It will be interesting and profitable to close this study with a series of short quotations9 from documents, letters, and addresses, certified10 as authentic11 and touching12 directly upon points of Christian doctrine. In most instances these have been quoted already, with their context, but they are here brought together in briefer form in order to facilitate our inquiry13 whether they afford any material out of which might be made some approach to a statement of Christian faith.
Materials for a Lincoln creed:
I sincerely hope father may recover his health, but, at all events, tell him to remember to call upon and confide14 in our great and good and merciful Maker15, who will not turn away from him in any extremity16. He notes the fall of a sparrow, and numbers the hairs of our heads, and He will not forget the dying man who puts his trust in Him.... If it be his lot to go now he will soon have a joyous17 meeting with many loved ones gone before, and where the rest of[Pg 292] us with the help of God hope ere long to join them.—Letter to his dying father, January 12, 1851. Complete Works, I, 165.
Without the assistance of that Divine Being who ever attended him [Washington] I cannot succeed. With that assistance, I cannot fail. Trusting in His care who can go with me, and remain with you, and be everywhere for good, let us confidently hope that all will yet be well. To His care commending you, as I hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell.—Farewell Address, Springfield, February 11, 1861. Complete Works, I, 672.
If the Almighty18 Ruler of Nations, with His eternal truth and justice, be on our side of the North, or on yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail by the judgment20 of this great tribunal of the American people.... Intelligence, patriotism21, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken22 this favored land, are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty.... My dissatisfied fellow countrymen ... you have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I have the most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it.—First Inaugural23, March 4, 1861. Complete Works, II, 7.
May God give you that consolation24 which is beyond all earthly power.—Letter to parents of Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, May 25, 1861. Complete Works, II, 52.
And having thus chosen our course, without guile25 and with pure purpose, let us renew our trust in God and go forward without fear and with manly26 hearts.—First Message to Congress, July 4, 1861. Complete Works, II, 66.
Whereas it is fit and becoming in all people, at all times, to acknowledge and revere27 the supreme28 government of God; to bow in humble29 submission30 to His chastisements; to confess[Pg 293] and deplore31 their sins and transgressions32, in the full conviction that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom; and to pray with all fervency33 and contrition34 for the pardon of their past offenses35, and for a blessing37 upon their present and prospective38 action:
And whereas when our own beloved country, once, by the blessing of God, united, prosperous, and happy, is now afflicted39 with factions40 and civil war, it is particularly fit for us to recognize the hand of God in this terrible visitation, and in sorrowful remembrance of our own faults and crimes as a nation and as individuals, to humble ourselves before Him and to pray for His mercy.—National Fast Day Proclamation, August 12, 1861. Complete Works, II, 73.
In the midst of unprecedented41 political troubles we have cause of great gratitude42 to God for unusual health and most abundant harvest.... The struggle of today is not altogether for today—it is for a vast future also. With a reliance on Providence43 all the more firm and earnest, let us proceed to the great task which events have devolved upon us.—Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1861. Complete Works, II, 93 and 106.
Whereas it has seemed to me probable that the unsuccessful application made for the commutation of his sentence may have prevented the said Nathaniel Gordon from making the necessary preparation for the awful change which awaits him: Now therefore be it known that I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, have granted and do hereby grant unto him, the said Nathaniel Gordon, a respite44 of the above recited sentence, until Friday, the 21st of February, A.D. 1862.... In granting this respite it becomes my painful duty to admonish45 the prisoner that, relinquishing46 all expectation of pardon by human authority, he refer himself alone to the mercy of the common God and Father of all men.—Proclamation of Respite for a Convicted Slave Trader, February 4, 1862. Complete Works, II, 121-22.
[Pg 294]
Being a humble instrument in the hands of our Heavenly Father, as I am, and as we all are, to work out His great purposes, I have desired that all my works and acts may be according to His will; and that it might be so, I have sought His aid.—Reply to Mrs. Gurney and Deputation from Society of Friends, September [28?], 1862. Complete Works, II, 243.
