—Motto of South Carolina.
In omnibus negotiis prius quam aggrediare, adhibenda est pr?paratio diligens—In all matters before beginning a diligent1 preparation should be made.
—Cicero, De Officiis.
Take your dictionary and look up the words that contain the Latin stem flu—the results will be suggestive.
At first blush it would seem that fluency2 consists in a ready, easy use of words. Not so—the flowing quality of speech is much more, for it is a composite effect, with each of its prior conditions deserving of careful notice.
The Sources of Fluency
Speaking broadly, fluency is almost entirely3 a matter of preparation. Certainly, native gifts figure largely here, as in every art, but even natural facility is dependent on the very same laws of preparation that hold good for the man of supposedly small native endowment. Let this encourage you if, like Moses, you are prone4 to complain that you are not a ready speaker.
Have you ever stopped to analyze5 that expression, "a ready speaker?" Readiness, in its prime sense, is preparedness, and they are most ready who are best prepared. Quick firing depends more on the alert finger than on the hair trigger. Your fluency will be in direct ratio to two important conditions: your knowledge of what you are going to say, and your being accustomed to telling what you know to an audience. This gives us the second great element of fluency—to preparation must be added the ease that arises from practise; of which more presently.
Knowledge is Essential
Mr. Bryan is a most fluent speaker when he speaks on political problems, tendencies of the time, and questions of morals. It is to be supposed, however, that he would not be so fluent in speaking on the bird life of the Florida Everglades. Mr. John Burroughs might be at his best on this last subject, yet entirely lost in talking about international law. Do not expect to speak fluently on a subject that you know little or nothing about. Ctesiphon boasted that he could speak all day (a sin in itself) on any subject that an audience would suggest. He was banished6 by the Spartans7.
But preparation goes beyond the getting of the facts in the case you are to present: it includes also the ability to think and arrange your thoughts, a full and precise vocabulary, an easy manner of speech and breathing, absence of self-consciousness, and the several other characteristics of efficient delivery that have deserved special attention in other parts of this book rather than in this chapter.
Preparation may be either general or specific; usually it should be both. A life-time of reading, of companionship with stirring thoughts, of wrestling with the problems of life—this constitutes a general preparation of inestimable worth. Out of a well-stored mind, and—richer still—a broad experience, and—best of all—a warmly sympathetic heart, the speaker will have to draw much material that no immediate8 study could provide. General preparation consists of all that a man has put into himself, all that heredity and environment have instilled9 into him, and—that other rich source of preparedness for speech—the friendship of wise companions. When Schiller returned home after a visit with Goethe a friend remarked: "I am amazed by the progress Schiller can make within a single fortnight." It was the progressive influence of a new friendship. Proper friendships form one of the best means for the formation of ideas and ideals, for they enable one to practise in giving expression to thought. The speaker who would speak fluently before an audience should learn to speak fluently and entertainingly with a friend. Clarify your ideas by putting them in words; the talker gains as much from his conversation as the listener. You sometimes begin to converse10 on a subject thinking you have very little to say, but one idea gives birth to another, and you are surprised to learn that the more you give the more you have to give. This give-and-take of friendly conversation develops mentality11, and fluency in expression. Longfellow said: "A single conversation across the table with a wise man is better than ten years' study of books," and Holmes whimsically yet none the less truthfully declared that half the time he talked to find out what he thought. But that method must not be applied12 on the platform!
After all this enrichment of life by storage, must come the special preparation for the particular speech. This is of so definite a sort that it warrants separate chapter-treatment later.
Practise
But preparation must also be of another sort than the gathering13, organizing, and shaping of materials—it must include practise, which, like mental preparation, must be both general and special.
Do not feel surprised or discouraged if practise on the principles of delivery herein laid down seems to retard14 your fluency. For a time, this will be inevitable15. While you are working for proper inflection, for instance, inflection will be demanding your first thoughts, and the flow of your speech, for the time being, will be secondary. This warning, however, is strictly16 for the closet, for your practise at home. Do not carry any thoughts of inflection with you to the platform. There you must think only of your subject. There is an absolute telepathy between the audience and the speaker. If your thought goes to your gesture, their thought will too. If your interest goes to the quality of your voice, they will be regarding that instead of what your voice is uttering.
You have doubtless been adjured17 to "forget everything but your subject." This advice says either too much or too little. The truth is that while on the platform you must not forget a great many things that are not in your subject, but you must not think of them. Your attention must consciously go only to your message, but subconsciously18 you will be attending to the points of technique which have become more or less habitual19 by practise.
A nice balance between these two kinds of attention is important.
You can no more escape this law than you can live without air: Your platform gestures, your voice, your inflection, will all be just as good as your habit of gesture, voice, and inflection makes them—no better. Even the thought of whether you are speaking fluently or not will have the effect of marring your flow of speech.
Return to the opening chapter, on self-confidence, and again lay its precepts20 to heart. Learn by rules to speak without thinking of rules. It is not—or ought not to be—necessary for you to stop to think how to say the alphabet correctly, as a matter of fact it is slightly more difficult for you to repeat Z, Y, X than it is to say X, Y, Z—habit has established the order. Just so you must master the laws of efficiency in speaking until it is a second nature for you to speak correctly rather than otherwise. A beginner at the piano has a great deal of trouble with the mechanics of playing, but as time goes on his fingers become trained and almost instinctively21 wander over the keys correctly. As an inexperienced speaker you will find a great deal of difficulty at first in putting principles into practise, for you will be scared, like the young swimmer, and make some crude strokes, but if you persevere22 you will "win out."
