Now this is a fact of the very gravest significance, and unless the price of food falls it will inevitably6 be the precursor7 of very serious events. Matters are moving so rapidly, at the time I write, that before these lines appear in print they may well be confirmed by the logic8 of events. Ominous9 mutterings are already heard, the spectre of labour troubles has raised its ugly head, and, unless some modus vivendi be found, it seems more than probable that we shall witness a very serious extension of the strikes which have already begun.
[Pg 32]
The most important of our domestic commodities are wheat, flour, meat, sugar, and coal. Inquiries10 made by a Committee of the Cabinet have shown that, as compared with the average prices ruling in the three years before the war, the price of wheat and flour has risen by something like 66 per cent.! Sugar has increased 43 per cent., coal about 60 per cent., imported meat about 19 per cent., and British meat 12 per cent. The rise in prices is falling upon the very poor with a cruelty which can only be viewed with horror. Imagine, for a moment, the plight11 of the working-class family with an income of thirty shillings a week, and perhaps five or six mouths to feed. Even in normal times their lot is not to be envied: food shortage is almost inevitable12. Suddenly they find that for a sovereign they can purchase only fifteen shillings' worth of food. Hunger steps in at once: the pinch of famine is felt acutely, and, thanks to the appalling13 price to which coal has been forced, it is aggravated14 by intense suffering from the cold, which ill-nurtured bodies are in no condition to resist.
I am not contending that there is any very abnormal amount of distress15 throughout the country, taking the working-classes as a whole. Thanks to the withdrawal16 of the huge numbers of men now serving in the Army, the labour market, for once in a way, finds itself rather under than over-stocked, and the ratio of unemployment is undoubtedly17 lower than it has been for some considerable time. The better-paid artisans, whose wages are decidedly above the average at the present moment, are not suffering severely18, even with the high prices now ruling. But they are exasperated19, and some of them are making all kinds[Pg 33] of unpatriotic threats, to which I shall allude20 presently.
The real sufferers, and there are too many of them, are the families of the labouring classes of the lower grades, whose weekly wage is small and whose families, as a rule, are correspondingly numerous. At the best of times these people seldom achieve more than a bare existence: at the present moment they are suffering terribly. Yet all the consolation21 they get from the Government is the assurance that they ought to be glad they did not live in the days of the Crimean War, and the pious22 hope that "within a few weeks"—oh! beautifully elastic23 term!—prices will come down—if we, by forcing the Dardanelles, liberate24 the grain accumulated in the Black Sea ports. No doubt the best possible arrangements have been made towards that issue, and we all hope for a victorious25 end, but our immediate4 business is to investigate the distress among the very poor, and to check the ominous threats of labour troubles which have been freely bandied about and have even been translated into action—or inaction—which has had the effect of delaying some of the country's preparations for carrying on the war.
The average retail26 prices paid by the working-classes for food in eighty of the principal towns on March 9th and a year ago are compared in the following table issued by the President of the Board of Trade:
Last Year Now
s. d. s. d.
Bread, per 4 lbs. 0 5? 0 7?
Butter, per lb. 1 3? 1 4?
Jam, per lb. 0 5 0 5?
[Pg 34]Cheese, per lb. 0 8? 0 10?
Bacon (streaky), per lb. 0 11 1 0
Beef, English, per lb. 0 9? 0 11
Beef, chilled or frozen, per lb. 0 7? 0 8?
Mutton, English, per lb. 0 10? 0 11?
Mutton, frozen, per lb. 0 6? 0 8?
Tea, per lb. 1 6 1 9?
Sugar, granulated, per lb. 0 2 0 3?
A few more facts. Though the matter was constantly referred to, yet we had been at war for five months before the Government could be prevailed upon to prohibit the exportation of cocoa; with what result? In December, January, and February last our exports of cocoa to neutral countries were 16,575,017 lbs., whilst for the corresponding period for 1913 the exports were but 3,584,003 lbs.! Before the war, Holland was an exporter of cocoa to this country; since the war she has been the principal importer; and there is a mass of indisputable evidence to show that nearly the whole of our exports of cocoa have found their way to Germany through this channel.
