On his return to Springfield Mr. Lincoln took occasion to secure the book, and to cultivate a closer acquaintance with its author.
Lincoln found him well worth knowing; and the reader of this book deserves an introduction to him and his work.
I have obtained from Miss Jeanette E. Smith, of Springfield, granddaughter of Rev. James Smith, a considerable body of manuscript and other material relating to her grandfather.
James Smith was born in Glasgow, Scotland, May 11, 1801, and died in Scotland July 3, 1871. He was the son of Peter and Margaret Smith. In youth he was wild, and in his opinions was a deist; but when converted he became a fearless defender of the faith. He was a big, brainy man, with a great voice and with positive convictions. He was called from Shelbyville, Kentucky, to the First Church of[Pg 157] Springfield, his pastorate beginning March 14, 1849, and closing December 17, 1856.
He was a strong temperance man. His sermon on "The Bottle, Its Evils and Its Remedy," from Habakkuk 2:15, was preached on January 23, 1853, and printed at the request of thirty-nine men who heard it, Abraham Lincoln being one of those who signed the request. "Friends of Temperance" they called themselves. I have a copy of this remarkable7 sermon. In one part it essayed a vindication8 of the distiller and liquor-seller, affirming that a community that licensed9 them had no right to abuse them for doing what they had paid for the privilege of doing; and that the State with money in its pocket received as a share in the product of drunkenness had no right to condemn11 the saloonkeeper for his share in the partnership12. He called on the Legislature then in session to pass a prohibitory law, forbidding all sale of intoxicating13 liquor except for medical, mechanical, and sacramental purposes.
Such sermons became abundant forty years afterward14, but they were not abundant in 1853. Dr. Smith was one of the men who held these convictions, and Abraham Lincoln was one of the men who wanted to see them printed and circulated.
It is remarkable that all knowledge of the massive book which Dr. Smith wrote and published should have perished from Springfield. Lamon manifestly knew nothing of it as a book, but thought of it as a manuscript tract15, prepared especially for the ambitious business of converting Mr. Lincoln. His sarcastic16 description implies this, and Herndon, who may have known better at the time, had apparently17 forgotten. Both men were disqualified for the discussion of it by their ignorance of it, as well as the violence of their prejudice.
On February 12, 1909, a service was held in the old First Presbyterian Church in Springfield, then occupied by the Lutherans, the Presbyterians having erected18 a larger building. The address was given by Rev. Thomas D. Logan, Dr. Smith's successor, whose pastorate had begun in 1888. In all the[Pg 158] more than twenty years of his ministry19 in Springfield, he had never seen this book. He had never known of it as a book at the time he wrote the first draft of this centenary address. The substance of the address he sent in advance as an article for the Lincoln Number of The Continent in February, 1909; but in the revision of the proof he inserted a footnote saying that Dr. Smith's granddaughter, Miss Jeanette E. Smith, had come into possession of a copy of her grandfather's book, which he had just seen.
The prime reason for this complete ignorance of the book, even in the church which Lincoln attended, is that it was published six years before Dr. Smith came to Springfield, in a limited edition, and completely sold out before it came from the press; so that it never came into general circulation in Springfield.
Miss Smith has placed at my disposal her own copy of this book, which was her grandfather's, and I have been able to locate about a half-dozen copies in various public libraries, and by rare good fortune to buy one for myself.
Dr. Smith's statement was made in a letter from Cainno, Scotland, dated January 24, 1867:
"It was my honor to place before Mr. Lincoln arguments designed to prove the divine authority and inspiration of the Scriptures20, accompanied by the arguments of infidel objectors in their own language. To the arguments on both sides Mr. Lincoln gave a most patient, impartial21, and searching investigation22. To use his own language, he examined the arguments as a lawyer who is anxious to investigate truth investigates testimony23. The result was the announcement made by himself that the argument in favor of the divine authority and inspiration of the Scriptures was unanswerable."—Rev. James A. Reed: "The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln," Scribner's Magazine, July, 1873, p. 333.
