The general persecutions in Germany were principally occasioned by the doctrines2 and ministry3 of Martin Luther. Indeed, the pope was so terrified at the success of that courageous4 reformer, that he determined5 to engage the emperor, Charles the Fifth, at any rate, in the scheme to attempt their extirpation6.
To this end;
1. He gave the emperor two hundred thousand crowns in ready money.
2. He promised to maintain twelve thousand foot, and five thousand horse, for the space of six months, or during a campaign.
3. He allowed the emperor to receive one-half the revenues of the clergy7 of the empire during the war.[169]
4. He permitted the emperor to pledge the abbey lands for five hundred thousand crowns, to assist in carrying on hostilities8 against the protestants.
Thus prompted and supported, the emperor undertook the extirpation of the protestants, against whom, indeed, he was particularly enraged9 himself; and, for this purpose, a formidable army was raised in Germany, Spain and Italy.
The protestant princes, in the mean time, formed a powerful confederacy, in order to repel11 the impending12 blow. A great army was raised, and the command given to the elector of Saxony, and the landgrave of Hesse. The imperial forces were commanded by the emperor of Germany in person, and the eyes of all Europe were turned on the event of the war.
At length the armies met, and a desperate engagement ensued, in which the protestants were defeated, and the elector of Saxony, and landgrave of Hesse, both taken prisoners. This fatal blow was succeeded by a horrid13 persecution1, the severities of which were such, that exile might be deemed a mild fate, and concealment14 in a dismal15 wood pass for happiness. In such times a cave is a palace, a rock a bed of down, and wild roots delicacies16.
Those who were taken experienced the most cruel tortures the infernal imaginations could invent; and, by their constancy evinced that a real christian17 can surmount18 every difficulty, and despise ever danger to acquire a crown of martyrdom.
Henry Voes and John Esch, being apprehended20 as protestants, were brought to examination; when Voes, answering for himself and the other, gave the following answers to some questions asked by a priest, who examined them by order of the magistracy.
Priest. Were you not both, some years ago, Augustine friars?
Voes. Yes.
Voes. On account of her abominations.
Priest. In what do you believe?
Voes. In the Old and New Testaments22.
Priest. Do you believe in the writings of the fathers, and the decrees of the councils?
Voes. He seduced25 us even in the very same manner as Christ seduced the apostles; that is, he made us sensible of the frailty26 of our bodies, and the value of our souls.
This examination was sufficient; they were both condemned27 to the flames, and soon after, suffered with that manly28 fortitude29 which becomes christians30, when they receive a crown of martyrdom.
Henry Sutphen, an eloquent31 and pious32 preacher, was taken out of his bed in the middle of the night, and compelled to walk barefoot a considerable way, so that his feet were terribly cut. He desired a horse, but his conductors said, in derision, A horse for a heretic! no[170] no, heretics may go barefoot. When he arrived at the place of his destination, he was condemned to be burnt; but, during the execution, many indignities33 were offered him, as those who attended not content with what he suffered in the flames, cut and slashed34 him in a most terrible manner.
Many were murdered at Halle; Middleburg being taken by storm all the protestants were put to the sword, and great numbers were burned at Vienna.
An officer being sent to put a minister to death, pretended, when he came to the clergyman's house, that his intentions were only to pay him a visit. The minister, not suspecting the intended cruelty, entertained his supposed guest in a very cordial manner. As soon as dinner was over, the officer said to some of his attendants, "Take this clergyman, and hang him." The attendants themselves were so shocked, after the civility they had seen, that they hesitated to perform the commands of their master; and the minister said, "Think what a sting will remain on your conscience, for thus violating the laws of hospitality." The officer, however, insisted upon being obeyed, and the attendants, with reluctance35, performed the execrable office of executioners.
