On April 8, in a snowstorm, we crossed the Jelep 228La; thence, proceeding12 via the Chumbi Valley and Phari, we ultimately rejoined the main body of the Expedition in Kampa Dzong on the 13th. The rest of our journey across Tibet to the Base Camp has already been described elsewhere, but perhaps I may be permitted to give a few of my own impressions of the country and its inhabitants.
In recollection, the strange land of Tibet stretches itself out before me in an endless succession of vast, dreary14 plains, broken by chains of mountains that, in relation to the height of their surroundings, sink into the insignificance15 of hills. Arid16 and stony17 desert wastes, almost totally unblessed by the living green of vegetation; interminable tracts18 of sand that shift unceasingly under the restless feet of an ever-hurrying, pitilessly cruel wind; bleak19, barren, and unbeautiful of form, but fair and of indescribable appeal in the raiment of soft glowing rainbow hues20 with which distance, as in compensation, clothes all wide open spaces. Sunsets provided many a wondrous21 picture, while towards the South a glistening22 array of white-capped excrescences marked the main chain of the Himalaya. The honour of being the most poignant23 of my memories of Tibet, however, remains24 with the wind. It blew unceasingly, and its icy blasts invariably met one straight in the face. The pre-monsoon25 wind is westerly; the post-monsoon wind blows from the East. Our journey towards the Base Camp led us towards the West; homeward bound, during the monsoon, we travelled East. Both going and returning, therefore, we marched in the teeth of a wind, that gnawed26 even at our 229weather-beaten, hardened skins, and was the most generous contributor in the quota27 of discomforts28 that Tibet meted30 out to us.
And what of the dwellers31 in these inhospitable plains? Like all humankind, the Tibetans have their bad as well as their good points. The former are easily told. If one wishes to converse32 with a Tibetan, it is always advisable to stand on his windward side. A noble Tibetan once boasted that during his lifetime he had had two baths—one on the occasion of his birth, the other on the day of his marriage. Those of us honoured by his presence found the statement difficult to believe. Apart from this rather penetrating33 drawback, the Tibetans are a most likeable people; cheery, contented34, good-natured, and hard-working; slow to give a promise, but punctilious35 to a degree in carrying it out; truthful36 and scrupulously37 honest. As testimony38 of this last-mentioned trait, be it said that during the whole of our long wanderings through Tibet, when it was quite impossible to keep a strong guard over our many stores, we never lost so much as a single ration39 biscuit through theft. Old age is seldom met with; it is exceptional to see a Tibetan whose years number more than fifty-five or sixty. Presumably living in so severe a climate, at an altitude of 14,000 feet or more above sea-level, proves too great a strain upon the human heart. The priests, or “Lamas,” as they are called in Tibet, constitute the governing class. They represent the educated section of the community; the monasteries40 are the seats of learning, and, as such, are well-nigh all-powerful. 230I regret to state that I did not like the priests as much as the laity41. The reason is not far to seek. If you wish to hold converse with a Lama, it is advisable not only to stand on his windward side, but also to take care that the wind is exceptionally strong. The Lamas do not marry. As two-fifths of the able-bodied population of Tibet lead a monastic life, it will be readily understood that the odour of sanctity is all-pervading. In other respects the monks42 proved as attractive as their simpler countrymen. Inquisitive43 with the direct and pardonable inquisitiveness44 of children, they are nevertheless men of a distinctly high order of intelligence. Kindly45, courteous46, and appreciative47 of little attentions, they were always ready to lend assistance and to give information concerning their religion and the manners and customs of their country.
These few of the more lasting48 of my impressions would be incomplete without mention of Tibetan music. On the assumption that whatever is, is beautiful, Tibetan music is beautiful—to the Tibetan. To the Western ear it is elementary in the extreme, and, in point of view of sheer ugliness of sound, competes with the jarring, clashing squeaks49, bangs, and hoots50 of the jazz-bands that were so fashionable at home at the time of our departure for India.
