.恳求，祈求；变魔术，变戏法 | |
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181
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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182
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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183
solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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184
gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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185
witty
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| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
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186
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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187
irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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188
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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189
flasks
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| n.瓶，长颈瓶， 烧瓶( flask的名词复数 ) | |
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190
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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191
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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192
courteous
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|
| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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193
chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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194
exalted
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|
| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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195
austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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196
preoccupied
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|
| adj.全神贯注的，入神的；被抢先占有的；心事重重的v.占据（某人）思想，使对…全神贯注，使专心于( preoccupy的过去式) | |
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197
philosophical
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|
| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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198
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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199
pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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200
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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201
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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202
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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203
reverted
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| 恢复( revert的过去式和过去分词 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
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204
hurdles
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|
| n.障碍( hurdle的名词复数 )；跳栏；（供人或马跳跃的）栏架；跨栏赛 | |
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205
beeches
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| n.山毛榉( beech的名词复数 )；山毛榉木材 | |
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206
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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207
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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208
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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209
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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210
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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211
vainglorious
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| adj.自负的；夸大的 | |
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212
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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213
perishable
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| adj.（尤指食物）易腐的，易坏的 | |
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214
delusive
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| adj.欺骗的，妄想的 | |
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215
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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216
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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