Peter Spengler, a pious divine, of the town of Schalet, was thrown into the river, and drowned. Before he was taken to the banks of the stream which was to become his grave, they led him to the market-place, that his crimes might be proclaimed; which were, not going to mass, not making confession36, and not believing in transubstantiation. After this ceremony was over, he made a most excellent discourse37 to the people, and concluded with a kind of hymn38, of a very edifying39 nature.
A protestant gentleman being ordered to lose his head for not renouncing40 his religion, went cheerfully to the place of execution. A friar came to him, and said these words in a low tone of voice, "As you have a great reluctance publicly to abjure41 your faith, whisper your confession in my ear, and I will absolve42 your sins." To this the gentleman loudly replied, "Trouble me not, friar, I have confessed my sins to God, and obtained absolution through the merits of Jesus Christ." Then turning to the executioner, he said, "Let me not be pestered43 with these men, but perform your duty." On which his head was struck off at a single blow.
Wolfgang Scuch, and John Huglin, two worthy44 ministers, were burned, as was Leonard Keyser, a student of the university of Wertembergh; and George Carpenter, a Bavarian, was hanged for refusing to recant protestantism.
The persecutions in Germany having subsided45 many years, again broke out in 1630, on account of the war between the emperor and the king of Sweden, for the latter was a protestant prince, and consequently the protestants of Germany espoused46 his cause, which greatly exasperated47 the emperor against them.[171]
The imperialists having laid siege to the town of Passewalk, (which was defended by the Swedes) took it by storm, and committed the most horrid cruelties on the occasion. They pulled down the churches, burnt the houses, pillaged48 the properties, massacred the ministers, put the garrison49 to the sword, hanged the townsmen, ravished the women, smothered50 the children, &c. &c.
A most bloody51 tragedy was transacted52 at Magdeburg, in the year 1631. The generals Tilly and Pappenheim, having taken that protestant city by storm, upwards53 of 20,000 persons, without distinction of rank, sex, or age, were slain54 during the carnage, and 6,000 were drowned in attempting to escape over the river Elbe. After this fury had subsided, the remaining inhabitants were stripped naked, severely55 scourged56, had their ears cropped, and being yoked57 together like oxen were turned adrift.
The town of Hoxter was taken by the popish army, and all the inhabitants as well as the garrison, were put to the sword; when the houses being set on fire, the bodies were consumed in the flames.
At Griphenburg, when the imperial forces prevailed, they shut up the senators in the senate-chamber, and surrounding it by lighted straw suffocated58 them.
Franhendal surrendered upon articles of capitulation, yet the inhabitants were as cruelly used as at other places, and at Heidelburg, many were shut up in prison and starved.
The cruelties used by the imperial troops, under count Tilly in Saxony, are thus enumerated59.
Half strangling, and recovering the persons again repeatedly. Rolling sharp wheels over the fingers and toes. Pinching the thumbs in a vice60. Forcing the most filthy61 things down the throat, by which many were choked. Tying cords round the head so tight that the blood gushed62 out of the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth. Fastening burning matches to the fingers, toes, ears, arms, legs, and even tongue. Putting powder in the mouth and setting fire to it, by which the head was shattered to pieces. Tying bags of powder to all parts of the body, by which the person was blown up. Drawing cords backwards63 and forwards through the fleshy parts. Making incisions64 with bodkins and knives in the skin. Running wires through the nose, ears, lips, &c. Hanging protestants up by the legs, with their heads over a fire, by which they were smoked dried. Hanging up by one arm till it was dislocated. Hanging upon hooks by the ribs65. Forcing people to drink till they burst. Baking many in hot ovens. Fixing weights to the feet, and drawing up several with pulleys. Hanging, stifling66, roasting, stabbing, frying, racking, ravishing, ripping open, breaking the bones, rasping off the flesh, tearing with wild horses, drowning, strangling, burning, broiling67, crucifying, immuring68, poisoning, cutting off tongues, nose, ears, &c. sawing off the limbs, hacking69 to pieces, and drawing by the heels through the streets.[172]
The enormous cruelties will be a perpetual stain on the memory of count Tilly, who not only permitted, but even commanded the troops to put them in practice. Wherever he came, the most horrid barbarities, and cruel depredations70 ensued: famine and conflagration71 marked his progress: for he destroyed all the provisions he could not take with him, and burnt all the towns before he left them; so that the full result of his conquests were murder, poverty, and desolation.