The prohibition27 is now removed, so we may expect that the old game of supplying the German Army with cocoa from England will begin again!
The German Army must also have tea. Let us see how we have supplied it. During the first fortnight of war, export was restricted and only 60,666 lbs. were sent out of the country, whereas for the corresponding period of the previous year 179,143 lbs. were exported. During the next three months the restrictions29 were removed, when no less a quantity than 15,808,628 lbs. was sent away—the greater part of it by roundabout channels to Germany—against 1,146,237 lbs. for the corre[Pg 35]sponding period in 1913. After three months a modified restriction28 was placed upon the export of tea, but after reckoning the whole sum it is found that during the time we have been at war we have sent abroad over 20,000,000 lbs. of tea, while in the corresponding period of the previous year we sent only a little over 2,000,000 lbs.!
Now where has it gone? In August and September last, Germany received from Holland 16,000,000 lbs. whereas in that period of 1913 she only received 1,000,000 lbs. Tea is given as a stimulant30 to German troops in the field, so we see how the British Government have been tricked into actually feeding the enemy!
And again, let us see how the poor are being exploited by the policy of those in high authority. At the outbreak of war the market price of tea was 7?d. per lb. As soon as exportation was allowed, the price was raised to the buyer at home to 9d. Then when exports were restricted, it fell to 8?d. But as soon as the restrictions on exports were removed altogether, the price rose until, to-day, the very commonest leaf-tea fetches 10d. a lb.—a price never equalled, save in the memories of octogenarians.
Who is to blame for this fattening31 of our enemies at the expense of the poor? Let the reader put this question seriously to himself.
Generally speaking, of course, prices of all articles are regulated by the ordinary laws of supply and demand; if the supply falls or the demand increases, prices go up. But there is another factor which sometimes comes into play which is very much in evidence at the present moment—the existence of "rings" of unscrupulous financiers who, with ample resources in cash and organisation32, see in every[Pg 36] national crisis a heaven-sent opportunity of increasing their gains at the expense of the suffering millions of the poor. It is quite evident, to my mind, that something of the kind is going on to-day, as it has gone on in every great war in history. The magnates of Mark Lane and the bulls of the Chicago wheat pit care nothing for the miseries33 of the unknown and unheeded millions whose daily bread may be shortened by their financial jugglings. They are out to make money. It may be true, as Mr. Asquith said, that we cannot control the price of wheat in America. But, at least, it cannot be said that the price of bread to-day is due to shortage of supply. During the last six months of 1914, as compared with the last six months of 1913, there was actually a rise of 112,250 tons in the quantities of wheat, flour, and other grain equivalent imported into this country. Where, then, can be the shortage, and what explanation is there of the prevailing34 high prices except the fact that large quantities of food are being deliberately35 held off the market in order that the price may be artificially enhanced? This is not the work of the small men, but of the big firms who can buy largely enough, probably in combination, to control and dominate the market.
When the subject was recently debated in the House of Commons the voice of the Labour member was heard unmistakably. Mr. Toothill said bluntly that if it was impossible for the Government to prevent the prices of food being "forced up" unduly36, then it remained for Labour members to request employers to meet the situation by an adequate advance in wages. That request has since been made in unmistakable terms. Mr. Clynes was even more emphatic37. "Though the Labour party were[Pg 37] as anxious as any to keep trade going in the country," he said, "it was clear to them that the truce38 in industry could not be continued unless some effective relief were given in regard to the prices under discussion." In other words, the Labour "organisers" will call for strikes—perhaps hold up a large part of our war preparations—unless the employers, most of whom are making no increased profit out of the price of food, are prepared to shoulder the entire burden.
It is quite clear, to my mind, that the prices of food are being forced up by gigantic unpatriotic combines, either in this country or abroad, or both. I do not think that mere39 shortage of supply is sufficient to account for the extraordinary advances that have taken place. Whether the Government can take steps to defeat the wheat rings, as they did to prevent the cornering of sugar, is a question with which I am not concerned here. My purpose is merely to point out that the constant rise in food prices, brought about by gangs of unscrupulous speculators, is bringing about a condition of affairs fraught40 with grave peril41 to our beloved country.