Thus, to sum up, the vocabulary you have enlarged by study,[4] the ease in speaking you have developed by practise, the economy of your well-studied emphasis all will subconsciously come to your aid on the platform. Then the habits you have formed will be earning you a splendid dividend23. The fluency of your speech will be at the speed of flow your practise has made habitual.
But this means work. What good habit does not? No philosopher's stone that will act as a substitute for laborious25 practise has ever been found. If it were, it would be thrown away, because it would kill our greatest joy—the delight of acquisition. If public-speaking means to you a fuller life, you will know no greater happiness than a well-spoken speech. The time you have spent in gathering ideas and in private practise of speaking you will find amply rewarded.
QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
1. What advantages has the fluent speaker over the hesitating talker?
2. What influences, within and without the man himself, work against fluency?
3. select from the daily paper some topic for an address and make a three-minute address on it. Do your words come freely and your sentences flow out rhythmically26? Practise on the same topic until they do.
4. select some subject with which you are familiar and test your fluency by speaking extemporaneously27.
5. Take one of the sentiments given below and, following the advice given on pages 118-119, construct a short speech beginning with the last word in the sentence.
He was a crushed and broken man when he left prison.
War must ultimately give way to world-wide arbitration31.
6. Put the sentiments of Mr. Bryan's "Prince of Peace," on page 448, into your own words. Honestly criticise32 your own effort.
7. Take any of the following quotations33 and make a five-minute speech on it without pausing to prepare. The first efforts may be very lame34, but if you want speed on a typewriter, a record for a hundred-yard dash, or facility in speaking, you must practise, practise, PRACTISE.
There lives more faith in honest doubt,
—Tennyson, In Memoriam.
Howe'er it be, it seems to me,
'Tis only noble to be good.
Kind hearts are more than coronets,
And simple faith than Norman blood.
—Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de Vere.
'Tis distance lends enchantment36 to the view
—Campbell, Pleasures of Hope.
And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.
Beware of desperate steps! The darkest day,
Live till tomorrow, will have passed away.
—Cowper, Needless Alarm.
My country is the world, and my religion is to do good.
—Paine, Rights of Man.
Trade it may help, society extend,
It raises armies in a nation's aid,
—Pope, Moral Essays.[5]
O God, that men should put an enemy in their mouths to stealaway their brains!
—Shakespeare, Othello.
It matters not how strait the gate,
I am the master of my fate,
I am the captain of my soul.
—Henley, Invictus.
The world is so full of a number of things,
I am sure we should all be happy as kings.
—Stevenson, A Child's Garden of Verses.
—Stevenson, Essays.
Every advantage has its tax. I learn to be content.
—Emerson, Essays.
8. Make a two-minute speech on any of the following general subjects, but you will find that your ideas will come more readily if you narrow your subject by taking some specific phase of it. For instance, instead of trying to speak on "Law" in general, take the proposition, "The Poor Man Cannot Afford to Prosecute46;" or instead of dwelling47 on "Leisure," show how modern speed is creating more leisure. In this way you may expand this subject list indefinitely.
GENERAL THEMES
Law.
Politics.
Initiative and Referendum.
A Larger Navy.
War.
Peace.
Foreign Immigration.
The Liquor Traffic.
Labor unions.
Strikes.
Socialism.
Single Tax.
Honesty.
Courage.
Hope.
Love.
Mercy.
Kindness.
Justice.
Progress.
Machinery.
Invention.
Wealth.
Poverty.
Agriculture.
Science.
Surgery.
Haste.
Leisure.
Happiness.
Health.
Business.
America.
The Far East.
Mobs.
Colleges.
Sports.
Matrimony.
Divorce.
Child Labor.
Education.
Books.
The Theater.
Literature.
Electricity.
Achievement.
Failure.
Public Speaking.
Ideals.
Conversation.
The Most Dramatic Moment of My Life.
My Happiest Days.
Things Worth While.
What I Hope to Achieve.
My Greatest Desire.
What I Would Do with a Million Dollars.
Is Mankind Progressing?
Our Greatest Need.
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1
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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fluency
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| n.流畅，雄辩，善辩 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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spartans
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| n.斯巴达（spartan的复数形式） | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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instilled
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| v.逐渐使某人获得（某种可取的品质），逐步灌输( instill的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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mentality
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| n.心理，思想，脑力 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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retard
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| n.阻止，延迟；vt.妨碍，延迟，使减速 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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adjured
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| v.（以起誓或诅咒等形式）命令要求( adjure的过去式和过去分词 )；祈求；恳求 | |
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subconsciously
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| ad.下意识地，潜意识地 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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dividend
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| n.红利，股息；回报，效益 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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rhythmically
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| adv.有节奏地 | |
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extemporaneously
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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arbitration
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| n.调停，仲裁 | |
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criticise
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| v.批评，评论；非难 | |
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quotations
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| n.引用( quotation的名词复数 )；[商业]行情（报告）；（货物或股票的）市价；时价 | |
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lame
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| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
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creeds
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| （尤指宗教）信条，教条( creed的名词复数 ) | |
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enchantment
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| n.迷惑，妖术，魅力 | |
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azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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lures
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| 吸引力，魅力（lure的复数形式） | |
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corrupts
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的第三人称单数 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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scroll
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| n.卷轴，纸卷；(石刻上的)漩涡 | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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tariff
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| n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表 | |
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