An aged10 and pious divine they stripped naked, tied him on his back upon a table, and fastened a large fierce cat upon his belly72. They then pricked73 and tormented74 the cat in such a manner, that the creature with rage tore his belly open, and knawed his bowels75.
Another minister, and his family, were seized by these inhuman76 monsters; when they ravished his wife and daughter before his face; stuck his infant son upon the point of a lance, and then surrounding him with his whole library of books, they set fire to them, and he was consumed in the midst of the flames.
In Hesse-Cassel some of the troops entered an hospital, in which were principally mad women, when stripping all the poor wretches77 naked, they made them run about the streets for their diversion, and then put them all to death.
In Pomerania, some of the imperial troops entering a small town, seized upon all the young women, and girls of upwards of ten years, and then placing their parents in a circle, they ordered them to sing psalms78, while they ravished their children, or else they swore they would cut them to pieces afterward80. They then took all the married women who had young children, and threatened, if they did not consent to the gratification of their lusts81, to burn their children before their faces in a large fire, which they had kindled82 for that purpose.
A band of count Tilly's soldiers meeting a company of merchants belonging to Basil, who were returning from the great market of Strasburg, they attempted to surround them: all escaped, however, but ten, leaving their properties behind. The ten who were taken begged hard for their lives; but the soldiers murdered them saying, You must die because you are heretics, and have got no money.
The same soldiers met with two countesses, who, together with some young ladies, the daughters of one of them, were taking an airing in a landau. The soldiers spared their lives, but treated them with the greatest indecency, and having stripped them all stark83 naked, bade the coachman drive on.
By means and mediation84 of Great Britain, peace was at length restored to Germany, and the protestants remained unmolested for several years, till some new disturbances86 broke out in the Palatinate which were thus occasioned.
The great church of the Holy Ghost, at Heidelburg, had, for many years, been shared equally by the protestants and Roman catholics in this manner: the protestants performed divine service in the nave87 or body of the church; and the Roman catholics celebrated88 mass in the choir89. Though this had been the custom time immemorial, the[173] elector Palatinate, at length, took it into his head not to suffer it any longer, declaring, that as Heidelburg was the place of his residence, and the church of the Holy Ghost the cathedral of his principal city, divine service ought to be performed only according to the rites90 of the church of which he was a member. He then forbade the protestants to enter the church, and put the papists in possession of the whole.
The aggrieved91 people applied92 to the protestant powers for redress93, which so much exasperated the elector, that he suppressed the Heidelburg catechism. The protestant powers, however, unanimously agreed to demand satisfaction, as the elector, by this conduct, had broke an article of the treaty of Westphalia; and the courts of Great Britain, Prussia, Holland, &c., sent deputies to the elector, to represent the injustice94 of his proceedings95, and to threaten, unless he changed his behaviour to the protestants in the Palatinate, that they would treat their Roman catholic subjects with the greatest severity. Many violent disputes took place between the Protestant powers and those of the elector, and these were greatly augmented96 by the following incident; the coach of the Dutch minister standing97 before the door of the resident sent by the prince of Hesse, the host was by chance carrying to a sick person; the coachman took not the least notice, which those who attended the host observing, pulled him from his box, and compelled him to kneel: this violence to the domestic of a public minister, was highly resented by all the protestant deputies; and still more to heighten these differences, the protestants presented to the deputies three additional articles of complaint.
1. That military executions were ordered against all protestant shoemakers who should refuse to contribute to the masses of St. Crispin.