On May 2, the day after our arrival at the Base Camp, Strutt, Norton, and I were sent off by the General to reconnoitre for a suitable first camping site near the exit of the East Rongbuk Valley. Gaining the latter by the so-called terrace route which leads over the tremendous 231moraines on the right bank of the main Rongbuk Glacier51, we had no difficulty in finding on the right bank of the East Rongbuk Stream, but a few hundred yards West of the end of the East Rongbuk Glacier, a favourable52 position for Camp No. I. We returned that afternoon, descending54 down the snowed-over and frozen-up stream to the main Rongbuk Glacier, making our way thence to the Base Camp through the trough leading down between the glacier and the moraines. With this little excursion my climbing activities ceased for the time being. Soon afterwards I was beset55 by a troublesome stomach complaint, which had already claimed as victims the majority of the other members of the Expedition, and it was not until May 16 that I was sufficiently56 restored from the wearing effects of my illness to resume climbing. In spite of this, my time at the Base Camp was fully57 occupied. Frequent oxygen drills were held, and all the oxygen stores overhauled58 and tested. Various members of the Expedition were instructed in the use of Primus stoves. There were many small repairs of different natures to be done, and in my leisure moments I was kept busy with matters photographic. In addition, Mount Everest and the weather conditions prevalent thereon became objects of the keenest study and interest. The remark, “I suppose Mont Blanc would be absolutely dwarfed59 into insignificance by Mount Everest,” has frequently been made to me in one form or another, and, to my questioners’ amazement60, my answer has always been a decided61 “No.” As a matter of fact, Mont Blanc, as seen 232from the Brévant or the Flégère, excels in every way any view I have ever enjoyed of Mount Everest. It is true that I have seen the latter only from a tableland which is itself from 14,000 to 16,000 feet above sea-level, and that I know nothing of the wonderful sight that Mount Everest probably presents to the observer from the Southern (Nepalese) side. The grandeur62 of a mountain depends very largely upon the extent to which it is glaciated. Mont Blanc is nearly 16,000 feet high, and its glaciers63 descend53 to within 4,000 feet of sea-level—a vertical64 zone of 12,000 feet of perpetual ice and snow. Those glaciers of Mount Everest which flow North, and thus the only ones with which we are concerned, descend to a point about 16,500 feet above sea-level—a vertical zone of 12,500 feet of perpetual ice and snow. Thus it is evident that, from the point of view of vertical extent of glaciation, there is little difference between the monarch65 of the Alps and the Northern side of the highest summit in the world. From the point of view of beauty there can be no comparison. Seen from one quarter, Mont Blanc rises in a series of snowy domes67 piled one against the other in ever-increasing altitude to a massive yet beautifully proportioned and well-balanced whole. From another side we see great converging68 granite69 columns, breathing the essence of noble purpose, proudly supporting and lifting aloft to the sun the gleaming, snowy-capped splendour of the summit dome66. Another view-point, though revealing perhaps a less beautiful Mont Blanc, lacking much of the graceful70 symmetry and strong, purposeful design of the 233other views, is redeemed71 by the fact that the observer is forced in so close to the mountain that the rattling1 din13 of stonefalls and the loud crash of the ice-avalanche are always in his ears. Mont Blanc asserts her authority with no uncertain voice. In the Mount Everest as we of this Expedition know it, revealed in the full glare of the tropical sun, all this is lacking. Symmetry and beauty cannot truthfully be read out of the ponderous72, ungainly, ill-proportioned lump which carries, as if by chance, on its Western extremity73 a little carelessly truncated74 cone75 to serve as a summit. Avalanches76 are neither seen nor heard. Falling stones there are without doubt, but one is too far off to hear them. Yet Everest had her moments. Diffused77 with the borrowed glory of sunrise or sunset, and clad in a mantle78 of fresh snow, the harsh clumsiness of her form would be somewhat softened79 and concealed80; bathed in the yellow-blue light of dawn, as yet unkissed by the sun, but whipped into wakefulness by a driving westerly wind that tore from head and shoulders the snowy veil which she had donned during the night, rending81 it into long, spun-out living streamers, no beholder82 could gainsay83 her beauty.
Mount Everest from Base Camp.
Weather conditions naturally proved of the greatest interest. On consulting my diary, I find that during the period from May 1 to June 5, there were two days when the weather was fine and settled, and that these two days succeeded snowstorms which had thickly powdered the mountain with fresh snow. On both days the sky was cloudless, or nearly so, and, judging from the 234absence of driven snow-dust about the summit, Mount Everest appeared to be undisturbed by wind. Apart from these two occasions, however, the weather was never absolutely fine. Cloudless skies there were, but the great streamers of snow smoking away from the highest ridges84 of the mountain testified to the existence of the fierce and bitter wind against which a mountaineer would have to fight his way. On four occasions there were periods of snowstorms lasting from but a single night to three days and three nights.
On May 10, Mallory and Somervell set out for Camp III, to make ready for a first attempt to climb Mount Everest. I had practically recovered from my stomach trouble, and expected to be able to leave the Base in the course of a day or two, in order to follow up the first attempt with a second attack, in which oxygen was to be used. Norton was to be my companion. Unfortunately, however, I suffered a relapse, and Strutt, Norton, and Morshead left to join Mallory and Somervell, whereas I had to resign myself to several more days at the Base. At length, on May 15, I was ready and eager to think about doing something. My climbing companions were Geoffrey Bruce and Lance-Corporal Tejbir, the most promising86 of the Ghurkas. Wakefield was to accompany us as far as Camp III, in order to give us a clean bill of health from there onwards. Leaving the Base on the 16th, we proceeded to Camp I, where the following day was spent attending to our oxygen apparatus87 and transport arrangements. Soon after 235midday on the 18th, we arrived at Camp II, where the greater part of the afternoon was devoted88 to giving Geoffrey Bruce, Tejbir, and several of the porters, a lesson in the elements of mountaineering and of ice-craft. On the 19th we reached Camp III, where we learned from Colonel Strutt that Mallory, Norton, Somervell, and Morshead had gone up to the North Col in the morning. Geoffrey Bruce and I immediately set about overhauling89 our equipment, in particular our oxygen stores, and as we worked we could see the first party making their way through the séracs, and climbing the ice-cliffs of the lofty depression of the North Col.