In full view of my great responsibility to my God and to my country, I earnestly beg the attention of Congress and the people to the subject.—Message to Congress recommending Emancipation47 with Compensation to Owners, March 6, 1862. Complete Works, II, 130.
It has pleased Almighty God to vouchsafe48 signal victories to the land and naval49 forces.... It is therefore recommended to the people of the United States that at their next weekly assemblages ... they especially acknowledge and render thanks to our Heavenly Father for these inestimable blessings50; that they then and there implore51 spiritual consolation in behalf of all who have been brought into affliction by the casualties and calamities52 of sedition53 and civil war; and that they reverently54 invoke55 the Divine guidance to our national counsels, to the end that they may speedily result in restoration of peace, harmony, and unity56.—Special Thanksgiving Proclamation, April 10, 1862. Complete Works, II, 143.
The will of God prevails. In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both may be, and one must be, wrong. God cannot be for and against the same thing at the same time. In the present civil war it is quite possible that God's purpose is something different from the purpose of either party; and yet the human instrumentalities, working just as they do, are of the best adaptation to effect His purpose. I am almost ready to say that this is probably true; that God wills this contest, and wills that it shall not end yet. By His mere5 great power on the minds of the now contestants57, He could have either saved or destroyed the union without a human contest. Yet the contest[Pg 295] began. And, having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds.—A Meditation58 on the Divine Will in the handwriting of Mr. Lincoln, formulated59 about September 30, 1862, and not written for the eye of men but apparently60 in the effort to define the moral aspects of the subject and to clarify his own spiritual outlook.—Complete Works, II, 243-44.
Whereas it is the duty of nations as well as of men to own their dependence61 upon the overruling power of God; to confess their sins and transgressions in humble sorrow, yet with assured hope that genuine repentance62 will lead to mercy and pardon; and to recognize the sublime63 truth, announced in the Holy Scriptures64 and proved by all history, that those nations only are blest whose God is the Lord; And inasmuch as we know that by His Divine law nations, like individuals, are subjected to punishments and chastisements in this world, may we not justly fear that the awful calamity65 of civil war which now desolates66 the land may be but a punishment inflicted67 upon us for our presumptuous68 sins, to the needful end of our national reformation as a whole people?—Fast Day Proclamation, March 30, 1863. Complete Works, II, 319.
It is meet and right to recognize and confess the presence of the Almighty Father and the power of His hand equally in these triumphs and in these sorrows.... I invite the people of the United States ... to render the homage69 due to the Divine Majesty70 for the wonderful things He has done in the nation's behalf, and invoke the influence of his Holy Spirit to subdue71 the anger which has produced and so long sustained a needless and cruel rebellion.—Thanksgiving Proclamation, July 15, 1863. Complete Works, II, 370.
In regard to the Great Book, I have only to say, it is the best gift which God has ever given man. All the good from the Saviour72 of the world is communicated to us through this book.—Response to Presentation of Bible. Complete Works, Nicolay and Hay's new and enlarged edition, twelve volumes, N. Y., 1905, X, 217-18.
[Pg 296]
Signal successes ... call for devout73 acknowledgment to the Supreme Being in whose hand are the destinies of nations.—Thanksgiving Proclamation, September 3, 1864. Complete Works, II, 571.
God knows best ... surely He intends some great good to follow this mighty19 convulsion, which no mortal could make and no mortal can stave.... That you believe this I doubt not; and believing it, I shall still receive for our country and myself your earnest prayers to our Father in Heaven.—Letter to Mrs. Gurney, September 4, 1864. Complete Works, II, 573-74.
I do further recommend to my fellow citizens aforesaid, that they do reverently humble themselves in the dust, and from thence offer up penitent74 and fervent75 prayers and supplications to the Great Disposer of events for a return of the inestimable blessings of peace, union, and harmony.—Thanksgiving Proclamation, October 20, 1864. Complete Works, II, 587.