If we turn to coal we find the scandal ten times greater than in the case of flour and meat. It is at least possible that agencies outside our own country may be playing a great part in forcing up the prices of food; they can have no effect upon the price of coal, which we produce ourselves and of which we do not import an ounce. Coal to-day is simply at famine prices. It is impossible to buy the best house coal for less than 38s. per ton, while the cheapest is being sold at 34s. per ton, and the very poor, who buy from the street-trolleys only inferior coal and in small quantities, are being fleeced[Pg 38] to the extent of 1s. 11d. or 2s. per cwt. This is an exceedingly serious matter, and it is not to be explained, even under present conditions, by the ordinary laws of supply and demand. Why should coal in a village on the banks of the Thames be actually cheaper than the corresponding quality of coal when sold in London?
There can be only one answer—the London supply is in the hands of the coal "ring" which has compelled all the London coal merchants to come into line. So extensive and powerful is the organisation of this ring, that the small men, unless they followed the lead of the big dealers42, would be immediately faced with ruin: they would not only find it difficult to obtain coal at all, but would promptly43 be undersold—as the Standard Oil Company undersold thousands of small competitors—until they were compelled to put up their shutters44.
The big coal men, the men who make the profit—and with their ill-gotten gains will purchase Birthday honours later on—of course blame the war for everything. The railways, they say, cannot handle the coal; so much labour has been withdrawn45 for the Army that production has fallen below the demand. But I am assured, on good authority, that coal bought before the war, and delivered to London depots46 at 16s. or 17s. per ton, is being retailed47 to-day at between 36s. and 40s. per ton. The big dealers know that, cost what it may, the public must have coal, and they are taking advantage of every plausible48 excuse the war offers them to wring49 from the public the very highest prices possible. "The right to exploit," in fact, is being pushed to its logical extreme in the face of the country's distress, and the worst sufferers, as usual, are the very poor, who for their pitiful half-hundred-[Pg 39]weights of inferior rubbish pay at a rate which would be ample for the finest coal that could grace the grate of a West-End drawing-room.
Can we shut our eyes to the fact that in this shameful50 exploiting of the very poor by the unpatriotic lie all the elements of a very serious danger? Let us not forget the noble services the working-classes of Britain are rendering51 to our beloved country. They have given the best and dearest of their manhood in the cause of the Empire, and it is indeed a pitiful confession52 of weakness, and an ironic53 commentary on the grandiose54 schemes of "social reform" with which they have been tempted55 of late years, if the Government cannot or will not protect them from the human leeches—the Birthday knights56 in the making—who suck their ill-gotten gains from those least able to protect themselves.
The Government have promised an inquiry57 which may, if unusual expedition is shown, make a "demonstration58" with the coal-dealers just about the time the warm weather arrives. Prices will then tumble, the Government will solemnly pat itself upon the back for its successful interference, and the coal merchants, having made small or large fortunes as the case may be during the winter, will make a great virtue59 of reducing their demands to oblige the Government. In the meantime, the poor are being fleeced in the interests of an unscrupulous combine. Is there no peril here to our beloved country? Are we not justified60 in saying that the machinations of these gangs of unscrupulous capitalists are rapidly tending to produce a condition of affairs which may, at any moment, expose us to a social upheaval61 which would contain all the germs of an unparalleled disaster?
[Pg 40]
Let the condition of affairs in certain sections of the labour world speak in answer. I have already quoted the thinly-veiled threat of Mr. Clynes. Others have gone beyond threats and have begun a war against their country on their own account. There is an unmistakable tendency, fostered as usual by agitators62 of the basest class, towards action which is, in effect, helping63 the Germans against our brave soldiers and sailors who are enduring hardships of war such as have not been equalled since the days of the Crimea.
HOW WE SUPPLY THE GERMAN ARMY WITH FOOD
Exports of Cocoa to Neutral Countries
(for the German Market)
3,584,003 lbs. 16,575,017 lbs.
Exports of Tea to Neutral Countries
(for the German Market)
Dec. 1, 1913, to Mar. 1, 1914 Dec. 1, 1914, to Mar. 1, 1915
1,146,237 lbs. 15,808,628 lbs.