2. That the protestants were forbid to work on popish holydays even in harvest time, under very heavy penalties, which occasioned great inconveniences, and considerably98 prejudiced public business.
3. That several protestant ministers had been dispossessed of their churches, under pretence99 of their having been originally founded and built by Roman Catholics.
The protestant deputies, at length became so serious, as to intimate to the elector, that force of arms should compel him to do the justice he denied to their representations. This menace brought him to reason, as he well knew the impossibility of carrying on a war against the powerful states who threatened him. He, therefore, agreed, that the body of the church of the Holy Ghost should be restored to the protestants. He restored the Heidelburg catechism, put the protestant ministers again in possession of the churches of which they had been dispossessed, allowed the protestants to work on popish holydays, and, ordered, that no person should be molested85 for not kneeling when the host passed by.
These things he did through fear; but to show his resentment100 to his protestant subjects, in other circumstances where protestant[174] states had no right to interfere101, he totally abandoned Heidelburg, removing all the courts of justice to Manheim, which was entirely102 inhabited by Roman catholics. He likewise built a new palace there, making it his place of residence; and, being followed by the Roman catholics of Heidelburg, Manheim became a flourishing place.
In the mean time the protestants of Heidelburg sunk into poverty and many of them became so distressed103, as to quit their native country, and seek an asylum104 in protestant states. A great number of these coming into England, in the time of queen Anne, were cordially received there, and met with a most humane105 assistance, both by public and private donations.
In 1732, above 30,000 protestants were, contrary to the treaty of Westphalia, driven from the archbishopric of Saltzburg. They went away to the depth of winter, with scarce clothes to cover them, and without provisions, not having permission to take any thing with them. The cause of these poor people not being publicly espoused by such states as could obtain them redress, they emigrated to various protestant countries, and settled in places where they could enjoy the free exercise of their religion, without hurting their consciences, and live free from the trammels of popish superstition106, and the chains of papal tyranny.
An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands.
The light of the gospel having successfully spread over the Netherlands, the pope instigated107 the emperor to commence a persecution against the protestants; when many thousand fell martyrs108 to superstitious109 malice110 and barbarous bigotry111, among whom the most remarkable112 were the following:
Wendelinuta, a pious protestant widow, was apprehended on account of her religion, when several monks114, unsuccessfully, endeavoured to persuade her to recant. As they could not prevail, a Roman catholic lady of her acquaintance desired to be admitted to the dungeon115 in which she was confined, and promised to exert herself strenuously116 towards inducing the prisoner to abjure the reformed religion. When she was admitted to the dungeon, she did her utmost to perform the task she had undertaken; but finding her endeavours ineffectual, she said, Dear Wendelinuta, if you will not embrace our faith, at least keep the things which you profess117 secret within your own bosom, and strive to prolong your life. To which the widow replied, Madam you know not what you say; for with the heart we believe to righteousness, but with the tongue confession is made unto salvation118. As she positively119 refused to recant, her goods were confiscated120, and she was condemned to be burnt. At the place of execution a monk113 held a cross to her, and bade her kiss and worship God. To which she answered, "I worship no wooden god, but the eternal God who is in heaven." She was then executed, but through the before-mentioned[175] Roman catholic lady, the favour was granted, that she should be strangled before fire was put to the fagots.
Two protestant clergymen were burnt at Colen; a tradesman of Antwerp, named Nicholas, was tied up in a sack, thrown into the river, and drowned; and Pistorius, a learned student, was carried to the market of a Dutch village in a fool's coat, and committed to the flames.
Sixteen protestants having received sentence to be beheaded, a protestant minister was ordered to attend the execution. This gentleman performed the function of his office with great propriety121, exhorted122 them to repentance123, and gave them comfort in the mercies of their Redeemer. As soon as the sixteen were beheaded, the magistrate124 cried out to the executioner, "There is another stroke remaining yet; you must behead the minister; he can never die at a better time than with such excellent precepts125 in his mouth, and such laudable examples before him." He was accordingly beheaded, though even many of the Roman catholics themselves reprobated this piece of treacherous126 and unnecessary cruelty.