The cylinders containing our oxygen were found to be in good condition; but the apparatus—through no fault of the makers90, who had, indeed, done their work admirably—leaked very badly, and to get them into satisfactory working order, four days of hard toil91 with soldering-iron, hacksaw, pliers, and all the other paraphernalia92 of a fitter’s shop were necessary. Our workshop was in the open. The temperature played up and down round about 0° F., but inclined more to the negative side of that irrational93 scale. The masks from which the oxygen was to be breathed proved useless, but by tackling the problem with a little thought and much cheerfulness a satisfactory substitute was eventually evolved, making it possible to use the oxygen apparatus in an efficient manner. Without this new mask no real use could have been made of our oxygen supplies; oxygen would have been misjudged as being useless, and the solution of the problem 236of climbing Mount Everest would have been as distant as ever.
Preparatory to embarking94 on the climb itself, we went for several trial walks—one over to the Rapiu La, a pass 21,000 feet high, at the foot of the North-east ridge85 of Everest, from which we hoped to obtain views of the country to the south. But only part of the North-east ridge showed hazily95 through drifting mists. Towards the north and looking down the East Rongbuk Glacier, views were clearer, though partially96 obscured by rolling banks of cloud. Colonel Strutt and Dr. Wakefield, unoxygenated, accompanied us on this little expedition, and oxygen at once proved its value, so easily did Bruce and I outpace them. On May 22, acting97 on instructions from Colonel Strutt, Geoffrey Bruce, Wakefield, Tejbir, and I, with a number of porters, set out for the North Col to meet and afford any required assistance to the members of the first climbing party who were on their way down from the mountain. It was also our intention to bring stores up into the North Col as well as give the oxygen apparatus a final severe try-out prior to embarking upon an attack upon Mount Everest itself. We met the first climbing party just above the foot of the final steep slopes leading up to the North Col. They were more or less in the last stage of exhaustion98, as, indeed, men who have done their best on such a mountain should be. After supplying them with what liquid nourishment99 was available, and leaving Wakefield and two porters to see them back to Camp III, we carried on up to the North Col. In 237the afternoon we returned to Camp III. There had been a considerable amount of step-cutting, for fresh snow had fallen, compelling us to deviate100 from the usual route; but even so, oxygen had made a brief Alpine101 ascent102 of what is otherwise a strenuous103 day’s work. We took three hours up and fifty minutes down, with thirty-six photographs taken en route.
East Rongbuk Glacier near Camp II.
On May 24, Captain Noel, Tejbir, Geoffrey Bruce, and I, all using oxygen, went up to the North Col (23,000 feet). Bent104 on a determined105 attack, we camped there for the night. Morning broke fine and clear though somewhat windy, and at eight o’clock we sent off up the long snow-slopes leading towards the North-east shoulder of Mount Everest, twelve porters carrying oxygen cylinders, provisions for one day, and camping gear. An hour and a half later, Bruce, Tejbir, and I followed, and, in spite of the fact that each bore a load of over 30 lb., which was much more than the average weight carried by the porters, we overtook them at a height of about 24,500 feet. They greeted our arrival with their usual cheery, broad grins. But no longer did they regard oxygen as a foolish man’s whim106; one and all appreciated the advantages of what they na?vely chose to call “English air.” Leaving them to follow, we went on, hoping to pitch our camp somewhere above 26,000 feet. But shortly after one o’clock the wind freshened up rather offensively, and it began to snow. Our altitude was 25,500 feet, some 500 feet below where we had hoped to camp, but we looked round immediately for a suitable camping site, as the porters had 238to return to the North Col that day, and persistence107 in proceeding further would have run them unjustifiably into danger. This I would under no circumstances do, for I felt responsible for these cheerful, smiling, willing men, who looked up to their leader and placed in him the complete trust of little children. As it was, the margin108 of safety secured by pitching camp where we did instead of at a higher elevation109 was none too wide; for before the last porter had departed downwards110 the weather had become very threatening. A cheerful spot in which to find space to pitch a tent it was not; but though I climbed a couple of hundred feet or so further up the ridge, nothing more suitable was to be found. Remembering that a wind is felt more severely111 on the windward side of a ridge than on the crest112, a possible position to the West of the ridge was negatived in favour of one on the very backbone113. The leeside was bare of any possible camping place within reasonable distance. Our porters arrived at 2 p.m., and at once all began to level off the little platform where the tent was soon pitched, on the very edge of the tremendous precipices115 falling away to the East Rongbuk and Main Rongbuk Glaciers, over 4,000 feet below. Within twenty minutes the porters were scurrying116 back down the broken, rocky ridge towards the snow-slopes leading to the North Col, singing, as they went, snatches of their native hillside ditties. What splendid men! Having seen the last man safely off, I looked to the security of the guy-ropes holding down the tent, and then joined Bruce and Tejbir inside. 239It was snowing hard. Tiny, minute spicules driven by the wind penetrated117 everywhere. It was bitterly cold, so we crawled into our sleeping-bags, and, gathering118 round us all available clothing, huddled119 up together as snugly120 as was possible.