As I wrote these lines, strikes on a large scale had begun on the Clyde and on the Tyne, two of our most important shipbuilding centres, where great contracts—essential to the success of our arms—are being carried on, and in the London Docks, where most of the food of London's teeming64 millions is handled. London dockers, to the number of some 25,000, are agitating65 for a rise in wages; between 5,000 and 6,000 of them have struck work at the Victoria and Albert Dock on the question, forsooth, whether they shall be engaged inside the docks, or outside. In other[Pg 41] words, the expeditious66 handling of London's sorely needed food is being jeopardised by a ridiculous squabble which one would think half a dozen capable business men could settle in five minutes. But here, as usual, the poorest are the victims of their own class.
In spite of the well-meaning but idiotic67 young women who have gone about distributing white feathers to men who, in their opinion, ought to have joined the Army, common-sense people will recognise that the skilled workers in many trades are just as truly fighting the battles of their country as if they were serving with the troops in Belgium or France. If every able-bodied man joined the Army to-day the nation would collapse68 for want of supplies to feed the fighting lines. It is not my purpose here to discuss whether the men or the masters are right in the disputes in the engineering trades. Probably the authorities have not done enough to bring home to the men the knowledge that, in executing Government work, they are in fact helping to fight the country's battles. None the less the men who strike at the present moment delay work which is absolutely essential to the safety of our country. We know from Lord Kitchener's own lips that they have done so.
Our war organisation to-day may be divided into three parts—the Navy fighting on the sea, the Army fighting on land, and the industrial army providing supplies for the other two. It must be brought home to the last named, by every device in our power, that their duties are just as important to our success as the work of their brothers on the storm-swept North Sea, or in the mud and slush and peril of the trenches69 in Flanders. This war is very largely a war of supplies, and our fighting[Pg 42] must be done not only in the far-flung battle lines, but in the factory and workshop, whose outputs are essential to the far deadlier work which we ask of the men who are heroically facing the shells and bullets of the common enemy.
Now there is no disguising the fact that the industrial army at home contains far too large a percentage of "slackers."
That is the universal testimony71 of men who know. There are thousands of workmen who will not keep full time, for the simple reason that they are making more money than they really need and are so lazy and unpatriotic that they will not make the extra effort which the necessities of the situation so urgently demand. What we need to-day is, above all things, determined72 hard work: we do not want to see our fighting forces starved for want of material caused by the shirking of the "slackers" or by unpatriotic disputes and squabbles. To-day we are fighting for our lives. The privates of the industrial army ought to realise that "slacking" or striking is just as much a criminal offence as desertion in the face of the enemy would be in the case of a soldier. It is true, as a recent writer has said, that "those who fight industrially, working long hours in a spirit of high patriotism73, may not seem very heroic," but it is none the less the fact that they are fighting: they are doing the work that is essential to our national safety and welfare. Do they—at least do some of them—realise this? The following extract from Engineering, the well-known technical journal, shows very clearly that among certain classes of highly paid workers there is a total disregard of our national necessity which is positively74 appalling. As the result of a series of inquiries Engineering says:
[Pg 43]
"Every reply received indicates that there is slackness in many trades. Be it remembered that high wages can be earned; for relatively75 unskilled although somewhat arduous76 work, 30s. a day can be earned.
"Time-and-a-quarter to time-and-a-half is paid for Saturday afternoon work, and double time for Sunday work. Men could earn from ￡7 to ￡10 per week—and pay no income-tax.
"Men will work on Saturday and Sunday, when they get handsomely paid, but will absent themselves on other days or parts of days.
"The head of a firm, who has shown a splendid example in his work, and is most kindly77 disposed to all workers, states in his reply to us: 'Our trouble is principally with the ironworkers, especially riveters, who appear to have a definite standard of living, and who regulate their wages accordingly; they seem to aim at making ￡3 per week: if they can make this in four days, good and well; but if they can make it in three days, better still.... The average working-man of to-day does not wish to earn more money, and put by something for a 'rainy day,' but is quite content to live from hand to mouth, so long as he has as easy a time as possible."