Mr. Thomas Lewis, a lawyer whose office adjoined that of Mr. Lincoln in Springfield, and who for a time was in the same office, was an elder in the church which Lincoln attended.[Pg 159] In 1898 he wrote his recollections of Dr. Smith's book and its influence upon Mr. Lincoln:
"I was an elder, trustee, treasurer25, collector, superintendent26 of the Sunday school, and pew-renter. The following Tuesday, after the second Sunday, Mr. Lincoln called on me and inquired if there were any pews to rent in the church. I replied, 'Yes, and a very desirable one, vacated by Governor Madison, who has just left the city.' 'What is the rent?' said he. 'Fifty dollars, payable27 quarterly.' He handed me $12.50. Said he, 'Put it down to me.' From that date he paid each three months on said pew until he left for Washington; and from the first Sunday he was there I have not known of his not occupying that pew every Sunday he was in the city until he left. The seat was immediately in front of mine. The third Sunday his children came in the Sunday school.
"Shortly thereafter there was a revival28 in the church, and Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln, when he was in the city, attended meeting. In his absence she was there. They attended not only the regular meetings, but the inquiry29 meetings also, and it was the belief that both would unite with the church. When the candidates were examined Mr. Lincoln was in Detroit, prosecuting30 a patent right case, a branch of the profession in which he had acquired an enviable reputation. Mrs. Lincoln stated that she was confirmed in the Episcopal Church when twelve years of age, but did not wish to join the church by letter, but upon profession of faith, as she was never converted until Dr. Smith's preaching. She was admitted [1852]. Mr. Lincoln never applied31. Some months later the session of the church invited Mr. Lincoln to deliver a lecture on the Bible. When it became known that Mr. Lincoln was to lecture in the Presbyterian church it assured a full house. It was said by divines and others to be the ablest defense32 of the Bible ever uttered in that pulpit.
"From the introduction of Mr. Lincoln to Dr. Smith their intimacy33 was of a most cordial character. At their last meeting previous to Mr. Lincoln's leaving for Washington, as they parted, Mr. Lincoln said, 'Doctor, I wish to be remembered in the prayers of yourself and our church members.'"—Illinois State Register, December 10, 1898.
[Pg 160]
A very interesting bit of testimony to the relations of Mr. Lincoln and his pastor6, Dr. Smith, was given by Rev. William Bishop34, D.D., in an address at Salina, Kansas, on February 12, 1897, and published in the local papers at the time. Dr. Bishop was graduated from Illinois College in 1850, and for a time was a member of the faculty35 there. In the summer after his graduation, he supplied Dr. Smith's pulpit during his vacation:
"I first met Dr. Smith in the summer of 1850 in Jacksonville, at the commencement exercises of Illinois College, from which I had graduated and had just been appointed a member of the faculty of instruction. The acquaintance then formed ripened36 into mutual37 and congenial friendship. And during the two years of my connection with the college I was frequently a visitor and guest at his house in Springfield, and when, by reason of removal to another institution in another State, the visits were fewer and farther between, 'a free epistolary correspondence' continued to strengthen and brighten the links of fellowship. With his other accomplishments38, Dr. Smith was an interesting and instructive conversationalist—in fact, quite a raconteur39, somewhat like his friend Lincoln, always ready with a story to illustrate40 his opinions, and which gave piquancy41 to his conversation. Whenever he had occasion to speak of Lincoln he always evinced the strongest attachment42 and the warmest friendship for him, which was known to be fully43 reciprocated44. Democrat45 as he was, and tinged46 with Southern hues—though never a secessionist—there seemed to be a mystic cord uniting the minister and the lawyer. This was subsequently beautifully shown on the part of Mr. Lincoln, who never forgot to do a generous thing. When he was elected President Dr. Smith and wife were getting old, their children all married and gone, except their youngest[42] son, a young man of twenty-three or four years of age. One of Lincoln's first official acts, after his inauguration47, was the appointment of this young man to the consulate48 at Dundee, Scotland. The doctor, with his wife and son, returned to the land of his birth. The son soon returned[Pg 161] to America, and Dr. Smith himself was appointed consul49, which position he retained until his death in 1871.
"In the spring of 1857 Dr. Smith, anticipating a necessary absence from his church of two or three months during the summer, invited me to supply his pulpit until his return. Being young and inexperienced in the ministry, with considerable hesitation50 I accepted his urgent invitation. So I spent my college vacation performing as best I could this service. Mr. Lincoln was a regular attendant at church and evidently an attentive51 hearer and devout52 worshiper.