I am thankful to God for this approval of the people; ... I give thanks to the Almighty for this evidence of the people's resolution to stand by free government and the rights of humanity.—Response to Serenade following Re-election, November 9, 1864. Complete Works, II, 595.
I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. I cannot remember when I did not so think and feel, and yet I have never understood that the Presidency76 conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling.... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now at the end of three years' struggle, the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man, devised or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of[Pg 297] the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial77 history will find therein new cause to attest78 and revere the justice and goodness of God.—Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864. Complete Works, II, 508-09.
Enough is known of army operations within the last five days to claim an especial gratitude to God, while what remains79 undone80 demands our most sincere prayers to, and reliance upon, Him without whom all human effort is vain.—Recommendation of Thanksgiving, May 9, 1864. Complete Works, II, 519.
I invite and request ... all loyal and law-abiding people ... to render to the Almighty and merciful Ruler of the universe homages and confessions81.—Proclamation of Day of Prayer, July 7, 1864. Complete Works, II, 544.
Again the blessings of health and abundant harvest claim our profoundest gratitude to Almighty God.—Annual Address to Congress, December 6, 1864. Complete Works, II, 604.
You all may recollect82 that in taking up the sword thus forced into our hands, this government appealed to the prayers of the pious83 and good, and declared that it placed its whole dependence upon the favor of God. I now humbly84 and reverently, in your presence, reiterate85 the acknowledgment of that dependence, not doubting that, if it shall please the Divine Being who determines the destinies of nations, this shall remain a united people, and that they will, humbly seeking the Divine guidance, make their prolonged national existence a source of new benefits to themselves and their successors, and to all classes and conditions of mankind.—Address to Committee from Evangelical Lutheran General Synod, May 6, 1862. Complete Works, II, 148.
Relying, as I do, upon Almighty Power, and encouraged, as I am, by the resolutions which you have just read,[Pg 298] with the support which I receive from Christian men, I shall not hesitate to use all the means at my control to secure the termination of this rebellion, and will hope for success.—Address to Committee of Sixty-five from Presbyterian General Assembly, May 30, 1863. Complete Works, II, 342.
I expect [my Second Inaugural] to wear as well as—perhaps better than—anything I have produced; but I believe it is not immediately popular. Men are not flattered by being shown that there has been a difference of purpose between the Almighty and them. To deny it, however, in this case, is to deny that there is a God governing the world. It is a truth which I thought needed to be told, and, as whatever of humiliation86 there is in it falls most directly on myself, I thought others might afford for me to tell it.—Letter to Thurlow Weed, March 15, 1865. Complete Works, II, 661.
It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing87 their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us judge not, that we be not judged.... The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe88 unto the world because of offenses! For it must needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom the offense36 cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the Providence of God, must needs come, but which having continued through His appointed time, He now will remove and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those Divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him. Fondly do we hope—perfectly do we pray—that this mighty scourge89 of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil90 shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn91 with the lash92 shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still must it be[Pg 299] said, "The judgments93 of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."
With malice94 toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in.—Second Inaugural, March 4, 1865. Complete Works, II, 657.
No one of the foregoing quotations is taken from a private conversation, nor copied from an unauthorized source. Some very pleasing selections might have been made from reasonably well-accredited sources, but all of the foregoing selections, without any exception, are taken from the authentic writings and addresses of Lincoln as compiled, edited, and authenticated95 by his private secretaries, John G. Nicolay and John Hay.
We might go much farther and could find a considerable body of additional material, but this is sufficient and more than sufficient for our purpose. In these utterances may be found something of the determinism that was hammered into Lincoln by the early Baptist preachers and riveted96 by James Smith, along with some of the humanitarianism97 of Parker and Channing, and much which lay unstratified in Lincoln's own mind but flowed spontaneously from his pen or dropped from his lips because it was native to his thinking and had come to be a component98 part of his life. Anyone who cares to do so may piece these utterances together and test his success in making a creed out of them. They lend themselves somewhat readily to such an arrangement.
