The other is by Hon. L. E. Chittenden, who was chosen by Mr. Lincoln as Register of the Treasury4, and who was an honest and incorruptible man.
Father Chiniquy visited Mr. Lincoln in the White House in August, 1861, June, 1862, and June, 1864, for the purpose of warning Mr. Lincoln of plots, which Father Chiniquy believed to be inspired by Jesuits, against the life of Mr. Lincoln. On the last of these occasions, June 9, 1864, in the course of an extended interview, he reported Mr. Lincoln as saying:
"'You are not the first to warn me against the dangers of assassination5. My ambassadors in Italy, France, and England, as well as Professor Morse, have, many times, warned me against the plots of murderers whom they have detected in those different countries. But I see no other safeguard against these murderers, but to be always ready to die, as Christ advises it. As we must all die sooner or later, it makes very little difference to me whether I die from a dagger6 plunged7 through the heart or from an inflammation of the lungs. Let me tell you that I have, lately, read a message in the Old Testament8 which has made a profound, and, I hope, a salutary impression on me. Here is that passage.'
"The President took his Bible, opened it at the third[Pg 189] chapter of Deuteronomy, and read from the 22d to the 27th verse:
"'"22. Ye shall not fear them: for the Lord your God he shall fight for you.
"'"24. O Lord God, thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty10 hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do according to thy works, and according to thy might?
"'"25. I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon.
"'"26. But the Lord was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear me: and the Lord said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.
"'"27. Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes westward11, and northward12, and southward, and eastward13, and behold14 it with thine eyes; for thou shalt not go over this Jordan."'
"After the President had read these words with great solemnity, he added:
"'My dear Father Chiniquy, let me tell you that I have read these strange and beautiful words several times, these last five or six weeks. The more I read them, the more it seems to me that God has written them for me as well as for Moses.
"'Has He not taken me from my poor log cabin, by the hand, as He did Moses, in the reeds of the Nile, to put me at the head of the greatest and most blessed of modern nations just as He put that prophet at the head of the most blessed nation of ancient times? Has not God granted me a privilege, which was not granted to any living man, when I broke the fetters15 of 4,000,000 of men, and made them free? Has not our God given me the most glorious victories over my enemies? Are not the armies of the Confederacy so reduced to a handful of men, when compared to what they were two years ago, that the day is fast approaching when they will have to surrender?
"'Now, I see the end of this terrible conflict, with the same joy of Moses, when at the end of his trying forty years in the wilderness16; and I pray my God to grant me to see the days of peace and untold17 prosperity, which will follow this cruel war, as Moses asked God to see the other side of Jordan, and[Pg 190] enter the Promised Land. But, do you know, that I hear in my soul, as the voice of God, giving me the rebuke18 which was given to Moses?
"'Yes! every time that my soul goes to God to ask the favor of seeing the other side of Jordan, and eating the fruits of that peace, after which I am longing19 with such an unspeakable desire, do you know that there is a still but solemn voice which tells me that I will see those things only from a long distance, and that I will be among the dead when the nation, which God granted me to lead through those awful trials, will cross the Jordan, and dwell in that Land of Promise, where peace, industry, happiness, and liberty will make everyone happy; and why so? Because He has already given me favors which He never gave, I dare say, to any man in these latter days.
"'Why did God Almighty20 refuse to Moses the favor of crossing the Jordan, and entering the Promised Land? It was on account of the nation's sins! That law of divine retribution and justice, by which one must suffer for another, is surely a terrible mystery. But it is a fact which no man who has any intelligence and knowledge can deny. Moses, who knew that law, though he probably did not understand it better than we do, calmly says to his people: "God was wroth with me for your sakes."
"'But, though we do not understand that mysterious and terrible law, we find it written in letters of tears and blood wherever we go. We do not read a single page of history without finding undeniable traces of its existence.
"'Where is the mother who has not shed real tears and suffered real tortures, for her children's sake?
"'Who is the good king, the worthy21 emperor, the gifted chieftain, who has not suffered unspeakable mental agonies, or even death, for his people's sake?
"'Is not our Christian22 religion the highest expression of the wisdom, mercy, and love of God! But what is Christianity if not the very incarnation of that eternal law of Divine justice in our humanity?
"'When I look on Moses, alone, silently dying on the Mount Pisgah, I see that law, in one of its most sublime23 human manifestations24, and I am filled with admiration25 and awe26.
