Christianity was first established in China by three Italian missionaries3, called Roger the Neapolitan, Pasis of Bologne, and Matthew Ricci of Mazerata, in the marquisate of Ancona. These entered China about the beginning of the sixteenth century, being well circumstanced to perform their important commission with success, as they had previously4 studied the Chinese language.[180]
These three missionaries were very assiduous to the discharge of their duty; but Roger and Pasis returning to Europe in a few years, the whole labour fell upon Ricci, who aimed to establish christianity with a degree of zeal5 that was indefatigable6.
Ricci, though much disposed to indulge his converts as far as possible, made great hesitation7 at their ceremonies, which seemed to amount to idolatry. At length, after eighteen years consideration, he began to soften8 his opinion, and tolerated all the parts of those customs which were ordered by the laws of the empire, but strictly9 enjoined10 his Chinese christians11 to omit the rest.
This was the condition of christianity in China, when the christian2 church established there was governed only by Ricci, who, by his moderation, made innumerable converts. In 1630, however, his tranquility was disturbed by the arrival of some new missionaries, these being unacquainted with the Chinese customs, manners, and language, and with the arguments on which Ricci's toleration was founded, were astonished when they saw christian converts prostrate12 before Confucius and the tables of their ancestors, and condemned13 the custom accordingly.
A warm controversy14 now ensued between Ricci, seconded by his converts, and the new missionaries; and the latter wrote an account of the whole affair to the pope, and the society for the propagation of the christian faith. The society soon pronounced, that the ceremonies were idolatrous and intolerable, and the pope confirmed the sentence. In this both the society and the pope were excusable, as the matter had been misrepresented to them; for the enemies of Ricci had affirmed the halls, in which the ceremonies were performed, to be temples, and the ceremonies themselves idolatrous sacrifices.
The sentence above mentioned was sent over to China, but treated with contempt, and matters remained as they were for some time. At length, a true representation of the matter was sent over, setting forth15, that the Chinese customs and ceremonies alluded16 to were entirely17 free from idolatry, being merely political, and tending only to the peace and welfare of the empire. The pope, finding that he had made himself ridiculous, by confirming an absurd sentence upon a false report, wanted to get rid of the affair, and therefore referred the representation to the inquisition, which reversed the sentence immediately, at the private desire of the pope, as may be naturally supposed.
The christian church, for all these divisions, flourished in China till the death of the first Tartar emperor, whose successor was a minor19. During this minority of the young emperor Cang-hi, the regents and nobles conspired20 to extirpate21 the christian religion. The execution of this design was begun with expedition, and carried on with severity, so that every christian teacher in China, as well as those who professed22 the faith, were struck with amazement23. John Adam Schall, a German ecclesiastic24, and one of the principals of the mission, was thrown into a dungeon25 in the year 1664, being then in the seventy-fourth year of his age, and narrowly escaped with his life.[181]
The ensuing year, viz. 1665, the ministers of state publicly and unanimously resolved, and made a decree specifying27, viz.
2. That they were dangerous to the interest of the empire.
3. That they should not be practised under pain of death.
The publication of this decree occasioned a furious general persecution1, in which some were put to death, many were ruined, and all were, in some manner, oppressed. This decree was general, and the persecution universal accordingly throughout the empire; for, previous to this, the christians had been partially30 persecuted32 at different times, and in different provinces.
Four years after, viz. 1669, the young emperor was declared of age, and took the reins33 of government upon himself, when the persecution immediately ceased by his order.
An account of the Persecutions in Japan.
Christianity was first introduced into the idolatrous empire of Japan by some Portuguese34 missionaries in the year of our Lord 1552, and their endeavours in making converts to the light of the gospel met with a degree of success equal to their most sanguine35 wishes.