"As a college student I had seen and heard him and looked up to him as a being towering above common men; and, I confess, I was not a little intimidated53 by his presence as he sat at the end of a seat well forward toward the pulpit, with his deep eyes fixed54 upon me, and his long legs stretched out in the middle aisle55 to keep them from [using one of his own colloquialisms] being scrouged in the narrow space between the pews. My 'stage fright,' however, was soon very much relieved by his kindliness56 and words of encouragement.
"On a certain Sunday, the third, as I recollect24 it, in my term of service, I delivered a discourse57 on the text, 'Without God in the World.' The straight translation from the Greek is, 'Atheists in the World.' In discussing atheism58, theoretical and practical, I endeavored to elucidate59 and enforce the fallacy of the one and the wickedness of the other. At the close of the service Mr. Lincoln came up and, putting his right hand in mine and his left on my shoulder, with other impressive remarks, said, 'I can say "Amen" to all that you have said this morning.' From that time on my interest in him grew apace.
"He was then known extensively all over the West as a great and good man, and only a year afterward he bounded into national fame by his victory in the great debate with Douglas, who, up to that time, was regarded as a debater invincible60.
"During my brief sojourn61 in Springfield I had many opportunities of meeting Lincoln, hearing him, and talking with him at home, in church, in society, and in the courts of justice.
"Dr. Smith returned in due time to resume his pastoral[Pg 162] functions. In reporting to him, in general, my labors62 in the church as his substitute during his absence, and in particular my conceptions of Lincoln's religious character, he intimated that he knew something of Lincoln's private personal religious experiences, feelings, and beliefs which resulted in his conversion63 to the Christian faith. After some urging to be more explicit64, he made the following statement, which is herewith submitted, couched substantially in his own language. The doctor said:
"'I came to Springfield to take the pastoral charge of this church [First Presbyterian] about eight years ago [1849]. During the first of these years, I might say, I had only a speaking or general acquaintance with Mr. Lincoln [then forty years old]. Two or three years previous to my coming here Mrs. Lincoln, who had been a member of our church, for some reason changed her church relations and was a regular attendant at the services of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Lincoln, at that time, having no denominational preferences, went with her. And so the family continued to frequent the sanctuary65 for a year or more after I began my ministry here. The occasion which opened up the way to my intimate relations to Mr. Lincoln was this, viz.: In the latter part of 1849 death came into his family. His second son died at about three or four years of age. The rector, an excellent clergyman, being temporarily absent, could not be present to conduct the burial service, and I was called to officiate at the funeral. This led me to an intimate acquaintance with the family, and grew into an enduring and confidential66 friendship between Mr. Lincoln and myself. One result was that the wife and mother returned to her ancestral church, and the husband and father very willingly came with her, and ever since has been a constant attendant upon my ministry. I found him very much depressed67 and downcast at the death of his son, and without the consolation68 of the gospel. Up to this time I had heard but little concerning his religious views, and that was to the effect that he was a deist and inclined to skepticism as to the divine origin of the Scriptures, though, unlike most skeptics, he had evidently been a constant reader of the Bible. I found him an honest and anxious inquirer. He gradually revealed the state of his mind and heart, and at last unbosomed his doubts and struggles[Pg 163] and unrest of soul. In frequent conversations I found that he was perplexed69 and unsettled on the fundamentals of religion, by speculative70 difficulties, connected with Providence71 and revelation, which lie beyond and above the legitimate72 province of religion. With some suggestions bearing on the right attitude required for impartial investigation, I placed in his hands my book (The Christian's Defence) on the evidence of Christianity, which gives the arguments for and against the divine authority and inspiration of the Holy Scriptures. Mr. Lincoln took the book, and for a number of weeks, as a lawyer, examined and weighed the evidence, pro10 and con3, and judged of the credibility of the contents of revelation. And while he was investigating I was praying that the Spirit of Truth might lead him into the kingdom of truth. And such was the result, for at the conclusion of his examination he came forth73 his doubts scattered74 to the winds and his reason convinced by the arguments in support of the inspired and infallible authority of the Old and New Testaments—a believer in God, in His providential government, in His Son, the way, the truth, and the life, and from that time [nearly seven years] to this day his life has proved the genuineness of his conversion to the Christian faith. For this I humbly75 ascribe to our heavenly Father the honor and the glory.'"