George Scherter, a minister of Saltzburg, was apprehended and committed to prison for instructing his flock in the knowledge of the gospel. While he was in confinement127 he wrote a confession of his faith; soon after which he was condemned, first to be beheaded, and afterward to be burnt to ashes. In his way to the place of execution he said to the spectators, "That you may know I die a true christian, I will give you a sign." This was indeed verified in a most singular manner; for after his head was cut off, the body lying a short space of time with the belly to the ground, it suddenly turned upon the back, when the right foot crossed over the left, as did also the right arm over the left: and in this manner it remained till it was committed to the flames.
In Louviana, a learned man, named Percinal, was murdered in prison; and Justus Insparg was beheaded, for having Luther's sermons in his possession.
Giles Tilleman, a cutler of Brussels, was a man of great humanity and piety128. Among others he was apprehended as a protestant, and many endeavours were made by the monks to persuade him to recant. He had once, by accident, a fair opportunity of escaping from prison and being asked why he did not avail himself of it, he replied, "I would not do the keepers so much injury, as they must have answered for my absence, had I gone away." When he was sentenced to be burnt, he fervently129 thanked God for granting him an opportunity, by martyrdom, to glorify130 his name. Perceiving, at the place of execution, a great quantity of fagots, he desired the principal part of them might be given to the poor, saying, a small quantity will suffice to consume me. The executioner offered to strangle him before the fire was lighted, but he would not consent, telling him that he defied the flames and, indeed, he gave up the ghost with such composure amidst them that he hardly seemed sensible of their effects.[176]
In the year 1543 and 1544, the persecution was carried on throughout all Flanders, in a most violent and cruel manner. Some were condemned to perpetual imprisonment131, others to perpetual banishment132 but most were put to death either by hanging, drowning, immuring, burning, the rack, or burying alive.
John de Boscane, a zealous133 protestant, was apprehended on account of his faith, in the city of Antwerp. On his trial, he steadfastly134 professed135 himself to be of the reformed religion, which occasioned his immediate136 condemnation137. The magistrate, however, was afraid to put him to death publicly, as he was popular through his great generosity138, and almost universally beloved for his inoffensive life, and exemplary piety. A private execution being determined on, an order was given to drown him in prison. The executioner, accordingly, put him in a large tub; but Boscane struggling, and getting his head above the water, the executioner stabbed him with a dagger139 in several places, till he expired.
John de Buisons, another protestant, was, about the same time, secretly apprehended, and privately140 executed at Antwerp. The number of protestants being great in that city, and the prisoner much respected, the magistrates141 feared an insurrection, and for that reason ordered him to be beheaded in prison.
A. D. 1568, three persons were apprehended in Antwerp, named Scoblant, Hues142, and Coomans. During their confinement they behaved with great fortitude and cheerfulness, confessing that the hand of God appeared in what had befallen them, and bowing down before the throne of his providence143. In an epistle to some worthy protestants, they express themselves in the following words; Since it is the will of the Almighty144 that we should suffer for his name, and be persecuted145 for the sake of his gospel, we patiently submit, and are joyful146 upon the occasion; though the flesh may rebel against the spirit, and hearken to the council of the old serpent, yet the truths of the gospel shall prevent such advice from being taken, and Christ shall bruise147 the serpent's head. We are not comfortless to confinement, for we have faith; we fear not affliction, for we have hope; and we forgive our enemies, for we have charity. Be not under apprehensions148 for us, we are happy in confinement through the promises of God, glory in our bonds, and exult149 in being thought worthy to suffer for the sake of Christ. We desire not to be released, but to be blessed with fortitude, we ask not liberty, but the power of perseverance150; and wish for no change in our condition, but that which places a crown of martyrdom upon our heads.