This continued till the year 1616, when the missionaries being accused of having concerned themselves in politics, and formed a plan to subvert36 the government, and dethrone the emperor, great jealousies37 subsisted38 till 1622, when the court ordered a dreadful persecution to commence against both foreign and native christians. Such was the rage of this persecution, that, during the first four years, no less than 20,570 christians were massacred. The public profession of christianity was prohibited under pain of death, and the churches were shut up by an express edict.
Many who were informed against, as privately39 professing40 christianity, suffered martyrdom with great heroism41. The persecution continued many years, when the remnant of the innumerable christians, with which Japan abounded42, to the number of 37,000 souls, retired43 to the town and castle of Siniabara, in the island of Xinio, where they determined44 to make a stand, to continue in their faith, and to defend themselves to the very last extremity45.
The Japanese army pursued the christians, and laid siege to the place. The christians defended themselves with great bravery, and held out against the besiegers for the space of three months, but were at length compelled to surrender, when men, women and children, were indiscriminately murdered; and christianity, in their martyrdoms, entirely extirpated46 from Japan.
This event took place on the 12th of April, 1638, since which period no christians but the Dutch are allowed to land in the empire, and even they are obliged to conduct themselves with the greatest precaution, and to carry on their commerce with the utmost circumspection47.[182]
An account of the Persecutions against the Christians in Abyssinia, or Ethiopia.
Towards the conclusion of the fifteenth century, and soon after the discovery of the Cape26 of Good Hope, some Portuguese missionaries made a voyage to Abyssinia, and were indefatigable in propagating the Roman catholic doctrine29 among the Abyssinians, who professed christianity before the arrival of the missionaries.
The priests, employed in this mission, gained such an influence at court, that the emperor consented to abolish the established rites48 of the Ethiopian church, and to admit those of Rome. He soon after consented to receive a patriarch from Rome, and to acknowledge the pope's supremacy49.
Many of the most powerful lords, and a majority of the people who professed the primitive50 christianity, as first established in Abyssinia, opposed these innovations, and took up arms against the emperor.—Thus, by the artifices51 of the court of Rome, and its emissaries, a most furious civil war was begun, and the whole empire thrown into commotion52. This war was carried on through several reigns53, its continuance being above 100 years, and the court constantly siding with the Roman catholics, the primitive christians of Abyssinia were severely54 persecuted, and multitudes perished by the most inhuman55 means.
An account of the Persecutions against the Christians in Turkey.
Mahomet, (the impostor) in the infancy56 of his new religion, tolerated christianity through a political motive57, as he was sensible, that even in those early times it had several powerful espousers among the princes, who were his cotemporaries. As a proof that this was his sole view, as soon as he found his doctrine was established on a more permanent situation, he altered his forbearance to a system of the most rigid58 and barbarous persecution; which diabolical59 plan he has particularly recommended to his misguided followers60, in that part of his Alcoran, entitled The Chapter of the Sword; and as proofs of the blind zeal his followers have adopted from his infernal tenets, the many bloody61 battles of the Turks with the whole of the professors of Christ's gospel, and their cruel massacres62 of them at various periods, sufficiently63 evince.
Constantine was, in the year 1453, besieged64 in Constantinople, by Mahomet the Second, with an army of 300,000 men, when, after a bloody siege of about six week, on the 29th of May, 1453, it fell into the hands of the infidels, after being an imperial christian city for some centuries; and the Turks have, to this day, retained possession of it, as well as of the adjoining suburb of Pera.
On entering Constantinople, the Turks exercised on the wretched christians the most unremitting barbarity, destroying them by every method the most hellish cruelty could invent, or the most unfeeling heart could practise: some they roasted alive on spits, others[183] they flayed65 alive, and in that horrid66 manner left to expire with hunger; many were sawed asunder67, and others torn to pieces by horses.—For full three days and nights the Turks were striving to exceed each other in the exercise of their shocking carnage, and savage68 barbarity; murdering, without distinction of age or sex, all they met, and brutishly violating the chastity of women, of every distinction and age.