With the help of solidified121 spirit we melted snow and cooked a warm meal, which imparted some small measure of comfort to our chilled bodies. A really hot drink was not procurable122, for the simple reason that at such an altitude water boils at so low a temperature that one can immerse the hand in it without fear of being scalded. Over a post-prandium cigarette, Bruce and I discussed our prospects123 of success. Knowing that no man can put forward his best effort unless his confidence is an established fact, the trend of my contribution to the conversation was chiefly, “Of course, we shall get to the top.” After sunset, the storm rose to a gale124, a term I use deliberately125. Terrific gusts127 tore at our tent with such ferocity that the ground-sheet with its human burden was frequently lifted up off the ground. On these occasions our combined efforts were needed to keep the tent down and prevent its being blown away. Although we had blocked up the few very small openings in the tent to the best of our powers, long before midnight we were all thickly covered in a fine frozen spindrift that somehow or other was blown in upon us, insinuating128 its way into sleeping-bags and clothing, there to cause acute discomfort29. Sleep was out of the question. We dared not relax our vigilance, for ever and again all 240our strength was needed to hold the tent down and to keep the flaps of the door, stripped of their fastenings by a gust126 that had caught us unawares, from being torn open. We fought for our lives, realising that once the wind got our little shelter into its ruthless grip, it must inevitably129 be hurled130, with us inside it, down on to the East Rongbuk Glacier, thousands of feet below.
And what of my companions in the tent? To me, who had certainly passed his novitiate in the hardships of mountaineering, the situation was more than alarming. About Tejbir I had no concern; he placed complete confidence in his sahibs, and the ready grin never left his face. But it was Bruce’s first experience of mountaineering, and how the ordeal131 would affect him I did not know. I might have spared myself all anxiety. Throughout the whole adventure he bore himself in a manner that would have done credit to the finest of veteran mountaineers, and returned my confidence with a cheerfulness that rang too true to be counterfeit132. By one o’clock on the morning of the 26th the gale reached its maximum. The wild flapping of the canvas made a noise like that of machine-gun fire. So deafening133 was it that we could scarcely hear each other speak. Later, there came interludes of comparative lull134, succeeded by bursts of storm more furious than ever. During such lulls135 we took it in turn to go outside to tighten136 up slackened guy-ropes, and also succeeded in tying down the tent more firmly with our Alpine rope. It was impossible to work in the open for more than three or four minutes 241at a stretch, so profound was the exhaustion induced by this brief exposure to the fierce cold wind. But with the Alpine rope taking some of the strain, we enjoyed a sense of security which, though probably only illusory, allowed us all a few sorely needed moments of rest.
Dawn broke bleak and chill; the snow had ceased to fall, but the wind continued with unabated violence. Once more we had to take it in turns to venture without and tighten up the guy-ropes, and to try to build on the windward side of the tent a small wall of stones as an additional protection. The extreme exhaustion and the chill produced in the body as a result of each of these little excursions were sufficient to indicate that, until the gale had spent itself, there could be no hope of either advance or retreat. As the weary morning hours dragged on, we believed we could detect a slackening off in the storm. And I was thankful, for I was beginning quietly to wonder how much longer human beings could stand the strain. We prepared another meal. The dancing flames of the spirit stove caused me anxiety bordering on anguish137 lest the tent, a frail138 shelter between life and death, should catch fire. At noon the storm once more regained139 its strength and rose to unsurpassed fury. A great hole was cut by a stone in one side of the tent, and our situation thus unexpectedly became more desperate than ever.
But we carried on, making the best of our predicament until, at one o’clock, the wind dropped suddenly from a blustering140 gale to nothing more than a stiff breeze. Now 242was the opportunity for retreat to the safety of the North Col camp. But I wanted to hang on and try our climb on the following day. Very cautiously and tentatively I broached141 my wish to Bruce, fearful lest the trying experience of the last twenty-four hours had undermined his keenness for further adventure. Once again might I have spared myself all anxiety. He jumped at the idea, and when our new plans were communicated to Tejbir, the only effect upon him was to broaden his already expansive grin.
It was a merry little party that gathered round to a scanty142 evening meal cooked with the last of our fuel. The meal was meagre for the simple reason that we had catered143 for only one day’s short rations144, and we were now very much on starvation diet. We had hardly settled down for another night when, about 6 p.m., voices were heard outside. Our unexpected visitors were porters who, anxious as to our safety, had left the North Col that afternoon when the storm subsided145. With them they brought thermos146 flasks147 of hot beef-tea and tea provided by the thoughtful Noel. Having accepted these most gratefully, we sent the porters back without loss of time.
Oxygen Apparatus.
Captain Noel kinematographing the ascent of Mount Everest from the Chang La.
That night began critically. We were exhausted148 by our previous experiences and through lack of sufficient food. Tejbir’s grin had lost some of its expanse. On the face of Geoffrey Bruce, courageously149 cheerful as ever, was a strained, drawn150 expression that I did not like. Provoked, perhaps, by my labours outside the tent, a dead, numbing151 cold was creeping up my limbs—a thing I had only once before felt 243and to the seriousness of which I was fully alive. Something had to be done. Like an inspiration came the thought of trying the effect of oxygen. We hauled an apparatus and cylinders into the tent, and, giving it the air of a joke, we took doses all round. Tejbir took his medicine reluctantly, but with relief I saw his face brighten up. The effect on Bruce was visible in his rapid change of expression. A few minutes after the first deep breath, I felt the tingling152 sensation of returning life and warmth to my limbs. We connected up the apparatus in such a way that we could breathe a small quantity of oxygen throughout the night. The result was marvellous. We slept well and warmly. Whenever the tube delivering the gas fell out of Bruce’s mouth as he slept, I could see him stir uneasily in the uric, greenish light of the moon as it filtered through the canvas. Then half unconsciously replacing the tube, he would fall once more into a peaceful slumber153. There is little doubt that it was the use of oxygen which saved our lives during this second night in our high camp.
Before daybreak we were up, and proceeded to make ready for our climb. Putting on our boots was a struggle. Mine I had taken to bed with me, and a quarter of an hour’s striving and tugging154 sufficed to get them on. But Bruce’s and Tejbir’s were frozen solid, and it took them more than an hour to mould them into shape by holding them over lighted candles. Shortly after six we assembled outside. Some little delay was incurred155 in arranging the rope and our loads, but at length at 6.30 a.m., soon after the first 244rays of the sun struck the tent, we shouldered our bundles and set off. What with cameras, thermos bottles, and oxygen apparatus, Bruce and I each carried well over 40 lb.; Tejbir with two extra cylinders of oxygen shouldered a burden of about 50 lb.
Our scheme of attack was to take Tejbir with us as far as the North-east shoulder, there to relieve him of his load and send him back. The weather was clear. The only clouds seemed so far off as to presage156 no evil, and the breeze, though intensely cold, was bearable. But it soon freshened up, and before we had gone more than a few hundred feet the cold began to have its effect on Tejbir’s sturdy constitution, and he showed signs of wavering. Bruce’s eloquent157 flow of Gurumuki, however, managed to boost him up to an altitude of 26,000 feet. There he collapsed158 entirely159, sinking face downwards on to the rocks and crushing beneath him the delicate instruments of his oxygen apparatus. I stormed at him for thus maltreating it, while Bruce exhorted160 him for the honour of his regiment161 to struggle on; but it was all in vain. Tejbir had done his best; and he has every right to be proud of the fact that he has climbed to a far greater height than any other native. We pulled him off his apparatus and, relieving him of some cylinders, cheered him up sufficiently to start him with enough oxygen on his way back to the high camp, there to await our return. We had no compunction about letting him go alone, for the ground was easy and he could not lose his way, the tent being in full view below.
245After seeing him safely off and making good progress, we loaded up Tejbir’s cylinders, and, in view of the easy nature of the climbing, mutually agreed to dispense162 with the rope, and thus enable ourselves to proceed more rapidly. Climbing not very steep and quite easy rocks, and passing two almost level places affording ample room for some future high camp, we gained an altitude of 26,500 feet. By this time, however, the wind, which had been steadily rising, had acquired such force that I considered it necessary to leave the ridge and continue our ascent by traversing out across the great northern face of Mount Everest, hoping by so doing to find more shelter from the icy blasts. It was not easy to come to this decision, because I saw that between us and the shoulder the climbing was all plain sailing and presented no outstanding difficulty. Leaving the ridge, we began to work out into the face. For the first few yards the going was sufficiently straightforward164, but presently the general angle became much steeper, and our trials were accentuated165 by the fact that the stratification of the rocks was such that they shelved outward and downward, making the securing of adequate footholds difficult. We did not rope, however. I knew that the longer we remained unroped, the more time we should save—a consideration of vital importance. But as I led out over these steeply sloping, evilly smooth slabs166, I carefully watched Bruce to see how he would tackle the formidable task with which he was confronted on this his first mountaineering expedition. He did his work splendidly and followed steadily and confidently, 246as if he were quite an old hand at the game. Sometimes the slabs gave place to snow—treacherous, powdery stuff, with a thin, hard, deceptive167 crust that gave the appearance of compactness. Little reliance could be placed upon it, and it had to be treated with great care. And sometimes we found ourselves crossing steep slopes of scree that yielded and shifted downwards with every tread. Very occasionally in the midst of our exacting168 work we were forced to indulge in a brief rest in order to replace an empty cylinder3 of oxygen by a full one. The empty ones were thrown away, and as each bumped its way over the precipice114 and the good steel clanged like a church bell at each impact, we laughed aloud at the thought that “There goes another 5 lb. off our backs.” Since leaving the ridge we had not made much height although we seemed to be getting so near our goal. Now and then we consulted the aneroid barometer169, and its readings encouraged us on. 27,000 feet; then we gave up traversing and began to climb diagonally upwards170 towards a point on the lofty North-east ridge, midway between the shoulder and the summit. Soon afterwards an accident put Bruce’s oxygen apparatus out of action. He was some 20 feet below me, but struggled gallantly171 upwards as I went to meet him, and, after connecting him on to my apparatus and so renewing his supply of oxygen, we soon traced the trouble and effected a satisfactory repair. The barometer here recorded a height 27,300 feet. The highest mountain visible was Ch? Uyo, which is just short of 27,000 feet. We were well above it 247and could look across it into the dense172 clouds beyond. The great West Peak of Everest, one of the most beautiful sights to be seen from down in the Rongbuk Valley, was hidden, but we knew that our standpoint was nearly 2,000 feet above it. Everest itself was the only mountain top which we could see without turning our gaze downwards. We could look across into clouds which lay at some undefined distance behind the North-east shoulder, a clear indication that we were only a little, if any, below its level. Pumori, an imposing173 ice-bound pyramid, 23,000 feet high, I sought at first in vain. So far were we above it that it had sunk into an insignificant174 little ice-hump by the side of the Rongbuk Glacier. Most of the other landmarks175 were blotted176 out by masses of ominous177, yellow-hued clouds swept from the West in the wake of an angry storm-wind. The point we reached is unmistakable even from afar. We were standing163 on a little rocky ledge178, just inside an inverted179 V of snow, immediately below the great belt of reddish-yellow rock which cleaves180 its way almost horizontally through the otherwise greenish-black slabs of the mountain. Though 1,700 feet below, we were well within half a mile of the summit, so close, indeed, that we could distinguish individual stones on a little patch of scree lying just underneath181 the highest point. Ours were truly the tortures of Tantalus; for, weak from hunger and exhausted by that nightmare struggle for life in our high camp, we were in no fit condition to proceed. Indeed, I knew that if we were to persist in climbing on, even if only for another 500 feet, 248we should not both get back alive. The decision to retreat once taken, no time was lost, and, fearing lest another accidental interruption in the oxygen supply might lead to a slip on the part of either of us, we roped together. It was midday. At first we returned in our tracks, but later found better going by aiming to strike the ridge between the North-east shoulder and the North Col at a point above where we had left it in the morning. Progress was more rapid, though great caution was still necessary. Shortly after 2 p.m., we struck the ridge and there reduced our burdens to a minimum by dumping four oxygen cylinders. The place will be easily recognised by future explorers; those four cylinders are perched against a rock at the head of the one and only large snow-filled couloir running right up from the head of the East Rongbuk Glacier to the ridge. The clear weather was gone. We plunged182 down the easy, broken rocks through thick mists driven past us from the West by a violent wind. For one small mercy we were thankful—no snow fell. We reached our high camp in barely half an hour, and such are the vagaries183 of Everest’s moods that in this short time the wind had practically dropped. Tejbir lay snugly wrapped up in all three sleeping-bags, sleeping the deep sleep of exhaustion. Hearing the voices of the porters on their way up to bring down our kit184, we woke him up, telling him to await their arrival and to go down with them. Bruce and I then proceeded on our way, met the ascending185 porters and passed on, greatly cheered by their bright welcomes and encouraging smiles. 249But the long descent, coming as it did on the top of a hard day’s work, soon began to find out our weakness. We were deplorably tired, and could no longer move ahead with our accustomed vigour186. Knees did not always bend and unbend as required. At times they gave way altogether and forced us, staggering, to sit down. But eventually we reached the broken snows of the North Col, and arrived in camp there at 4 p.m. A craving187 for food, to the lack of which our weakness was mainly due, was all that animated188 us. Hot tea and a tin of spaghetti were soon forthcoming, and even this little nourishment refreshed us and renewed our strength to such an extent that three-quarters of an hour later we were ready to set off for Camp III. An invaluable189 addition to our little party was Captain Noel, the indefatigable190 photographer of the Expedition, who had already spent four days and three nights on the North Col. He formed our rearguard and nursed us safely down the steep snow and ice slopes on to the almost level basin of the glacier below. Before 5.30 p.m., only forty minutes after leaving the col, we reached Camp III. Since midday, from our highest point we had descended191 over 6,000 feet; but we were quite finished.
The British Members of the Second Climbing Party.
That evening we dined well. Four whole quails192 truffled in paté-de-foie gras, followed by nine sausages, left me asking for more. The last I remember of that long day was going to sleep, warm in the depths of our wonderful sleeping-bag, with the remains of a tin of toffee tucked away in the crook193 of my elbow.
250Next morning showed that Bruce’s feet were sorely frostbitten. I had practically escaped; but the cold had penetrated the half-inch-thick soles of my boots and three pairs of heavy woollen socks, and four small patches of frostbite hampered194 me at first in my efforts to walk. Bruce was piled on to a sledge195, and I journeyed with him as his fellow-passenger. Willing porters dragged us down until the surface of the glacier became so rough as to impose too great a strain on our slender conveyance196 with its double burden.
Our attack upon Mount Everest had failed. The great mountain with its formidable array of defensive197 weapons had won; but if the body had suffered, the spirit was still whole. Reaching a point whence we obtained our last close view of the great unconquered Goddess Mother of the Snows, Geoffrey Bruce bade his somewhat irreverent adieux with “Just you wait, old thing, you’ll be for it soon!”—words that still are expressive198 of my own sentiments.
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1
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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2
cylinders
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| n.圆筒( cylinder的名词复数 )；圆柱；汽缸；（尤指用作容器的）圆筒状物 | |
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3
cylinder
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| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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transpired
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的过去式和过去分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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6
chafing
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| n.皮肤发炎v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的现在分词 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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7
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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9
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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recurrence
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| n.复发，反复，重现 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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insignificance
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| n.不重要；无价值；无意义 | |
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arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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17
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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18
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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19
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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20
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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21
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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22
glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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23
poignant
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| adj.令人痛苦的，辛酸的，惨痛的 | |
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24
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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monsoon
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| n.季雨，季风，大雨 | |
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gnawed
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| 咬( gnaw的过去式和过去分词 )； （长时间） 折磨某人； （使）苦恼； （长时间）危害某事物 | |
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27
quota
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| n.（生产、进出口等的）配额，（移民的）限额 | |
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discomforts
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| n.不舒适( discomfort的名词复数 )；不愉快，苦恼 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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33
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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34
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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punctilious
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| adj.谨慎的，谨小慎微的 | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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37
scrupulously
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| adv.一丝不苟地；小心翼翼地，多顾虑地 | |
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38
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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39
ration
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| n.定量(pl.)给养，口粮；vt.定量供应 | |
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40
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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41
laity
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| n.俗人；门外汉 | |
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42
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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43
inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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44
inquisitiveness
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| 好奇，求知欲 | |
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45
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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46
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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47
appreciative
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| adj.有鉴赏力的，有眼力的；感激的 | |
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48
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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49
squeaks
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| n.短促的尖叫声，吱吱声( squeak的名词复数 )v.短促地尖叫( squeak的第三人称单数 )；吱吱叫；告密；充当告密者 | |
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50
hoots
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| 咄，啐 | |
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51
glacier
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| n.冰川，冰河 | |
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52
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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53
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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54
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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55
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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56
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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57
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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58
overhauled
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| v.彻底检查( overhaul的过去式和过去分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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59
dwarfed
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| vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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60
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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61
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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62
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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63
glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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64
vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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65
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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66
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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67
domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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68
converging
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| adj.收敛[缩]的，会聚的，趋同的v.（线条、运动的物体等）会于一点( converge的现在分词 )；（趋于）相似或相同；人或车辆汇集；聚集 | |
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69
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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71
redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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72
ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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73
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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74
truncated
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| adj.切去顶端的，缩短了的，被删节的v.截面的( truncate的过去式和过去分词 )；截头的；缩短了的；截去顶端或末端 | |
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75
cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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76
avalanches
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| n.雪崩( avalanche的名词复数 ) | |
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77
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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78
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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79
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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80
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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81
rending
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| v.撕碎( rend的现在分词 )；分裂；（因愤怒、痛苦等而）揪扯（衣服或头发等）；（声音等）刺破 | |
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82
beholder
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| n.观看者，旁观者 | |
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83
gainsay
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| v.否认，反驳 | |
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84
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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85
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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86
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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87
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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88
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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89
overhauling
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| n.大修；拆修；卸修；翻修v.彻底检查( overhaul的现在分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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90
makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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91
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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92
paraphernalia
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| n.装备；随身用品 | |
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93
irrational
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| adj.无理性的，失去理性的 | |
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94
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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95
hazily
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| ad. vaguely, not clear | |
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96
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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97
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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98
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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99
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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100
deviate
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| v.(from)背离，偏离 | |
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101
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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102
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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103
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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104
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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105
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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106
whim
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| n.一时的兴致，突然的念头；奇想，幻想 | |
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107
persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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108
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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109
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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110
downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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111
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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112
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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113
backbone
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| n.脊骨，脊柱，骨干；刚毅，骨气 | |
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114
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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115
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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116
scurrying
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| v.急匆匆地走( scurry的现在分词 ) | |
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117
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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118
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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119
huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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120
snugly
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| adv.紧贴地；贴身地；暖和舒适地；安适地 | |
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121
solidified
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| （使）成为固体，（使）变硬，（使）变得坚固( solidify的过去式和过去分词 )； 使团结一致； 充实，巩固； 具体化 | |
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122
procurable
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| adj.可得到的，得手的 | |
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123
prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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124
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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125
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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126
gust
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| n.阵风，突然一阵（雨、烟等），（感情的）迸发 | |
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127
gusts
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| 一阵强风( gust的名词复数 )； （怒、笑等的）爆发； （感情的）迸发； 发作 | |
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128
insinuating
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| adj.曲意巴结的，暗示的v.暗示( insinuate的现在分词 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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129
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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130
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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131
ordeal
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| n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验 | |
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132
counterfeit
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| vt.伪造，仿造；adj.伪造的，假冒的 | |
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133
deafening
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| adj. 振耳欲聋的, 极喧闹的 动词deafen的现在分词形式 | |
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134
lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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135
lulls
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| n.间歇期（lull的复数形式）vt.使镇静，使安静（lull的第三人称单数形式） | |
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136
tighten
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| v.(使)变紧；(使)绷紧 | |
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137
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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138
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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139
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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140
blustering
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| adj.狂风大作的，狂暴的v.外强中干的威吓( bluster的现在分词 )；咆哮；（风）呼啸；狂吹 | |
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141
broached
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| v.谈起( broach的过去式和过去分词 )；打开并开始用；用凿子扩大（或修光）；（在桶上）钻孔取液体 | |
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142
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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143
catered
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| 提供饮食及服务( cater的过去式和过去分词 )； 满足需要，适合 | |
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144
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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145
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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146
thermos
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| n.保湿瓶，热水瓶 | |
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flasks
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| n.瓶，长颈瓶， 烧瓶( flask的名词复数 ) | |
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148
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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149
courageously
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| ad.勇敢地，无畏地 | |
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150
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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numbing
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| adj.使麻木的，使失去感觉的v.使麻木，使麻痹( numb的现在分词 ) | |
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152
tingling
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| v.有刺痛感( tingle的现在分词 ) | |
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153
slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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154
tugging
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| n.牵引感v.用力拉，使劲拉，猛扯( tug的现在分词 ) | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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156
presage
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| n.预感，不祥感；v.预示 | |
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157
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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158
collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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159
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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160
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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161
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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164
straightforward
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| adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的 | |
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165
accentuated
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| v.重读( accentuate的过去式和过去分词 )；使突出；使恶化；加重音符号于 | |
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166
slabs
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| n.厚板，平板，厚片( slab的名词复数 )；厚胶片 | |
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167
deceptive
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| adj.骗人的，造成假象的，靠不住的 | |
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168
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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169
barometer
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| n.气压表，睛雨表，反应指标 | |
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170
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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171
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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172
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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173
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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174
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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175
landmarks
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| n.陆标( landmark的名词复数 )；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑 ~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址） | |
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176
blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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177
ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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178
ledge
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| n.壁架，架状突出物；岩架，岩礁 | |
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179
inverted
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| adj.反向的，倒转的v.使倒置，使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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180
cleaves
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| v.劈开，剁开，割开( cleave的第三人称单数 ) | |
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181
underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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182
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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183
vagaries
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| n.奇想( vagary的名词复数 )；异想天开；异常行为；难以预测的情况 | |
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184
kit
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| n.用具包，成套工具；随身携带物 | |
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185
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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186
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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187
craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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188
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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189
invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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190
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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191
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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192
quails
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| 鹌鹑( quail的名词复数 )； 鹌鹑肉 | |
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193
crook
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| v.使弯曲；n.小偷，骗子，贼；弯曲(处) | |
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194
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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195
sledge
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| n.雪橇，大锤；v.用雪橇搬运，坐雪橇往 | |
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196
conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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197
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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198
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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