In the following arrangement no liberties have been taken except to change the past tense to the present, or the plural99 to the singular, and to add connectives, and preface the words "I believe." Except for changes such as these, which in no way modify the sense or natural force of the utterances, the creed which follows is wholly in the words of Abraham Lincoln. A very little tampering100 with the text would have made smoother reading, but this is not necessary. It has the simplicity101 and the rugged102 honesty of the man who said these words.
[Pg 300]
THE CREED OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
IN HIS OWN WORDS
I believe in God, the Almighty Ruler of Nations, our great and good and merciful Maker, our Father in Heaven, who notes the fall of a sparrow, and numbers the hairs of our heads.
I believe in His eternal truth and justice.
I recognize the sublime truth announced in the Holy Scriptures and proven by all history that those nations only are blest whose God is the Lord.
I believe that it is the duty of nations as well as of men to own their dependence upon the overruling power of God, and to invoke the influence of His Holy Spirit; to confess their sins and transgressions in humble sorrow, yet with assured hope that genuine repentance will lead to mercy and pardon.
I believe that it is meet and right to recognize and confess the presence of the Almighty Father equally in our triumphs and in those sorrows which we may justly fear are a punishment inflicted upon us for our presumptuous sins to the needful end of our reformation.
I believe that the Bible is the best gift which God has ever given to men. All the good from the Saviour of the world is communicated to us through this book.
I believe the will of God prevails. Without Him all human reliance is vain. Without the assistance of that Divine Being, I cannot succeed. With that assistance I cannot fail.
Being a humble instrument in the hands of our Heavenly Father, I desire that all my works and acts may be according to His will; and that it may be so, I give thanks to the Almighty, and seek His aid.
I have a solemn oath registered in heaven to finish the work I am in, in full view of my responsibility to my God, with malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right as God gives me to see the right. Commending those who love me to His care, as I hope in their prayers they will commend me, I look through the help of God to a joyous meeting with many loved ones gone before.
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formulate
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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utterances
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mere
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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doctrine
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epitome
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quotations
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certified
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authentic
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touching
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inquiry
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confide
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maker
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extremity
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joyous
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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judgment
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patriotism
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Forsaken
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inaugural
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consolation
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guile
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manly
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revere
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supreme
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humble
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submission
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deplore
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transgressions
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fervency
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contrition
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offenses
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offense
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blessing
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prospective
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afflicted
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factions
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unprecedented
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gratitude
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providence
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respite
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admonish
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relinquishing
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emancipation
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vouchsafe
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naval
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blessings
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implore
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calamities
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sedition
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reverently
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invoke
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unity
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contestants
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meditation
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formulated
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apparently
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dependence
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repentance
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sublime
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scriptures
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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desolates
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| 毁坏( desolate的第三人称单数 )； 极大地破坏； 使沮丧； 使痛苦 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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presumptuous
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| adj.胆大妄为的，放肆的，冒昧的，冒失的 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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penitent
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| adj.后悔的；n.后悔者；忏悔者 | |
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fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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attest
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| vt.证明，证实；表明 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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undone
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| a.未做完的，未完成的 | |
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confessions
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| n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔 | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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reiterate
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| v.重申，反复地说 | |
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humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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wringing
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| 淋湿的，湿透的 | |
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woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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lash
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| v.系牢；鞭打；猛烈抨击；n.鞭打；眼睫毛 | |
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judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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authenticated
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| v.证明是真实的、可靠的或有效的( authenticate的过去式和过去分词 )；鉴定，使生效 | |
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riveted
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| 铆接( rivet的过去式和过去分词 )； 把…固定住； 吸引； 引起某人的注意 | |
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humanitarianism
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| n.博爱主义；人道主义；基督凡人论 | |
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component
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| n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的 | |
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plural
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| n.复数；复数形式；adj.复数的 | |
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tampering
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| v.窜改( tamper的现在分词 )；篡改；（用不正当手段）影响；瞎摆弄 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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