What words are strong enough to condemn78 the action of such men who, safe in their homes from the perils79 of the serving soldier, and infinitely80 better paid than the man who daily risks his life in the trenches, are ready deliberately to jeopardise the safety of our Empire by taking advantage of the gravest crisis in our history to levy81 what is nothing less than industrial blackmail82? It cannot be pretended that these men are under-paid: they can earn far more than many members of the professional classes. Just as truly as the coal and wheat "rings" are exploiting the miseries of the very[Pg 44] poor, so these aristocrats83 of the labour world are playing with the lives of their fellows and the destinies of our Empire. They are helping the enemy just as surely as the German who is fighting in his country's ranks. They are, in short, taking advantage of a national danger to demand rates of pay which, in times of safety and peace, they could not possibly secure.
For years past we have been striving to arrive at some means of settling these unhappy labour disputes which have probably done more harm to British trade than all the German competition of which we have heard so much. In every district machinery84 has been set up for conciliation85 and settlement where a settlement is sincerely desired by both parties to a dispute. And if this machinery is not set in motion at the present moment, it is because one party or the other is so blind and self-willed that it would rather jeopardise the Empire than abate86 a jot87 of its demands. Could anything be more heart-breaking to the men who are fighting and dying in the trenches?
Whatever may be the merits of any dispute, there must be no stoppage of War Office or Admiralty work at the present moment, and if any body of men refuse at this juncture88 to submit their dispute to the properly organised conciliation boards, and to abide89 by the result, they are traitors90 in the fullest sense of the world. How serious the crisis is, and how grave a peril it constitutes to our country, may be judged from the fact that the Government found it necessary to appoint a special Committee to inquire into the production in engineering and shipbuilding establishments engaged in Government work. The Committee's view of the case, which I venture to think will be endorsed91 by[Pg 45] every thinking man, may be judged by the following extract from their report:
"We are strongly of opinion that, during the present crisis, employers and workmen should under no circumstances allow their differences to result in a stoppage of work.
"Whatever may be the rights of the parties at normal times, and whatever may be the methods considered necessary for the maintenance and enforcement of these rights, we think there can be no justification92 whatever for a resort to strikes or lockouts under present conditions, when the resulting cessation of work would prevent the production of ships, guns, equipment, stores, or other commodities required by the Government for the purposes of the war."
The Committee went on to recommend that in cases where the parties could not agree, the dispute should be referred to an impartial93 tribunal, and the Government accordingly appointed a special Committee to deal with any matters that might be brought before it.
I do not think it is possible to exaggerate the seriousness of the danger with which we must be threatened if these unhappy disputes are not brought to a close, and I know of no incident since the war began that has shown us up in so unfavourable a light as compared with our enemy. Whatever we may think of Germany's infamous94 methods; whatever views we may hold of her monstrous95 mistakes; whatever our opinion may be as to the final outcome of the war, we must, at least, grant to the Germans the virtue of patriotism. The German Socialists96 are, it is notorious, as strongly opposed to war as any people on earth. But they have, since the great struggle began, shown themselves willing to sink their personal views when the safety of the Father[Pg 46]land is threatened in what, to them, is a war of aggression97, deliberately undertaken by their enemies. We have heard, since the war began, a great deal of wild and foolish talk about economic distress in Germany. We have been told, simply because the German Government has wisely taken timely precautions to prevent a possible shortage of food, that the German nation is on the verge98 of starvation. But would Germany, who for seven years prepared for war, overlook the vital question of her food supply? Probably it is true that the industrial depression in Germany, thanks to the destruction by our Navy of her overseas trade, is very much worse than it is in England. But no one has yet suggested that the Krupp workmen are threatening to come out on strike and paralyse the defensive99 forces if their demands for higher wages are not instantly conceded. It is more than probable that any one who suggested such a course, even if he escaped the heavy hand of the Government, would be speedily suppressed in very rough-and-ready fashion by his own comrades. The Germans, at least, will tolerate no treachery in their midst, and unless the leaders among the English trade unionists can bring their men to a realisation of the wickedness involved in strikes at the present moment, they will assuredly forfeit100 every vestige101 of public respect and confidence.