During the year 1529, Solyman the First retook Buda from the christians, and showed the most horrible persecution of the inhabitants; some had their eyes torn out, others their hands, ears, and noses cut off, and the children their privities, the virgins69 were deflowered, the matrons had their breasts cut off, and such as were pregnant had their wombs ripped open, and their unborn babes thrown into the flames. Not content with this, he repeated these horrid examples all the way on his march to Vienna, which he ineffectually besieged, during which, this diabolical barbarian70, having made a body of christians prisoners, he sent three of them into the city to relate the great strength of his army, and the rest he ordered to be torn limb from limb by wild horses in sight of their christian brethren, who could only lament71 by their cries and tears their dreadful fate.
In many places the tender children were in sight of their wretched parents torn to pieces by beasts, others dragged at horses' heels, some famished72 with hunger, and others buried up to their necks in earth, and in that manner left to perish. In short, were we to relate the innumerable massacres and deplorable tragedies acted by the infidels, the particulars would at least make a volume of themselves, and from their horrid similarity be not only shocking, but disgusting to the reader.
Persecutions and Oppressions in Georgia and Mingrelia.
The Georgians, are christians, and being very handsome people, the Turks and Persians persecute31 them by the most cruel mode of taxation73 ever invented, namely, in lieu of money, they compel them to deliver up their children for the following purposes.
The females to increase the number of concubines in their seraglios, to serve as maids of honour to sultanas, the ladies of bashaws, &c., and to be sold to merchants of different nations, by whom the price is proportioned to the beauty of the purchased fair one.
The males are used as mutes and eunuchs in the seraglio, as clerks in the offices of state, and as soldiers in the army.
To the west of Georgia is Mingrelia, a country likewise inhabited by christians, who are persecuted and oppressed in the same manner as the Georgians by the Turks and Persians, their children being extorted74 from them, or they murdered for refusing to consent to the sale[184].
An Account of the Persecutions in the States of Barbary.
In Algiers the christians are treated with particular severity; as the Algerines are some of the most perfidious76, as well as the most cruel of all the inhabitants of Barbary. By paying a most exorbitant77 fine, some christians are allowed the title of Free christians, and these are permitted to dress in the fashion of their respective countries, but the christian slaves are obliged to wear a coarse gray suit and a seaman's cap.
The punishments among the Algerines are various, viz.
1. If they join any of the natives in open rebellion, they are strangled with a bowstring, or hanged on an iron hook.
3. If they turn christians again, after having changed to the Mahometan persuasion79, they are roasted alive, or thrown from the city walls, and caught upon large sharp hooks, where they hang in a miserable80 manner several days, and expire in the most exquisite81 tortures.
4. If they kill a Turk, they are burnt.
5. Those christians who attempt to escape from slavery, and are retaken, suffer death in the following manner, which is equally singular and brutal82: the criminal is hung naked on a high gallows83, by two hooks, the one fastened quite through the palm of one hand, and the other through the sole of the opposite foot, where he is left till death relieves him from his cruel sufferings.
Other punishments, for trifling84 crimes committed by the christians, are left to the discretion85 of the respective judges, who being usually of malicious86 and vindictive87 dispositions89, decree them in the most inhuman manner.
In Tunis, if a christian slave is caught in attempting to escape, his limbs are all broken, and if he murders his master, he is fastened to the tail of a horse, and dragged about the streets till he expires.
Morocco and Fez conjointly form an empire, and are together the most considerable of the Barbary states. In this empire christian slaves are treated with the greatest cruelty: the rich have exorbitant ransoms90 fixed91 upon them; the poor are hard worked, and half starved sometimes murdered by the emperor, or their masters, for mere18 amusement.
An Account of the Persecutions in Spanish America.