Scoblant was first brought to his trial; when, persisting in the profession of his faith, he received sentence of death. On his return to prison, he earnestly requested the jailer not to permit any friar to come near him; saying, "They can do me no good, but may greatly disturb me. I hope my salvation is already sealed in heaven, and that the blood of Christ, in which I firmly put my trust, hath washed me from my iniquities151. I am now going to throw off this mantle152 of[177] clay, to be clad in robes of eternal glory, by whose celestial153 brightness I shall be freed from all errors. I hope I may be the last martyr19 to papal tyranny, and the blood already spilt found sufficient to quench154 the thirst of popish cruelty; that the church of Christ may have rest here, as his servants will hereafter." On the day of execution, he took a pathetic leave of his fellow-prisoners. At the stake he fervently said the Lord's Prayer, and sung the fortieth psalm79; then commending his soul to God, he was burnt alive.
Hues, soon after, died in prison; upon which occasion Coomans wrote thus to his friends, "I am now deprived of my friends and companions; Scoblant is martyred, and Hues dead, by the visitation of the Lord; yet I am not alone, I have with me the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob; he is my comfort, and shall be my reward. Pray unto God to strengthen me to the end, as I expect every hour to be freed from this tenement155 of clay."
On his trial he freely confessed himself of the reformed religion, answered with a manly fortitude to every charge against him, and proved the scriptural part of his answers from the gospel. The judge told him the only alternatives were, recantation or death; and concluded by saying, "Will you die for the faith you profess?" To which Coomans replied, "I am not only willing to die, but to suffer the most excruciating torments156 for it; after which my soul shall receive its confirmation157 from God himself, in the midst of eternal glory." Being condemned, he went cheerfully to the place of execution, and died with the most manly fortitude, and christian resignation.
William Nassau fell a sacrifice to treachery, being assassinated158 in the fifty-first year of his age, by Beltazar Gerard, a native of Franche Compte, in the province of Burgundy. This murderer, in hopes of a reward here and hereafter, for killing159 an enemy to the king of Spain and an enemy to the catholic religion, undertook to destroy the prince of Orange. Having procured160 fire arms, he watched him as he passed through the great hall of his palace to dinner, and demanded a passport. The princess of Orange, observing that the assassin spoke161 with a hollow and confused voice, asked who he was? saying, she did not like his countenance162. The prince answered, it was one that demanded a passport, which he should presently have.
Nothing farther passed before dinner, but on the return of the prince and princess through the same hall, after dinner was over, the assassin, standing concealed163 as much as possible by one of the pillars, fired at the prince, the balls entering at the left side, and passing through the right, wounding in their passage the stomach and vital parts. On receiving the wounds, the prince only said, Lord, have mercy upon my soul, and upon these poor people, and then expired immediately.
The lamentations throughout the United Provinces were general, on account of the death of the prince of Orange; and the assassin who was immediately taken, received sentence to be put to death in[178] the most exemplary manner, yet such was his enthusiasm, or folly164 that when his flesh was torn by red-hot pincers, he coolly said, If I was at liberty, I would commit such an action over again.
The prince of Orange's funeral was the grandest ever seen in the Low Countries, and perhaps the sorrow for his death the most sincere, as he left behind him the character he honestly deserved, viz. that of Father of his people.
To conclude, multitudes were murdered in different parts of Flanders; in the city of Valence, in particular, fifty-seven of the principal inhabitants were butchered in one day, for refusing to embrace the Romish superstition; and great numbers were suffered to languish165 in confinement, till they perished through the inclemency166 of their dungeons167.