"'But when I consider that law of justice, and expiation27[Pg 191] in the death of the Just, the divine Son of Mary, on the Mount of Calvary, I remain mute in my adoration28. The spectacle of the Crucified One which is before my eyes is more than sublime, it is divine! Moses died for his People's sake, but Christ died for the whole world's sake! Both died to fulfill29 the same eternal law of the Divine justice, though in a different measure.
"'Now, would it not be the greatest of honors and privileges bestowed30 upon me, if God in His infinite love, mercy, and wisdom would put me between His faithful servant, Moses, and His eternal Son, Jesus, that I might die as they did, for my nation's sake!
"'My God alone knows what I have already suffered for my dear country's sake. But my fear is that the justice of God is not yet paid. When I look upon the rivers of tears and blood drawn31 by the lashes32 of the merciless masters from the veins33 of the very heart of those millions of defenseless slaves, these two hundred years; when I remember the agonies, the cries, the unspeakable tortures of those unfortunate people to which I have, to some extent, connived35 with so many others a part of my life, I fear that we are still far from the complete expiation. For the judgments36 of God are true and righteous.
"'It seems to me that the Lord wants today, as He wanted in the days of Moses, another victim—a victim which He has himself chosen, anointed and prepared for the sacrifice, by raising it above the rest of His people. I cannot conceal38 from you that my impression is that I am the victim. So many plots have already been made against my life, that it is a real miracle that they have all failed. But can we expect that God will make a perpetual miracle to save my life? I believe not.
"'But just as the Lord heard no murmur39 from the lips of Moses, when He told him that he had to die before crossing the Jordan, for the sins of his people, so I hope and pray that He will hear no murmur from me when I fall for my nation's sake.
"'The only two favors I ask of the Lord are, first, that I may die for the sacred cause in which I am engaged, and when I am the standard bearer of the rights and privileges of my country.
[Pg 192]
"'The second favor I ask from God is that my dear son, Robert, when I am gone, will be one of those who lift up that flag of Liberty which will cover my tomb, and carry it with honor and fidelity40 to the end of his life, as his father did, surrounded by the millions who will be called with him to fight and die for the defense34 and honor of our country.'
"'Never had I heard such sublime words,' says Father Chiniquy. 'Never had I seen a human face so solemn and so prophet-like as the face of the President when uttering these things. Every sentence had come to me as a hymn41 from heaven, reverberated42 by the echoes of the mountains of Pisgah and Calvary. I was beside myself. Bathed in tears, I tried to say something, but I could not utter a word. I knew the hour to leave had come. I asked from the President permission to fall on my knees and pray with him that his life might be spared; and he knelt with me. But I prayed more with my tears and sobs43 than with my words. Then I pressed his hand on my lips and bathed it with tears, and with a heart filled with an unspeakable desolation, I bade him adieu.'"—Fifty Years in the Church of Rome, pp. 706-10.
Hon. L. E. Chittenden, Register of the Treasury under Lincoln, gives this testimony44 to Lincoln's religious character:
"In the Presidential campaign of 1864 there were sullen45 whisperings that Mr. Lincoln had no religious opinions nor any interest in churches or Christian institutions. They faded away with other libels, never to be renewed until after his death. One of his biographers, who calls himself the 'friend and partner for twenty years' of the deceased President, has since published what he calls a history of his life, in which he revives the worst of these rumors46, with additions which, if true, would destroy much of the world's respect for Mr. Lincoln. He asserts that his 'friend and partner' was 'an infidel verging47 towards atheism48.' Others have disseminated49 these charges in lectures and fugitive50 sketches51 so industriously52 that they have produced upon strangers some impression of their truth. The excuse alleged53 is, their desire to present Mr. Lincoln to the world 'just as he was.' Their real purpose is to present him just as they would have him to be, as much as possible like themselves.
[Pg 193]
"It is a trait of the infidel to parade his unbelief before the public, and he thinks something gained to himself when he can show that others are equally deficient54 in moral qualities. But these writers have attempted too much. Their principal charge of infidelity, tinged55 with atheism, is so completely at variance56 with all our knowledge of his opinions that its origin must be attributed to malice57 or to a defective58 mental constitution.