The bloody tenets of the Roman catholic persuasion, and the cruel disposition88 of the votaries92 of that church, cannot be more amply displayed or truly depicted93, than by giving an authentic94 and simple narrative95 of the horrid barbarities exercised by the Spaniards on the innocent and unoffending natives of America. Indeed, the barbarities were such, that they would scarce seen credible96 from their enormity, and the victims so many, that they would startle belief by their numbers, if the facts were not indisputably ascertained97, and the circumstances admitted by their own writers, some of whom have even gloried[185] in their inhumanity, and, as Roman catholics, deemed these atrocious actions meritorious98, which would make a protestant shudder99 to relate.
The West Indies, and the vast continent of America, were discovered by that celebrated100 navigator, Christopher Columbus, in 1492. This distinguished101 commander landed first in the large island of St. Domingo, or Hispaniola, which was at that time exceedingly populous102, but this population was of very little consequence, the inoffensive inhabitants being murdered by multitudes, as soon as the Spaniards gained a permanent footing on the island. Blind superstition103, bloody bigotry104, and craving105 avarice106, rendered that, in the course of years, a dismal107 desert, which, at the arrival of the Spaniards, seemed to appear as an earthly paradise; so that at present there is scarce a remnant of the ancient natives remaining.
The natives of Guatemala, a country of America, were used with great barbarity. They were formerly108 active and valiant109, but from ill usage and oppression, grew slothful, and so dispirited, that they not only trembled at the sight of fire-arms, but even at the very looks of a Spaniard. Some were so plunged110 into despair, that after returning home from labouring hard for their cruel taskmasters, and receiving only contemptuous language and stripes for their pains, they have sunk down in their cabins, with a full resolution to prefer death to such slavery; and, in the bitterness of their anguish111, have refused all sustenance112 till they perished.
By repeated barbarities, and the most execrable cruelties, the vindictive and merciless Spaniards not only depopulated Hispaniola, Porto-Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahama islands, but destroyed above 12,000,000 of souls upon the continent of America, in the space of forty years.
The cruel methods by which they massacred and butchered the poor natives, were innumerable, and of the most diabolical nature.
The Spaniards stripped a large and very populous town of all its inhabitants, whom they drove to the mines, leaving all the children behind them, without the least idea of providing for their subsistence, by which inhuman proceeding113 six thousand helpless infants perished.
Whenever the people of any town had the reputation of being rich, an order was immediately sent that every person in it should turn Roman catholics: if this was not directly complied with, the town was instantly plundered114, and the inhabitants murdered; and if it was complied with, a pretence115 was soon after made to strip the inhabitants of their wealth.
One of the Spanish governors seized upon a very worthy116 and amiable117 Indian prince, and in order to extort75 from him where his treasures were concealed118, caused his feet to be burnt till the marrow119 dropped from his bones, and he expired through the extremity of the torments120 he underwent.
In the interval121, between the years 1514 and 1522, the governor of Terra Firma put to death, and destroyed, 800,000 of the inhabitants of that country.[186]
Between the years 1523 and 1533, five hundred thousand natives of Nicaragua were transported to Peru, where they all perished by incessant122 labour in the mines.