I am not holding a brief either for the masters or the men. Let ample inquiry be made, by all means, into the subject of the dispute. If the masters raise any objection to either the sitting or the finding of the Government Commission, they deserve all the blame that naturally attaches to the strikers. The inquiry should be loyally accepted by both sides, and its findings as loyally respected.[Pg 47] Prima facie, men who can earn the wages mentioned in the extract from Engineering which I have already quoted are well off—far better off than their comrades who are doing trench70 duty in France, and are free from the hourly risk to which the fighting forces are exposed. There may be, however, good and valid102 reasons why they should be paid even better. If there are, the Government inquiry should find them out. But to stop work now, to hold up the production of the ships, guns, and materials necessary to carry on the war, is criminal, wicked, and unpatriotic in the highest degree. It is setting an evil example only too likely to be followed, and, if it is persisted in, may well be the first step of our beloved nation on the downward road which leads to utter destruction.
Mr. Archibald Hurd, a writer always well informed, has summed up the situation in the Daily Telegraph in the following words, which are worth quotation103:
"The recruiting movement has shown that the great industrial classes are not, as a whole, unconscious of the stake for which we are fighting—the institutions which we cherish and our freedom. Probably if the workers at home were reminded of the importance of their labours, they would speedily fall into line—if not, well, the resources of civilisation104 are not exhausted105, and the Government should be able to ensure that not an unnecessary day, or even hour, shall be lost in pressing forward the work of equipping the new Fleet and the new Army which is essential to our salvation106. The Government is exercising authority under martial107 law over Army and Navy; cannot it get efficient control over the industrial army?
"In France and Germany these powers exist, and[Pg 48] are employed. We are not less committed to the great struggle than France and Germany."
Those are wise and weighty words, and it may be that they point the way to a solution of what may become a very grave problem.
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steadily
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| adj.（食物）要使人发胖的v.喂肥( fatten的现在分词 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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32
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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33
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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34
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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35
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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36
unduly
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| adv.过度地，不适当地 | |
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37
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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38
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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39
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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40
fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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41
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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42
dealers
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| n.商人( dealer的名词复数 )；贩毒者；毒品贩子；发牌者 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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44
shutters
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| 百叶窗( shutter的名词复数 )； （照相机的）快门 | |
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45
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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46
depots
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| 仓库( depot的名词复数 )； 火车站； 车库； 军需库 | |
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47
retailed
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| vt.零售（retail的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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48
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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49
wring
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| n.扭绞；v.拧，绞出，扭 | |
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50
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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51
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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52
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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53
ironic
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| adj.讽刺的，有讽刺意味的，出乎意料的 | |
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grandiose
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| adj.宏伟的，宏大的，堂皇的，铺张的 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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56
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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61
upheaval
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| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
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62
agitators
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| n.（尤指政治变革的）鼓动者( agitator的名词复数 )；煽动者；搅拌器；搅拌机 | |
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helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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agitating
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| 搅动( agitate的现在分词 )； 激怒； 使焦虑不安； （尤指为法律、社会状况的改变而）激烈争论 | |
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expeditious
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| adj.迅速的，敏捷的 | |
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idiotic
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| adj.白痴的 | |
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68
collapse
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| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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73
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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76
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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77
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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79
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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81
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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82
blackmail
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| n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索，胁迫，恫吓 | |
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83
aristocrats
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| n.贵族( aristocrat的名词复数 ) | |
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84
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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85
conciliation
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| n.调解，调停 | |
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86
abate
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| vi.(风势，疼痛等)减弱，减轻，减退 | |
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87
jot
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| n.少量；vi.草草记下；vt.匆匆写下 | |
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88
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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89
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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90
traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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endorsed
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| vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 )；在（尤指支票的）背面签字；在（文件的）背面写评论；在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品 | |
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92
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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93
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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94
infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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95
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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96
socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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97
aggression
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| n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害 | |
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98
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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99
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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100
forfeit
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| vt.丧失；n.罚金，罚款，没收物 | |
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101
vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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102
valid
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| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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103
quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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104
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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105
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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106
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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107
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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