"His sincerity59 and candor60 were conspicuous61 qualities of Mr. Lincoln's mind. Deception62 was a vice63 in which he had neither experience nor skill. All who were admitted to his intimacy64 will agree that he was incapable65 of professing66 opinions which he did not entertain. When we find him at the moment of leaving his home for Washington, surrounded by his neighbors of a quarter of a century, taking Washington for his exemplar, whose success he ascribed 'to the aid of that Divine Providence67 upon which he at all times relied,' and publicly declaring that he, himself, 'placed his whole trust in the same Almighty Being, and the prayers of Christian men and women'; when, not once or twice, but on all proper, and more than a score of subsequent occasions, he avowed68 his faith in an Omnipotent69 Ruler, who will judge the world in righteousness—in the Bible as the inspired record of His history and His law; when with equal constancy he thanked Almighty God for, and declared his interest in, Christian institutions and influences as the appointed means for his effective service, we may assert that we know that he was neither an atheist70 nor an infidel, but, on the contrary, a sincere believer in the fundamental doctrines71 of the Christian faith. In fact, he believed so confidently that the Almighty was making use of the war, of himself, and other instrumentalities in working out some great design for the benefit of humanity, and his belief that he himself was directed by the same Omniscient72 Power was expressed with such frankness and frequency, that it attracted attention, and was criticized by some as verging towards superstition73. His public life was a continuous service of God and his fellow-man, controlled and guided by the golden rule, in which there was no hiatus of unbelief or incredulity.
"Here I might well stop, and submit that these charges do not deserve any further consideration. But I know how false[Pg 194] they are, and I may be excused if I record one of my sources of knowledge.
"The emphatic74 statement made by the President to Mr. Fessenden, that he was called to the Presidency75 by a Power higher than human authority, I have already mentioned. His calm serenity76 at times when others were so anxious, his confidence that his own judgment37 was directed by the Almighty, so impressed me that, when I next had the opportunity, at some risk of giving offense77, I ventured to ask him directly how far he believed the Almighty actually directed our national affairs. There was a considerable pause before he spoke78, and when he did speak, what he said was more in the nature of a monologue79 than an answer to my inquiry80:
"'That the Almighty does make use of human agencies, and directly intervenes in human affairs, is,' he said, 'one of the plainest evidences of His direction, so many instances when I have been controlled by some other power than my own will, that I cannot doubt that this power comes from above. I frequently see my way clear to a decision when I am conscious that I have no sufficient facts upon which to found it. But I cannot recall one instance in which I have followed my own judgment, founded upon such a decision, where the results were unsatisfactory; whereas, in almost every instance where I have yielded to the views of others, I have had occasion to regret it. I am satisfied that when the Almighty wants me to do or not to do a particular thing, He finds a way of letting me know it. I am confident that it is His design to restore the union. He will do it in His own good time. We should obey and not oppose His will.'
"'You speak with such confidence,' I said, 'that I would like to know how your knowledge that God acts directly upon human affairs compares in certainty with your knowledge of a fact apparent to the senses—for example, the fact that we are at this moment here in this room.'
"'One is as certain as the other,' he answered, 'although the conclusions are reached by different processes. I know by my senses that the movements of the world are those of an infinitely81 powerful machine, which runs for ages without a variation. A man who can put two ideas together knows that such a machine requires an infinitely powerful maker82 and governor: man's nature is such that he cannot take in the[Pg 195] machine and keep out the maker. This maker is God—infinite in wisdom as well as in power. Would we be any more certain if we saw Him?'
"'I am not controverting83 your position,' I said. 'Your confidence interests me beyond expression. I wish I knew how to acquire it. Even now, must it not all depend on our faith in the Bible?'
"'No. There is the element of personal experience,' he said. 'If it did, the character of the Bible is easily established, at least to my satisfaction. We have to believe many things which we do not comprehend. The Bible is the only one that claims to be God's Book—to comprise His law—His history. It contains an immense amount of evidence of its own authenticity84. It describes a governor omnipotent enough to operate this great machine, and declares that He made it. It states other facts which we do not fully85 comprehend, but which we cannot account for. What shall we do with them?
"'Now let us treat the Bible fairly. If we had a witness on the stand whose general story we knew was true, we would believe him when he asserted facts of which we had no other evidence. We ought to treat the Bible with equal fairness. I decided86 a long time ago that it was less difficult to believe that the Bible was what it claimed to be than to disbelieve it. It is a good book for us to obey—it contains the ten commandments, the golden rule, and many other rules which ought to be followed. No man was ever the worse for living according to the directions of the Bible.'