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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extirpation
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| n.消灭，根除，毁灭；摘除 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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delicacies
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| n.棘手( delicacy的名词复数 )；精致；精美的食物；周到 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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surmount
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| vt.克服；置于…顶上 | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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testaments
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| n.遗嘱( testament的名词复数 )；实际的证明 | |
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scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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seduce
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| vt.勾引，诱奸，诱惑，引诱 | |
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seduced
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| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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frailty
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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29
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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30
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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31
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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32
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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33
indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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34
slashed
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| v.挥砍( slash的过去式和过去分词 )；鞭打；割破；削减 | |
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35
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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36
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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37
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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38
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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39
edifying
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| adj.有教训意味的，教训性的，有益的v.开导，启发( edify的现在分词 ) | |
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40
renouncing
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的现在分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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41
abjure
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| v.发誓放弃 | |
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42
absolve
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| v.赦免，解除（责任等） | |
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43
pestered
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| 使烦恼，纠缠( pester的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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44
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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45
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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46
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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47
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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48
pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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50
smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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51
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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52
transacted
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| v.办理（业务等）( transact的过去式和过去分词 )；交易，谈判 | |
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53
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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54
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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55
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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56
scourged
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| 鞭打( scourge的过去式和过去分词 )； 惩罚，压迫 | |
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57
yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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58
suffocated
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| （使某人）窒息而死( suffocate的过去式和过去分词 )； （将某人）闷死； 让人感觉闷热； 憋气 | |
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59
enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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61
filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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62
gushed
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| v.喷，涌( gush的过去式和过去分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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63
backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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64
incisions
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| n.切开，切口( incision的名词复数 ) | |
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65
ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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66
stifling
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| a.令人窒息的 | |
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67
broiling
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| adj.酷热的，炽热的，似烧的v.（用火）烤（焙、炙等）( broil的现在分词 )；使卷入争吵；使混乱；被烤（或炙） | |
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68
immuring
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| v.禁闭，监禁( immure的现在分词 ) | |
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69
hacking
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| n.非法访问计算机系统和数据库的活动 | |
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70
depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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71
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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72
belly
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| n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛 | |
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73
pricked
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| 刺，扎，戳( prick的过去式和过去分词 )； 刺伤； 刺痛； 使剧痛 | |
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74
tormented
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| 饱受折磨的 | |
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75
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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76
inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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77
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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78
psalms
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| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
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79
psalm
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| n.赞美诗，圣诗 | |
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80
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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81
lusts
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| 贪求（lust的第三人称单数形式） | |
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82
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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83
stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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84
mediation
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| n.调解 | |
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85
molested
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| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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86
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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87
nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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88
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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89
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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90
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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91
aggrieved
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| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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92
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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93
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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94
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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95
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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96
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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97
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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98
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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99
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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100
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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101
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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102
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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103
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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104
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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105
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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106
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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107
instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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109
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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110
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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111
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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112
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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113
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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114
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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115
dungeon
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| n.地牢，土牢 | |
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116
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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117
profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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118
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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119
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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120
confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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122
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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123
repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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124
magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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125
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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126
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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127
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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128
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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129
fervently
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| adv.热烈地，热情地，强烈地 | |
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130
glorify
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| vt.颂扬，赞美，使增光，美化 | |
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131
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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132
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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133
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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134
steadfastly
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| adv.踏实地，不变地；岿然；坚定不渝 | |
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135
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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136
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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137
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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138
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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139
dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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140
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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141
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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142
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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143
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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144
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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145
persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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146
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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147
bruise
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| n.青肿，挫伤；伤痕；vt.打青；挫伤 | |
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148
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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149
exult
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| v.狂喜，欢腾；欢欣鼓舞 | |
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150
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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151
iniquities
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| n.邪恶( iniquity的名词复数 )；极不公正 | |
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152
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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153
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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154
quench
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| vt.熄灭，扑灭；压制 | |
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155
tenement
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| n.公寓；房屋 | |
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156
torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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157
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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158
assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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159
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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160
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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161
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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162
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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163
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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164
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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165
languish
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| vi.变得衰弱无力，失去活力，（植物等）凋萎 | |
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166
inclemency
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| n.险恶，严酷 | |
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167
dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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