In an earlier statement than that previously76 quoted, Mr. Thomas Lewis, under date of January 6, 1873, said:
"Not long after Dr. Smith came to Springfield, and I think very near the time of his son's death, Mr. Lincoln said to me that when on a visit somewhere he had seen and partially77 read a work of Dr. Smith on the evidences of Christianity, which had led him to change his view of the Christian religion, and he would like to get that work and finish the reading of it, and also to make the acquaintance of Dr. Smith. I was an elder in Dr. Smith's church, and took Dr. Smith to Mr. Lincoln's office, and Dr. Smith gave Mr. Lincoln a copy of his book, as I know, at his own request."
This is a very different story from that which Lamon tells, of a self-advertising preacher, ostentatiously preparing[Pg 164] a tract to convert Mr. Lincoln, and thrusting it upon him uninvited and thereafter to be neglected.
That Mr. Lincoln was impressed by the book is as certain as human testimony can make it. He told Dr. Smith that he regarded its argument as "unanswerable," and Lamon's slighting remark will not stand against so emphatic78 a word.
Moreover, Hon. John T. Stuart, whom Lamon had quoted as saying, "The Rev. Dr. Smith, who wrote a letter, tried to convert Lincoln as late as 1858, and couldn't do it," repudiated79 that statement, declared he never had said it; and on the contrary affirmed that he understood from those who had reason to know that Dr. Smith's book had produced a change in the mind of Mr. Lincoln.
Ninian W. Edwards, Mr. Lincoln's brother-in-law, on December 24, 1872, entered the discussion with this emphatic statement:
"A short time after the Rev. Dr. Smith became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in this city, Mr. Lincoln said to me, 'I have been reading a work of Dr. Smith on the evidences of Christianity, and have heard him preach and converse80 on the subject, and am now convinced of the truth of the Christian religion.'"
Just what doctrines81 he was convinced were true, we may not know. But we do know that he requested the book and declared it unanswerable, that he and his wife changed their church affiliation82 and he became a regular attendant, that Dr. Smith became his friend and was honored and recognized by him as long as Lincoln lived, and that those who knew Lincoln best were told by him that some change had come in his own belief.
Under these conditions, the word and work of Rev. James Smith are not to be thrown unceremoniously out of court. They have standing83 in any fair consideration of the question of Lincoln's religious faith.
I have looked through many Lives of Lincoln to discover whether any biographer of Lincoln had ever looked up this book, and thus far have not discovered any. I have inquired[Pg 165] for the book at the Chicago Historical Library and the Illinois Historical Library, and neither of those libraries contains it, nor had it been thought of in connection with Lincoln. Mr. Oldroyd does not have it in his matchless collection, where I hoped I might find the veritable copy that Lincoln read, and he had never heard of it; nor does the matron of the Lincoln Home at Springfield know anything about it.[43]
I shall give in the Appendix of this book an outline of the contents of Dr. Smith's solid work, that the reader may judge for himself whether such a book, placed in the hands of Mr. Lincoln at such a time, may not have had upon his mind all the influence that Dr. Smith ever claimed for it.
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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con
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| n.反对的观点，反对者，反对票，肺病；vt.精读，学习，默记；adv.反对地，从反面；adj.欺诈的 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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licensed
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| adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词) | |
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pro
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| n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者 | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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partnership
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| n.合作关系，伙伴关系 | |
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intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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sarcastic
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| adj.讥讽的，讽刺的，嘲弄的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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payable
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| adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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intimacy
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mutual
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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raconteur
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| n.善讲故事者 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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piquancy
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| n.辛辣，辣味，痛快 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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reciprocated
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| v.报答，酬答( reciprocate的过去式和过去分词 )；（机器的部件）直线往复运动 | |
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democrat
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员 | |
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tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inauguration
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| n.开幕、就职典礼 | |
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consulate
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| n.领事馆 | |
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consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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intimidated
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| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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atheism
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| n.无神论，不信神 | |
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elucidate
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| v.阐明，说明 | |
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invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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66
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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67
depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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68
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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69
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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70
speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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71
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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74
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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78
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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repudiated
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| v.（正式地）否认( repudiate的过去式和过去分词 )；拒绝接受；拒绝与…往来；拒不履行（法律义务） | |
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80
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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81
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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82
affiliation
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| n.联系，联合 | |
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83
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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