"'If your views are correct, the Almighty is on our side, and we ought to win without so many losses——'
"He promptly87 interrupted me and said, 'We have no right to criticize or complain. He is on our side, and so is the Bible, and so are churches and Christian societies and organizations—all of them, so far as I know, almost without an exception. It makes me strong and more confident to know that all the Christians88 in the loyal States are praying for our success, that all their influences are working to the same end. Thousands of them are fighting for us, and no one will say that an officer or a private is less brave because he is a praying soldier. At first, when we had such long spells of bad luck, I used to lose heart sometimes. Now I seem to know that Providence has protected and will protect us against any fatal defeat.[Pg 196] All we have to do is to trust the Almighty and keep right on obeying His orders and executing His will.'
"I could not press inquiry further. I knew that Mr. Lincoln was no hypocrite. There was an air of such sincerity in his manner of speaking, and especially in his references to the Almighty, that no one could have doubted his faith unless the doubter believed him dishonest. It scarcely needed his repeated statements that 'whatever shall appear to be God's will, that will I do,' his special gratitude89 to God for victories, or his numerous expressions of his firm faith that God willed our final triumph, to convince the American people that he was not and could not be an atheist or an infidel.
"He has written of the Bible, that 'this great Book of God is the best gift which God has ever given to man,' and that 'all things desirable for man to know are contained in it.' His singular familiarity with its contents is even stronger evidence of the high place it held in his judgment. His second inaugural90 address shows how sensibly he appreciated the force and beauty of its passages, and constitutes an admirable application of its truths, only possible as the result of familiar use and thorough study.
"Further comment cannot be necessary. Abraham Lincoln accepted the Bible as the inspired word of God—he believed and faithfully endeavored to live according to the fundamental principles and doctrines of the Christian faith. To doubt either proposition is to be untrue to his memory, a disloyalty of which no American should be guilty."—Chittenden: Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration, pp. 446-51.
These two incidents call for no extended comment. That in each of them the literary style is more like that of the narrator than it is like the style of Mr. Lincoln is evident, and there is other apparent evidence that the incidents were colored by the imagination of the two men who related them. But neither of them was a lie. And, when we make due deductions91, each contains a basis of fact in accord with what we might have expected Lincoln to say.
For instance, the assurance which he expressed to Chittenden that God had called him to his work as President, and that[Pg 197] he was fulfilling divine destiny, is fully in accord with the strong conviction of predestination which he had received in his youth, and which was so marked that his partners took it as a mark of selfish superiority. He did feel, and felt so strongly that he sometimes seemed to be oblivious92 to other and correlative truths, that God had called him to a great task, and that he would live till it was accomplished93, plots or no plots. But he had a gloomy foreboding that he would not live much longer. His conviction of predestination had in it a compelling sense of destiny and almost of doom94, a conviction of Divinity shaping his ends, even though he rough-hewed them.
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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northward
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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fetters
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| n.脚镣( fetter的名词复数 )；束缚v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的第三人称单数 ) | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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untold
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rebuke
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longing
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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sublime
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manifestations
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admiration
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awe
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expiation
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adoration
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fulfill
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| vt.履行，实现，完成；满足，使满意 | |
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bestowed
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drawn
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lashes
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veins
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defense
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connived
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judgments
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judgment
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conceal
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murmur
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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reverberated
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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sobs
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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verging
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| 接近，逼近（verge的现在分词形式） | |
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atheism
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| n.无神论，不信神 | |
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disseminated
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| 散布，传播( disseminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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industriously
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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variance
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| n.矛盾，不同 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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candor
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| n.坦白，率真 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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deception
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| n.欺骗，欺诈；骗局，诡计 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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professing
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| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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omnipotent
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| adj.全能的，万能的 | |
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atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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omniscient
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| adj.无所不知的；博识的 | |
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superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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monologue
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| n.长篇大论，（戏剧等中的）独白 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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controverting
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| v.争论，反驳，否定( controvert的现在分词 ) | |
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authenticity
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| n.真实性 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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inaugural
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| adj.就职的；n.就职典礼 | |
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deductions
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| 扣除( deduction的名词复数 )； 结论； 扣除的量； 推演 | |
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oblivious
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| adj.易忘的，遗忘的，忘却的，健忘的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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