In the space of twelve years, from the first landing of Cortez on the continent of America, to the entire reduction of the populous empire of Mexico, the amazing number of 4,000,000 of Mexicans perished, through the unparalleled barbarity of the Spaniards. To come to particulars, the city of Cholula, consisted of 30,000 houses, by which its great population may be imagined. The Spaniards seized on all the inhabitants, who refusing to turn Roman catholics, as they did not know the meaning of the religion they were ordered to embrace, the Spaniards put them all to death, cutting to pieces the lower sort of people, and burning those of distinction.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
persecution
|
|
| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
Christian
|
|
| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
missionaries
|
|
| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
previously
|
|
| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
zeal
|
|
| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
indefatigable
|
|
| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
hesitation
|
|
| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
soften
|
|
| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
strictly
|
|
| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
enjoined
|
|
| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
Christians
|
|
| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
prostrate
|
|
| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
condemned
|
|
| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
controversy
|
|
| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
alluded
|
|
| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
entirely
|
|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
mere
|
|
| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
minor
|
|
| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
conspired
|
|
| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
extirpate
|
|
| v.除尽，灭绝 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
professed
|
|
| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
amazement
|
|
| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
ecclesiastic
|
|
| n.教士，基督教会；adj.神职者的，牧师的，教会的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
dungeon
|
|
| n.地牢，土牢 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
cape
|
|
| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
specifying
|
|
| v.指定( specify的现在分词 )；详述；提出…的条件；使具有特性 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
doctrines
|
|
| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
doctrine
|
|
| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
partially
|
|
| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
persecute
|
|
| vt.迫害，虐待；纠缠，骚扰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
persecuted
|
|
| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
reins
|
|
| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
Portuguese
|
|
| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
sanguine
|
|
| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
subvert
|
|
| v.推翻；暗中破坏；搅乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
jealousies
|
|
| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
subsisted
|
|
| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
privately
|
|
| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
professing
|
|
| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
heroism
|
|
| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
abounded
|
|
| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
retired
|
|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
extremity
|
|
| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
extirpated
|
|
| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
circumspection
|
|
| n.细心，慎重 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
rites
|
|
| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
supremacy
|
|
| n.至上；至高权力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
primitive
|
|
| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
artifices
|
|
| n.灵巧( artifice的名词复数 )；诡计；巧妙办法；虚伪行为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
commotion
|
|
| n.骚动，动乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
reigns
|
|
| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
severely
|
|
| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
inhuman
|
|
| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
infancy
|
|
| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
motive
|
|
| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
rigid
|
|
| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
diabolical
|
|
| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
followers
|
|
| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
bloody
|
|
| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
massacres
|
|
| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
sufficiently
|
|
| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
besieged
|
|
| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
flayed
|
|
| v.痛打( flay的过去式和过去分词 )；把…打得皮开肉绽；剥（通常指动物）的皮；严厉批评 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
horrid
|
|
| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
asunder
|
|
| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
savage
|
|
| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
virgins
|
|
| 处女，童男( virgin的名词复数 )； 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
barbarian
|
|
| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
lament
|
|
| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
famished
|
|
| adj.饥饿的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
taxation
|
|
| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
extorted
|
|
| v.敲诈( extort的过去式和过去分词 )；曲解 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
extort
|
|
| v.勒索，敲诈，强要 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
perfidious
|
|
| adj.不忠的，背信弃义的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
exorbitant
|
|
| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
impaled
|
|
| 钉在尖桩上( impale的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
persuasion
|
|
| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
miserable
|
|
| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
exquisite
|
|
| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
brutal
|
|
| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
gallows
|
|
| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
trifling
|
|
| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
discretion
|
|
| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
malicious
|
|
| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
vindictive
|
|
| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
disposition
|
|
| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
dispositions
|
|
| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
ransoms
|
|
| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
fixed
|
|
| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
votaries
|
|
| n.信徒( votary的名词复数 )；追随者；（天主教）修士；修女 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
93
depicted
|
|
| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
authentic
|
|
| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
narrative
|
|
| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
credible
|
|
| adj.可信任的，可靠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
ascertained
|
|
| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
meritorious
|
|
| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
shudder
|
|
| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
celebrated
|
|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
distinguished
|
|
| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
populous
|
|
| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
superstition
|
|
| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
bigotry
|
|
| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
craving
|
|
| n.渴望,热望 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
avarice
|
|
| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
dismal
|
|
| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
formerly
|
|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
valiant
|
|
| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
plunged
|
|
| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
anguish
|
|
| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
sustenance
|
|
| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
proceeding
|
|
| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
plundered
|
|
| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
pretence
|
|
| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
worthy
|
|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
amiable
|
|
| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
concealed
|
|
| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
marrow
|
|
| n.骨髓；精华；活力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
torments
|
|
| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
interval
|
|
| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
incessant
|
|
| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |