NARRATIVE1 OF THE CONVERSION2, IMPRISONMENT3, AND SUFFERINGS OF ASAAD SHIDIAK, A NATIVE OF PALESTINE, WHO HAS BEEN CONFINED FOR SEVERAL YEARS IN THE CONVENT OF MT. LEBANON.
The following narrative illustrates4 two points. 1st. The usefulness of Christian6 Missions. 2d. The unchanging persecuting7 spirit of the papal church. The subject of the following narrative has now been in confinement8 about five years; during which time he has suffered almost every indignity9 and vexation which the malice10 of his enemies could impose upon him. Up to the present time, however, he has remained steadfast11 in his adherence12 to the principles of the gospel. We give the narrative of his trials and sufferings in the simple and affecting language of the missionaries13, which excited such powerful interest in the bosoms15 of Christians16, at the time of its first publication. The principal facts are taken from the Missionary17 Herald18 published by the American Board of Commissioners19 for Foreign Missions.
Biographical Notices of Asaad Shidiak.
The following account of the remarkable20 convert from the Maronite Roman Catholic church, whose name has, of late, appeared frequently on the pages of the Missionary Herald, is compiled chiefly from the journal of Mr. Bird, American Missionary in Syria. The other matter which is inserted, is derived21 from authentic22 sources, and is designed[369] to connect, or to illustrate5 the extracts from the journal, or to render the biography more complete and satisfactory.
His early History.
Asaad Shidiak was born in the district north of Beyroot, called Kesruan, where, and at Hadet, a small village five miles south-east of Beyroot, his family have ever since lived. This family now consists of the widowed mother, five sons, (of whom Asaad is the third) and two or three daughters. At about the age of 16, he entered the college of Ain Warka, and spent a year and a half in studying grammar, (Arabic and Syriac,) logic23 and theology. After this he passed two years teaching theology to the monks26 of a convent near Hadet.
He has also been some considerable time scribe to the bishop27 of Beyroot, and to the patriarch, the latter of whom was a teacher in the college when Asaad was a student. During the late rebellion, headed by the shekh Besir, a mere28 complimentary29 letter of Asaad's to one of the disaffected30 party, being intercepted32, and shown to the emir Beshir, his suspicion was excited, and he wrote immediately to the patriarch, in whose employ he then was, to dismiss him from his service. The letter of Asaad was produced, and though it was seen to contain nothing exceptionable, the patriarch thought proper to dismiss him without ceremony.
Connexion with Mr. King.
The dispensations of Providence34 often seem afflictive35 when they happen, and most kind and benevolent36 afterwards, when their design is perceived. So it was in the case of Asaad. Being thus cast out upon the world, by those who ought to have befriended him, he applied38 to Mr. King for employment as his instructer in Syriac, and was accepted. Though a young man, Mr. King pronounced him to be one of the most intelligent natives of the country, whom he had met with on Mount Lebanon. From morning until night, for several weeks, they were together, and hours were spent by them, almost every day, in discussing religious subjects, and upon a mind so candid39, so shrewd, so powerful in its conceptions, and so comprehensive in its surveys, as that of Asaad, an impression favorable to protestant christianity could not but be made.
Having completed his engagements with Mr. King, he, at the recommendation of Mr. Fisk, set up a school in Beyroot, for teaching Arabic grammatically, but soon found himself obliged to relinquish40 it, at the command of his patriarch. He was also forbidden, as is stated by Mr. Bird, to give any further instruction to the Bible-men, as the missionaries are called, because the patriarch "had received fresh instructions from Rome to persecute41 these men by every means in his power, so long as one of them should remain in the country."
When Mr. King was about to leave Syria, he wrote the farewell letter to his friends in that country. The letter was designed, by the[370] writer, to show the reasons which prevented his becoming a member of the Roman catholic church. This letter Asaad attempted to answer but his answer, so far from being satisfactory to himself, was the occasion of raising strong doubts in his mind, as to the general correctness of the Romish faith.
Connexion with Mr. Bird.
Under the influence of these doubts, which seem to have distressed45 him greatly, he entered the service of Mr. Bird as his instructer in Arabic. His doubts continued to increase; for he now began in earnest the study of the Bible and of his own heart, and made constant progress in the knowledge of both. At length he became a protestant in faith, and, as there is reason to believe, a truly pious46 man. Immediately he commenced reformer; and though young, his matured judgment47, his vigorous intellect, his intrepidity48, and his acquisitions, great for his age and his nation, soon drew towards him the general attention.
Visits his Relations.
On the 12th of November, 1825,—says Mr. Bird—Shidiak received a letter from the patriarch, in which he threatens him, with his brother Tannoos and another Maronite youth, with immediate33 excommunication, unless they cease from all connexion with the Bible-men.
15. After mature deliberation it was thought advisable, for the present, that he should go home to his friends in Hadet, until the fever of alarm and opposition49 should subside50 a little.
His return to Mr. Bird.
Dec. 12. Shidiak returned, after nearly a month's absence, to continue with me for a year, risking whatever obloquy51 and violence might come upon him. He has just been obliged to give up an advantageous52 contract of marriage, into which he had some months ago entered, because, since suspicions were afloat that he is heretical in his notions, the father of the girl required him to bring a letter from the patriarch, specifying53 what office he would give him. He now gives up all intentions of marriage. For his greater security, I am to procure54 for him the usual written protection of the English consul55, which shall insure to him, while in my immediate employ, all the safety and liberty of an English resident.
Progress of His Opinions.
13. Spent most of the day in conversation with Asaad on the subject of religion. He had lately been much in company with the emir Sulman, and observed, that his prejudices against christianity were evidently much softened57.[371]
14. Conversed59 with Asaad on the books of the Apocrypha60.[E] He seemed satisfied with the proofs that they were not given by inspiration of God. He is now searching the scriptures61 with such an intensity63 of interest, as to leave him neither time nor relish64 for any thing else.
We have a copy of the Arabic bible, printed at Rome, at the end of which is an appendix which he has discovered to contain a copious65 list of popish doctrines67, with their appropriate references to scripture62 proofs. These proofs he has found so weak, that he expresses his astonishment68 how such doctrines could be inferred from them; and nothing has occurred of late, which has more strengthened his conviction that the church of Rome is radically71 wrong. What seems to have affected31 him most sensibly, is, the expression he has found, "We are under obligation to kill heretics."—Proof,—'False prophets God commanded to be slain72. Jehu and Elijah killed the worshippers and prophets of Baal.' This passage he shows to all who visit him, priests and people, and calls upon them to judge whether such sweeping74 destruction is according to the spirit of the gospel.
In this country, where the pope cannot do all he could wish, the right of murdering every one who differs from him, has not been so publicly asserted of late, and some, when they hear it, are a little startled. But most of the good children of "the church" are soon quieted again, by the recollection, that their kind and compassionate76 "mother" means well, even in murder. The common mode of reasoning, is, in this case, inverted77. It is not said, "the action is right, therefore the church does it;" but, "the church does it, therefore it is right."
Jan. 1, 1826. Twelve or fourteen individuals were present at the Arabic service at Mr. Goodell's. After this service, we questioned Asaad closely with regard to the state of his heart, and were rather disappointed at the readiness, with which he replied, that he thought he was born again. For ourselves, we chose rather to suspend our opinion. He can hardly be supposed to have acquired yet, even speculatively79, very clear notions of what is regeneration; and it would seem quite as consistent with christian humility80, and with a true knowledge of his sinfulness, if he should speak of himself with more doubt and caution.
In the evening, an acquaintance of his, one who has heretofore expressed great friendship to him, and to us; who had said that there was no true religion to be found in the whole country, and pretended to lament81 very much that the patriarch and priests had so much sway; came to give Asaad a last serious admonition.
"This," said he, "is the last time I intend ever to say a word to you on the subject of religion. I wish, therefore, before you go any further, that you would pause and think whether you can meet all the[372] reproach of the world, and all the opposition of the patriarch and priests."
Asaad replied, that he had made up his mind to meet all these things. "And now," said he, "if, as you say, you intend never to hold any more conversation with me on the subject of religion, I have one request to make of you, and that is, that you will go, and make the subject of religion a matter of serious prayer and inquiry82, and see where the path of life is; I then leave you with your conscience and with God."
After relating the substance of this conversation to us, Asaad remarked, that these people reminded him of the late patriarch such an one, who had a moderate share of understanding, but was ambitious to appear very well. This patriarch had a bishop who was really an acute and learned man, and whose opinions were always received with the greatest deference84 on all matters relative to religion. The bishop being on a visit one day at the patriarch's, the latter called him to his presence, and proposed to him the interpretation85 of a passage of scripture. The bishop gave the explanation according to the best of his judgment. "No," said his holiness, "that is not the meaning of the passage;" and proposed to have a second. When the bishop had again given his opinions and reasons, the patriarch answered as before, "That is not the meaning of the passage." In a third and fourth case, the bishop was equally unfortunate, all his arguments being swept away by the single sage73 remark of his holiness, "That is not the meaning of the passage." At last the bishop, in a fit of discouragement, said, "Your holiness has put me upon the solution of a number of questions, in all which, it seems, I have been wrong. I would now thank your holiness to tell me what is right." The patriarch being startled at the new ground he was on, changed the conversation. "So," said Asaad, "these people can all tell me I am mistaken; but when I ask them what is right, they are silent."
Asaad has often remarked, that he is full of anxiety, and finds no rest for the sole of his foot. In many things he sees the Romish church to be wrong, and in some things he thinks we are so. Our apparent tranquility of mind, as to our religious views, is a matter of surprise to him. This evening he conversed on the subject with more than usual feeling. "I seem," said he, "to be alone among men. There is nobody like me, and I please nobody. I am not quite in harmony with the English in my views, and therefore do not please you. My own countrymen are in so much error, I cannot please them. God I have no reason to think I please; nor do I please myself. What shall I do?"
It was not altogether unpleasant to hear these professions of diffidence in himself, and I endeavoured to turn off his attention from all other sources of consolation87 than that of the "Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost."
Asaad observed, that whatever might be said, and whatever might be true, of our object, in coming to this country he saw that the doctrines[373] we taught were according to truth, and he was more than ever determined88 to hold to them.
Asaad says, that wherever he goes, and to whomsoever he addresses himself on the subject of religion, people say, "Ah, it is very well for you to go about and talk in this manner: you have, no doubt, been well paid for it all." These insinuations wear upon his spirit, and he sometimes says, "O that I were in some distant land, where nobody had ever known me, and I knew nobody, that I might be able to fasten men's attention to the truth, without the possibility of their flying off to these horrid89 suspicions."
He wishes also to have another interview with the patriarch, that he may tell him his whole heart, and see what he will say. The patriarch is not, he says, of a bad disposition90 by nature, and perhaps if he could be persuaded that he was neither acting91 from revenge nor from love of money, but simply from a conviction of the truth, he would be softened in his feelings, and something might be done with him to the benefit of religion. He desired, among other things, to propose, that an edition of the New Testament92 should be printed under the patriarch's inspection93 at Schooair, the expense of which, (if he chose) should be borne by the English.[F]
Visits the Patriarch.
6. For some time, we had been looking daily for a regular excommunication to be published by the patriarch's order against Asaad; but instead of this, a letter arrived from his holiness to-day, brought by his own brother, priest Nicholas, containing his apostolic blessing94, inviting95 him to an interview, and promising96 him a situation in some office. The messenger said, that the patriarch, his brother, had heard that the English had given Asaad 40 purses, (2000 dollars) to unite him with them, and that he had thought of giving Asaad the same sum, that no obstacle might remain to his leaving them. "This money," said he, "with which the English print books, and hire men into their service is but the pelf97 of the man of sin, and could you but be present to hear what the people say of you, through the whole country, for your associating with the English, you would never be in their company again."
When we were informed of what occurred between this priest and Asaad, and of Asaad's intention to go and see the patriarch, we all expressed our fears that he would be ill-treated, but he did not anticipate it. He said, he had known an instance of a vile98 infidel and blasphemer, who was simply excommunicated, and that it was not the custom of the Maronites to kill, as we suggested, on account of religion. We assured him that he had not yet learned how much men hate the truth, and that his church would not feel herself half as much in danger from an open blasphemer, as from an active lover[374] of the gospel. But he was so confident that good would result from such a visit, that we ceased from urging our objections, and commended him to the will of God.
It was during this visit, that most of the conversations happened which are so admirably narrated100 in the public statement made by himself, which will be found in the sequel. He manifested throughout, as the reader will discover, the spirit of the early christian confessors. He denied the infallibility of popes and councils; asserted and defended the great doctrines of the gospel, and besought101, that the scriptures might be circulated, and read, and be made the only standard of faith, and rule of practice, and that evangelists might be sent through the land.
Against such a formidable innovator102, the patriarch and his bishops103 rose up in wrath104, and Asaad was threatened with imprisonment and death.
Two days after his departure, he thus wrote to Mr. Bird.
"I am now at Der Alma, (convent of Alma,) and thanks to God, I arrived in good health. But as yet I have not seen the patriarch. I pray God the Father, and his only Son Jesus Christ our Lord, that he would establish me in his love, that I may never exchange it for any created thing—that neither death, nor life, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor riches, nor honour, nor dignity, nor office, nor any thing in creation, shall separate me from this love. I hope you will pray to God for me; which request I also make to all the brethren and sisters, (all the saints,) after giving them, especially Mr. Goodell, abundant salutations."
24. Heard that Asaad had been sent to the Armenian convent Bzumar, to confess, and that he would probably be sent to Aleppo as a priest. Another said, he was seen at the college of Ain Warka.
Is forcibly detained.
Feb. 22. Fearing for the safety of Asaad, since hearing that he has not written to his friends, we this morning sent a messenger with a short note, to find him, and ascertain105 his state.
23. The messenger returned, saying, that he yesterday went to the village, where he understood the patriarch was, and found that he had just gone with a train of twenty men, and Asaad in company, to Der Alma. In the morning, he rose, went to that convent, and chanced to find Asaad alone. After some conversation, in which they were providentially not interrupted, Asaad handed him a hasty line, and he returned. The line was as follows:
"Much respected brother,—Your note has reached me, and has added another proof to the many I have had already, of your kind regard to me. I now beseech106 you once more, to pray for me, that I may be delivered from the dark devices of men. I find myself reduced to quite an extremity107. One or more of three things are before me; either to be thought mad, or to commit sin, or to offer up my life[375] I call upon God for deliverance. I cannot now write fully108, but the bearer will tell you of all."
The messenger said, that the emir of that district had threatened to send him to Bteddeen, to be imprisoned109. Asaad replied, that he was ready to go to prison and to death. He was engaged in daily disputations with the patriarch and others. His countenance110 wore a shade of melancholy111, and his eyes were red with weeping.
When it was proposed by the messenger to interfere112 with English authority for his rescue, he said such a course might exasperate113 his enemies, and cost him his life: it would be better to wait a while, and leave it for Providence to open a way for his escape.
This assurance of his steadfastness114 was like a cordial to our spirits, and was not without a good influence on some that are about us. By the grace of God, he will witness a good confession115 before the dignitaries both of church and state, and by the same grace, he may open the eyes of some of them to the truth as it is in Jesus. To him that was with Daniel and with the three children in their dangers, we commend him.
24. Called on the consul to inquire what could be done for the protection or relief of Asaad. He recommended a course of moderation and forbearance, and said it was not customary to extend English protection to natives, when abroad on their own business.
26. Two young emirs from Hadet called. I asked one of them "Where is Asaad Shidiak at present?"
He replied, "He is with the patriarch."
"Not very well contented. But what should he do, poor fellow, necessity is laid upon him."
This remark proves to us, that it is not a secret among the priests and emirs, that Asaad is detained against his will.
March 1. A youth called this morning, and said Asaad Shidiak sent me salutation. He showed me a line he had received from Asaad the day before, saying, "If you will pass this way about midnight, I will go with you to Beyroot." Owing to some circumstance, the young man did not go to the convent, and now he proposed to take a horse, by which Asaad may escape to-night.
As we had not perfect confidence in the youth, we did nothing, but having ascertained117 his plan, left him to go on as he chose. In the evening, we had a season of prayer, particularly on his account.
Escapes and returns to Beyroot.
2. Rose early, and repaired to the room, where Asaad would have been, had he come; but there were no tidings from him. Little expectation remained of his coming to-day, and we were not without our fears that the attempt had miscarried. It was not long, however, before it was announced, that Asaad was at the door.
The meeting was one of great joy and thanksgiving to us all.[376]—After a little rest and refreshment118, he gave us a brief account of his escape.
He had not seen the youth, who had undertaken to befriend him, but finding he did not call the night before, as he expected, he resolved not to wait another day. Therefore, at about twelve o'clock last night, having written a paper and left it on his bed, with the quotation119, "Come out of her my people," &c. he set off on foot, committing himself to God for strength and protection. The darkness was such, that he often found himself out of his road, sometimes miring120 in mud, and sometimes wading121 in rivers. After some hours of weariness and anxiety, he came to the shore of the sea, where he found a large boat thrown up, under which he cast himself, and obtained a little rest. After this, he continued his walk without interruption, till he reached Beyroot.
In the course of the forenoon, a messenger came from the neighbouring shekh, or sheriff, requesting Asaad to come and see him; adding, that if he did not come, he would watch an opportunity to take his life. The messenger came a second time, and returned without accomplishing his object. We afterwards wrote a line to the shekh to say, that if he would favour us with a call in person and take a cup of coffee, he could have the privilege of an interview with Asaad. Just as the note was sent, the consul providentially came in, and the shekh found him ready to give him a seasonable reprimand for presuming to threaten a person under English protection. The shekh declared, that he had never sent such a message; that the man who brought it was but an ass24, and said it from his own brain; that having heard of Asaad's arrival, he merely wished to see whether the reports respecting his insanity123 were true or false; that Asaad was his bosom14 friend, his own son, and that whatever he had was his; and that as for church, and priests, and patriarch, he cared for none of them.
Towards evening, the youth already mentioned entered the house, ready to faint with excessive fear and fatigue125. He had fled from the mountains in all haste, under the absurd apprehension126, that he should be suspected and taken up as an accomplice127 with Asaad. Having thrown himself upon a seat, and taken a little breath, he began to relate what had happened. He was at the convent, when it was first discovered that Asaad had fled. The patriarch and his train were occupied in the religious services of the morning, so that no great sensation was at first apparent among them. One individual spoke128 boldly in favour of Asaad, saying, "Why should he not leave you? What inducement had he to remain here? What had he here to do? What had he to enjoy? Books he had none; friendly society none; conversation against religion abundant; insults upon his opinions and his feelings abundant. Why should he not leave you?"
Others, especially the great ones, pitied the poor maniac129, (as they called him,) and sent in quest of him to every direction, lest peradventure,[377] he might be found starving in some cavern130, or floating in the sea, or dashed in pieces at the bottom of a precipice131.
On learning of Asaad all that had passed during his absence, we requested him to write a statement of the facts somewhat in the form of a journal. We wished this not only for our own information, but to produce it to those who shall inquire on the subject of Asaad's lunacy hereafter.
Public Statement of Asaad Shidiak.
Beyroot, March 1826.
Respected Brethren and Friends,—Since many have heard a report, that I have become insane; and others, that I have become a heretic; I have wished to write an account of myself in few words, and then let every reflecting man judge for himself, whether I am mad, or am slandered132; whether following after heresy133, or after the truth of the orthodox faith. Every serious man of understanding will concede, that true religion is not that of compulsion, nor that which may be bought and sold; but that which proceeds from attending to the word of God, believing it, and endeavouring to walk according to it to the glory of God, and that every one, whose object is solely134 contention135, and who does not obey the truth, but follows after unrighteousness, is far distant from the true religion. This is the standard, by which I would be judged by every one who reads this narrative.
About eight or nine months ago, I was employed, by an American by the name of J. King, in teaching him the Syriac language. At that time, I was very fond of engaging with him in disputatious conversations, to prove him to be in error; but with none but worldly motives137, to display my talents and knowledge, and acquire the praise of men. After this, I applied myself to reading of the word of God with intense interest. Now this person wrote a farewell letter to his friends, in which he excuses himself from uniting himself with the Roman Catholic church. After reading this letter, I found, in the Holy scriptures, many passages, which made against the opinions of the writer. These passages I selected, and from them and other evidences, composed a reply to him. But when I was copying the first rough draught138 of the same, and had arrived to the answer to the last of the objections, which he said prevented his becoming a member of the Roman Catholic church, viz: that the Roman Catholic church teaches, that it is wrong for the common people to possess or read the word of God but that they ought to learn from the popes and councils, I observed the writer brings a proof against the doctrine66 from the prophet Isaiah, viz: "To the law and to the testimony139, if they speak not according to my word, it is because there is no light in them."
While I was endeavouring to explain this passage also, according to the views of the Roman Catholic church, with no other object than the praise of men, and other worldly motives, I chanced to read the[378] 29th chapter of Isaiah, from the 15th verse to the end. I read, and was afraid. I meditated141 upon the chapter a long while, and feared that I was doing what I did, with a motive136 far different from the only proper one, viz. the glory and the pleasure of God. I therefore threw by my paper without finishing the copy, and applied myself diligently142 to the reading of the prophecy of Isaiah. I had wished to find, in the prophets, plain proofs, by which to establish, beyond contradiction, that Jesus Christ is the Messiah, so long expected from ancient days; proofs that might be made use of in answer to Moslems and Jews. While I was thus searching, I found various passages, that would bear an explanation according to my views, but did not find them sufficient to enforce conviction on others, until I finally came to the 52d chapter 14th verse, and onward145 to the end of the next chapter.
On finding this testimony, my heart rejoiced, and was exceeding glad, for it removed many dark doubts from my own mind also. From that time, my desire to read the New Testament, that I might discover the best means of acting according to the doctrines of Jesus, was greatly increased. I endeavoured to divest146 myself of all selfish bias147, and loved more and more to inquire into religious subjects. I saw, and continue to see, many of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic church, which I could not believe, and which I found opposed to the truths of the Gospel; and I wished much to find some of her best teachers to explain them to me, that I might see how they proved them from the Holy scriptures. As I was reading an appendix to a copy of the sacred scriptures, printed at Rome by the Propaganda, and searching out the passages referred to, for proving the duty of worshipping saints, and other similar doctrines, I found that these proofs failed altogether of establishing the points in question, and that to infer such doctrines from such premises148, was even worthy149 of ridicule150. Among other things, in this appendix, I found the very horrible Neronian doctrines, that it is our duty to destroy heretics. Now every one knows, that whoever does not believe that the pope is infallible, is a heretic in his opinions.
This doctrine is not merely that it is allowable to kill heretics, but that we are bound to do it. From this I was the more established in my convictions against the doctrines of the pope, and saw that they were the doctrines of the ravenous151 beast, and not of the gentle lamb. After I had read this, I asked one of the priests in Beyroot respecting this doctrine, and he assured me, that it was even so as I had read. I then wished to go to some place, though it might be a distant country, that I might find some man of the Roman Catholic church sufficiently152 learned to prove the doctrine above alluded153 to.
After this, as I was at Beyroot teaching a few Greek youths the Arabic grammar, I received a letter from his holiness the Maronite patriarch, saying, that if I did not cease from all assistance whatever to the English, and that if I did not leave them within one day, I should, ipso facto, fall under the heaviest excommunication.
Thinking, as I did, that obeying my superiors, in all things not[379] sinful, was well and good, I did not delay to leave, and so went to my friends at Hadet; but still thinking very much on the subject of religion, so that some people thought me melancholy. I loved exceedingly to converse58 on religious subjects, indeed I took no pleasure in any worldly concerns, and found all worldly possessions vain. After this, I received a second letter from his holiness the patriarch, in which he said thus: "After we had written you the first letter, we wrote you a second; see that you act according to it. And if you fulfil all that was commanded in it, and come up to us when we come to Kesran, we will provide you a situation." But I saw that nothing, in which I was accustomed to take delight, pleased me any longer. I returned again, after some time, to Beyroot; and after I had been there no long time, Hoory Nicolas arrived, brother to his holiness the rev42. patriarch, with a request from the latter, to come and see him, which I hastened to do. Hoory Nicolas then began to converse with me, in the way of reprimand, for being in connexion with the English. I replied that, as we ought not to deny the unity122 of God, because the Musselmans believe it, so we ought not to hate the gospel because the English love it. He then began to tell me of the wish of his holiness, the rev. patriarch, that I should come out to him, and of his great love to me; and said that he (the patriarch) had heard, that I had received thirty or forty purses of money from the English; and he assured me of their readiness not to suffer this to be any hindrance154 to my coming out from them.
Now if my object were money, as some seemed to think, I had then a fair opportunity to tell him a falsehood, and say, "I indeed received from the English that sum, but I have expended155 so and so, and cannot leave them unless I restore the whole." In this way I might have contrived156 to take what I wished. Yet I did not so answer him, but declared to him the truth, how much wages I had received, and which was nothing extraordinary.
He then gave me a paper from his holiness the patriarch, in which he says, "You will have received from us an answer, requesting that when we come to Alma, you will come up and see us. We expect your presence, and, if God please, we will provide you some proper situation, with an income that shall be sufficient for your sustenance157. Delay not your coming, lest the present happy opportunity should pass by." Knowing, as I did, that many people supposed my object, in continuing with the English, to be gain, I did not delay fulfilling the request of his reverence158, hoping to remove this suspicion, and to enjoy an opportunity of speaking the truth without being hired to do it.
So, about the 7th of January, I left Beyroot, with Hoory Nicolas, and arrived at Der Alma the same night. His holiness, the patriarch, was not there. On the next day, when he came, I met him, and saluted160 him in the road. In the evening he called me into his chamber161, and began to ask me questions, that he might discover what I was; and I answered him telling him the whole truth, although this course was opposed to my personal convenience. At this he seemed surprised,[380] for he must have perceived it was contrary to what he had been accustomed to see in me. Afterwards, when I declared to him, that I never had before been a believer, according to the true living faith, he was probably still more astonished. He then asked me if I believed as the Romish church believed. I again told him the truth, that I did not. He asked then what was my faith, and I answered to the following purport162, "True and living faith must be divine, connected with hope, love and repentance164, and that all these virtues166 are the gift of God &c.; that I believed the truth as God had inspired it; and that it would be but a lie, if I should say that I believed as the Romish church does, while in fact I do not. I must have proofs."
After some conversation like this, he told me that this doctrine of mine was heretical, and that as long as I remained in this state of opinion, he would suffer no one to have intercourse167 with me in buying and selling, &c. This prohibition168 of his brought to my mind the words in the Revelation, xiii, 17.[G] Then he gave me to understand, that if, after three days, I did not get back out of this state, I must no more enter the church. At other times, he wished me to swear by the eucharist and by the gospel, that my faith was like the faith of the Roman catholic church. He asked me if I was a Bible man; I replied, "I do not follow the opinions of the Bible men; but if you think me a Bible man on account of the opinions I have advanced, very well."
The sum of what I said was, that without evidence I could not believe what the Romish church believes. From that time, after three days, I did not enter the church for a space. Some time passed again, and the patriarch inquired of me my faith. I then explained to him what I believed respecting the unity and trinity of God, and that the Messiah was one person with two natures, and that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and Son. Then arose a disputation about, who is the Vicar that Christ has appointed to explain his law. I answered in substance as I afterwards did in writing, that by reason, and learning, and prayer to God, with purity of motive, we may know, from the holy scriptures, every thing necessary to our salvation169. This was the purport of my reply, which perhaps was not expressed with sufficient clearness, or perhaps I was not able to say it in the manner that was appropriate, for such a tumult170 and storm were excited in the company that they seemed to me to be intent on overcoming me by dint171 of vociferation, rather than by argument, and to drown my voice, rather than to understand my opinions.
When, after some days, came bishop Abdalla Blabul and Padre Bernardus of Gzir, the patriarch one day called me to them in his chamber, and asked me what I wished, whether money or office, or whatever it might be, promising to gratify me, speaking of his love to me and of his great interest in my welfare. These professions I[381] know to be sincere, but they are according to the world, and not according to the Gospel. I assured him that I wanted nothing of the things he had mentioned; that I was submissive and obedient to him; and that if he thought of me, that I had taken money of the English, he was welcome to shut me up in my chamber as to a prison, and take from me every thing that I possessed172; that I wished from them merely my necessary food and clothing, and that I would give them this assurance in writing. The bishop and priest then begged me, in presence of the patriarch, to say that my faith was like that of the Romish church. I replied, that I feared to tell a falsehood by saying a thing, while actually, in my reason, I did not believe it.
"But," said they, "the patriarch here will absolve173 you from the sin of the falsehood." I turned to the Patriarch and put the question whether he would so absolve me. He answered, that he would. I said, "What the law of nature itself condemns174, it is out of the power of any man to make lawful175." He then again asked me what I wished to do. I said, I wish to go and see the Armenian patriarch Gregory, and inquire of him what I ought to do. He consented, and requested me, when I had done this, to return to him, to which I agreed. I was accompanied by a priest from the station of the patriarch to the College of Ain Warka, where I found Hoory Joseph Shaheen, with whom I conversed a considerable time, and with great pleasure; for I found that for himself, he did not believe that the pope was infallible in matters of faith, that is to say, unless in concert with the congregated176 church. I then began to confess to him: but when I saw that he held steadfastly177 some opinions for no other reason than that the church so believed, and without bringing any proper evidence of the fact, viz. from councils or from the fathers, and burst out upon me with exceeding bitter words, saying, "Know that the church neither deceives, nor is deceived, and be quiet;" and when I wished him to instruct me according to the word of God, with the simple object of glorifying178 God and fulfilling his will, I saw that he was not disposed to support any opinion because it was according to the word of God, but because so thought the church; and I saw him also ready to retain these opinions, although I should bring the strongest evidences against them from the holy Scriptures. He told me that it was impossible for him to teach any thing contrary to the council of Trent. So I found I could not receive his system, because, though you should shew him that it was wrong, he would not give it up, lest with it he should be obliged to give up his office. I therefore told him, you are bound, i. e. shut up as between walls, by the doctrines of the pope and the council of Trent.
In conversation on the images, he would have proved their propriety179 from Baronius' church history. We found this author quoting the sacred scriptures to prove that our Saviour180 sent a picture of himself to the king of Abgar. I declared that it was false, in so far as he stated that the Gospel made any such statement, and on that account I could not believe the story. To this he gave me no answer. After[382] this, as we were reading the book, and found a statement respecting the bishops collected in Constantinople, to the number of 313; that they decreed the abolition181 of the use of images, because it was idolatrous, and that in the clearest terms,—I asked him the question, "If an assembly composed of the bishops of the church were infallible, how is it that this council is said to have committed an error?"
About this time, I heard that a certain individual wished to converse with me on the subject of religion, which rejoiced me exceedingly, and I was impatient for an interview. He came on a Sabbath day to Ain Warka, for the study of the Arabic grammar, according to his custom, and we had a short conversation together on works unlawful on the Sabbath day, and other subjects. He then excused himself from further conversation for want of time; but promised that when we should meet again, he hoped to have a sufficient opportunity to dwell on these subjects at large. I continued at Ain Warka the whole week, reading with the rest at prayers and confessing to Hoory Joseph above mentioned; and on the next Lord's day, the Armenian priest aforesaid came again, and I fully expected to have time and opportunity to ascertain his opinions; but I was disappointed again; for he wished to have the dispute carried on in writing, and to have an assistant with him, with other conditions.
In these circumstances I failed of my object; but was on the whole more inclined than before to receive the doctrines of the Romish church; since the priest had promised to bring his evidence, on all points, from the word of God, that they (the papists) were walking in light and not in darkness.
At this time one informed me that his holiness, bishop Jacob, superior of the convent of Bzumar, wished to see me. And because Hoory Joseph, at first told me that this state in which I had fallen was a temptation of Satan, and at one time shewed me that it was usual for people, when they came to the age of manhood, to be tempted43 on the subject of their religion, and at another, assured me, that this was a state of delirium:—and again, because I had heard formerly182 that this bishop Jacob had himself been delirious183, and that he was a man of information, I wished very much to see him; and on the same day I went to Hoory Joseph and declared to him plainly my opinions, and shewed him that the beast mentioned in the Revelation was a figure, as the lamb evidently was, and how dreadful must be the torments185 of those who worship the image of the beast. I then disclosed to him my intention of going up to the convent of Bzumar, where were the patriarch Gregory, bishop Jacob, and the Armenian priest already mentioned.
I set off the same day, and on my arrival saluted the patriarch, and on the same night reasoned on the subjects of faith, hope and love. It appeared that the patriarch's opinion was, that a man may be possessed of living faith, faith unto salvation, although he should feel nothing in his heart. I answered him with a quotation from St. Paul,[383] "With the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation." But this did not convince him. He explained the heart to mean the will. It then appeared to me that he was not a true believer, and from that time forward I could not believe him, as I would believe a real Christian, but I wished to hear his worldly arguments. On the following day, I asked him how it can he said, that the pope was infallible if there were no proofs of the fact to be brought. I asked him if this pretension186 of the pope was that of an apostle, or a prophet? if an apostle, or a prophet, he could not be believed without miracles, and that we christians were not to believe any one, though he were to bring down fire from Heaven.[H] His replies to me were weak; and after considerable conversation on what is the church of Christ, on the ignorance that is pardonable, &c. he began to prove that if the pope is not infallible, then there is no religion, no gospel, and even no God. But I observed all his proofs so weak, that I could not be convinced, and I fell into deep perplexity as to what I should do. For sometimes I greatly endeavoured to submit my judgment to his rules and opinions, and made these efforts until my very head would ache. The next day I asked him what was that great city, ruling over the kings of the earth, mentioned in the Rev. xvii, 18? After he had brought his book of commentaries, he answered that it was Rome, which is also called spiritual Babylon, or Babel, and after wishing me to yield to his opinion or that of the book, he said nothing more. From this time I was with the patriarch every day for three or four hours, and his best advice to me was, to pray to St. Antony of Padua, together with one repetition of the Lord's prayer, and one of Hail Mary, &c. every day for three days. When I was thus in doubt from the weakness of their proofs, one of the monks said to me, "If you wish to know good tobacco, ask the patriarch." I hoped that this priest would explain to me those doctrines of the Romish church, which I could not believe; so I went into his chamber and questioned him very particularly on all points. He expressed his wish that we might discuss together all the points one by one, but on condition that the patriarch Joseph should appoint him to do so. He told me he had in his possession a book refuting the opinions of Luther and Calvin. I begged permission to read it; but he refused, telling me that the doctrines of the church all remained unrefuted. He wished me to go down to the patriarch Joseph on this business. So after a stay of four days from my arrival, I departed for Ain Warka according to my promise to Hoory Joseph.
Here I found one of my friends of whom I had heard that he had been very much astonished at my connexion with the Bible men. After I had seen him, and had conversed with him a little on some points, he would no longer hear me, fearing among other things lest he should be crazed. When we touched on the subject of the[384] great city above mentioned, he told me that he had seen a book of commentaries on the Revelation, which made the city clearly to be Rome. At this I wondered greatly, since the meaning was so clear that not even the teachers of the Romish church herself could deny it. I then finished my confession to Hoory Joseph Shaheen, and about sunset the same day, went down to the patriarch to the convent Alma. He requested me again to write a paper stating that my faith was according to the faith of the Romish church. From this I excused myself, begging that such a thing might not be required of me, for the council of Trent had added nothing to the rule of faith, which was established by that of Nice, which begins, "I believe in one God," &c. A short space after, I gave him my advice, with modest arguments, and mild suggestions, on his duty to cause the gospel to be preached in the church among the Maronite people; and offered him the opinion that this should be done by the priests in the vulgar language, every Sabbath day, for the space of one or two hours; and if this should appear too burthensome to the people, to take off from them some of the feast days. After this, I remained silent in my chamber near to his own; and as there came to me a few of the deacons of the patriarch, and others, I read to them at their request in the New Testament printed in Rome. But in a little time after, I entered my room, and found in it none of all the books that had been there, neither New Testament nor any other, and I knew that the patriarch had given the order for this purpose, for he reproved me for reading the gospel to them, but he could accuse me of no false or erroneous explanations, or that I taught them any thing heretical.
One day after this, he called me to his presence and began to threaten me in a most unusual manner. I said, "What do you wish of me, your reverence? What have I done, and what would you have me do? What is my sin, except that I conversed with some individuals, shewing them the errors of the church of Rome?" Then he requested me again, to say, that I believed as did that church, and said, grasping me firmly by the chin, "see how I will take you if you do not repent163." I begged him to appoint some one to shew me the truth, by way of discussion, but he would not, and continued expressing his own sentiment, that we are bound to hold fast to the church, even to such a length, that if she should even reject the gospel, we should reject it too.
And here I wish to say a word to every reader that regards and loves the truth; how does such doctrine appear to you? and how could I believe in all which the Romish church holds, without knowing all of it? and how could I say, without a lie, that I believe, when I do not believe?
When I saw the patriarch breaking out with an exceeding loud and unusual voice, I was afraid that I should be found among "the fearful," (Rev. xxi. 8.) and rose to depart. When I reached the door, I turned[385] and said to him, "I will hold fast the religion of Jesus Christ, and I am ready for the sake of it to shed my blood; and though you should all become infidels, yet will not I;" and so left the room.
One of my friends told me, that he had suggested to the patriarch the grand reason why I did not believe in the pope, which was, that among other doctrines of his, he taught, that he could not commit an error, and that now, though a pope should see any one of his predecessors187 had erred70, he could not say this, for fear that he also should appear to be an unbeliever. This friend also told me, that the patriarch wondered how I should pretend that I held to the Christian religion, and still converse in such abusive terms against it; and I also wondered, that after he saw this, he should not be willing so much as to ask me, in mildness, and self-possession, and forbearance, for what reasons I was unwilling188 to receive the doctrines of the pope, or to say I believed as he did; but he would not consent that the above mentioned Armenian priest should hold a discussion with me, and more than this, laid every person, and even his own brother, under excommunication, if he should presume to dispute or converse with me on the subject of religion.
Under this prohibition from conversation, and this bereavement189 of books, from what quarter could I get the necessary evidence to believe in their opinion?
Another cause I had of wonder, which was, that not one of all with whom I conversed, after he saw me to be heretical and declining from the truth, thought proper to advise me to use the only means of becoming strong in the faith, viz. prayer to God the Most High, and searching his Holy Word, which a child may understand. I wondered, too, that they should ridicule me, and report me abroad as one mad and after all this, be so fearful to engage in a dispute with the madman, lest he should vanquish190 them in argument, or spoil their understandings, or turn them away from the truth.
After some time came the bishop of Beyroot. I gave him the usual salutation, and was greatly rejoiced to see him, as I knew the excellency of his understanding, and his quickness of apprehension, and hoped that, after some discussion between us, he would explain the truth, and that he would rest on clear evidence to support his views. But in this case also, I was disappointed; for one day, when I asked him a question, and during the whole short conversation which followed, whenever I began to bring evidence against him, he was angry, and finally drove me from my chamber in a fury, and that with no other cause, as he pretended, than that he did not wish to converse with a heretic.
Some time after this, Hoory Joseph Shaheen came down to the convent of Alma, and I endeavoured to get him to unite with me in persuading the patriarch to send out among the people preachers of the gospel, or that there should be preaching in the churches as before mentioned. But he would not co-operate with me in this, and I was again disappointed.[386]
Then, when the patriarch and the bishop of Beyroot wished to dispute with me, I expressed the hope that the discussion might be in meekness192, and without anger. It was concluded that the discussion should be in writing, that no one afterwards should be able to alter what he had once said. They then commenced by asking me questions; the first question was, in amount, this, "Has the Messiah given us a new law?" At first, I did not grant that he had, strictly193 speaking, given us a new law, and quoted the words of John, that "the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ;" but when I afterwards saw that by "a new law," they meant merely the gospel, or the New Testament, I answered in the affirmative. They then asked me if there was not to be found in this new law some obscurities. I answered, "Yes." They then asked me, Suppose any difference of sentiment should arise between the teachers of Christianity, how are we to distinguish the truth from the error? I answered thus;—"We have no other means of arriving at the truth, than searching the word of God, with learning, and reason, and inquiry of learned spiritual teachers, with purity of motive, and with disinterestedness194 of inclination195. If the obscurities of the word of God cannot be understood by these means, our ignorance is excusable, and will not prevent our salvation. If the passages, which still remain obscure, concern faith, it is sufficient for a man to say, I believe according as the truth is in itself before God, or I believe in the thing as God inspired it to the writer. And if the obscurity respects our practice, after making use of the means above mentioned, if that branch of our practice be forbidden, or under a doubt, desist from it, but if it is not forbidden, do it, and Blessed is he that condemneth not himself in the thing which he alloweth."
After I had given them this answer, they brought no evidence to prove any error in it, and moreover afterwards never put to me any question to writing.
Once, as I was walking with the bishop of Beyroot, he began to tell me how much they all felt for me; and how unwilling they should be to put me in chains to die a lingering death; and that were it not for the sympathy and their love towards me, there were people who had conversed with them, who were ready to take my life. Some further conversation passed, and I began to introduce the subject of religion, and to ask how we could believe in the pope that he was infallible. He quoted for proof the words of our Saviour, Thou art Peter, &c. I asked him if it was proper to suppose that all things bestowed196 on Peter, were also given to the pope? If so, why does not the pope speak with tongues; and why is he not secure from the evil effects of poison, &c.? He answered, that these last things were not necessary. "But how do you prove it necessary," said I, "that the pope should not err69? Is it not sufficient if any one has doubts, to ask his teacher who is not infallible? if you say yes, then the opinion of[387] the fallible man will answer. But if you say no, and that we must go to the pope, what must become of the man who dies before the answer of the pope can reach him?"
He then resorted to another mode of proof, saying, "Is it not desirable that the pope should be infallible?" I assured him I wished he might be so. "Well, is not God able to render him so?" "Yes, He is able to do all things." He wished to infer his point from these two premises. But I said, "your reasoning with regard to the pope, may be applied to all the bishops of the church; for it is desirable that they should all be infallible, and God is able to make them so." He said, "No, for the bishops feeling less their need of the pope, would not look to him, or submit to him as their head, and then there would be divisions and contentions198 in the church." But why, said I, did not divisions and contentions arise among the apostles? Were they not all infallible as well as Peter? He would not say they were infallible. I told him, that was an opinion that could not be believed, that the pope was infallible, and the apostles not; for it was well known to all, that the Holy Spirit descended199 upon the apostles in a peculiar200 manner. I asked him again, how it could be made to appear that divisions would be produced if all bishops were infallible, for if they were all of one opinion, as they of course would be, their union must be the more perfect. We conversed farther at some length, when he concluded by saying, "You are possessed of a devil."
The next day, as the patriarch and the bishop of Beyroot were seated under a tree without the convent, I went out to them, and said, "Your holiness sent to me to come hither for employment, and I came, and have remained here a considerable time. What do you wish me to do for you, for I cannot remain here in idleness?" He said, "What do you wish to do?" If your holiness pleases, that I teach in the school of Ain Warka, I will do that. "No, I cannot have you go to Ain Warka, to corrupt202 the minds of those who are studying science, and to contradict my opinions." But I will instruct in grammar. "No, the youths of the college are now attending to moral science." Well, I only beg you will let me know what I am to do, and if you have no employment for me, I wish to return home. The bishop here broke in upon the conversation, saying, I will not suffer you to go back among my flock to deceive them, and turn them away to heresy. Will you then debar me, said I, from my home? If so, let me know where I shall go, what I shall do? The bishop then said to the patriarch, "Indeed I will not suffer this man to go abroad among my people, for he is even attempting to make heretics of us also." Yes replied the patriarch, it will not do after this, to afford him a residence in any part of the land. The bishop then turned to me, in the bitterest anger and rage, reviling203 me and saying, "If you go among my people again, I will send and take your life, though it be in the bosom of your own house." I said, "Well, what would you have me to do,[388] and what will you do with me? If you wish to kill me, or shut me up in prison, or give me up to the government, or whatever it may be, I wish to know it." "You must wait here till spring or summer," said the patriarch, "and then we shall see how you are." I answered him in the words of that christian who was given by his judge ten days to deliberate whether he would worship an image: "Consider the time already past, and do what you please."
I asked the bishop his reasons for wishing to kill me. What evil had I done? He was filled with high and bitter indignation, saying, "What, miscreant205! Shall we let you go forth206 to corrupt my flock for me? Is not what has passed enough?" I rose and said to them, "God at least is with me," and left them. The patriarch sent after me his nephew, requesting me, in soothing207 words to return, and saying that he would do what I wished.
But when I contemplated208 the hardness of heart manifested by the bishop, I could not restrain myself from reproving him, hoping that he would grow mild. I said, therefore, "Our Lord Jesus Christ said, out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh, and that Satan, who was in his heart, wished to kill me, for Satan was a murderer from the beginning." I told him, moreover, that he was not a true disciple209 of Christ. And when I had left them a second time, the patriarch again sent his nephew to enquire210 of me what I wished; whether it was money, or what else, promising that he would answer my enquiries.
I returned and told him, that I had a request to make of one thing only, and that I hoped he would answer me, not as to a little child, who would ask a childish thing. He asked me what it was. I said I have to ask of you the favour to send from your priests two faithful men to preach the gospel through the country, and I am ready, if necessary, to sell all that I possess to give to them as part of their wages. He promised me it should be done. But I had reason to expect that he would receive such a request as from the mouth of one out of his reason. Now there was at the convent a man called Hoory Gabriel, who was said to be insane, and was known to all his acquaintance as a man that never would say a word on the subject of religion, and he was a scribe of the patriarch, and from the time of my arrival until that day, had never asked me a single question about my faith, or opinions, nor had given me the least word of advice about any of my errors. The same night, as this priest was passing the evening in company with the patriarch, bishop, and other individuals, as if they had been conversing211 on my idiocy212 in making the request of to-day, the patriarch sent for me to come and sit with them. I came. The patriarch then asked this priest and the others present, if two proper men could be found to go and preach the gospel. They then answered one to another, such an one, and such an one, would be the fittest persons, some mentioning one and some another, looking at me in the mean time laughing, to see what I would say.[389]
I smiled in a pleasant manner at all this, and when one asked me, why I laughed? I said to the patriarch, "Have you not perfect confidence in the integrity of the priest Gabriel?" He said, "Yes." I then said, pray let this priest then examine me for the space of a few days, and if he does not conclude that I am a heretic, I will for one, take upon myself this duty of preaching. This remark put an immediate end to the conversation.
The third day, when the bishop wished to mock me before the patriarch and a shekh of the country, I answered his questions according to his own manner; but in a little time he began to revile213 me, and rebuke214 me for blasphemy215 against the eucharist, against the virgin216 Mary and the pictures, and that because I had said before one of his deacons, that were it not for fear of the patriarch, I would tear all the pictures to pieces and burn them. I gave him answer to every particular by itself, and when he found that he could produce against me no accusation217, he increased in wrath. I then said, if this is your pleasure, I will say no more. I told him that I had said, that pictures were not Gods; that such was my opinion always; and that I wished to tell all the common people so, that they might understand it. But to this he would not consent. He then began to accuse me of saying of the eucharist, "Let them smell the scent218 of it, and know that it is but bread and wine still." I told him that if he would give me leave to speak, or if he wished to hear my views, I would speak; "but how is it that you bring against me accusations219, and do not suffer me to make my defence?" Here again he was not willing that I should speak, but the patriarch said to me, "Speak." I then observed, that St. Ephraim says, "Come, eat the fire of the bread, and drink the spirit of the wine;" and began to say from this, that our eating the body of Christ was not natural, but spiritual. Then again he fell into a rage against me. I said to him, "It is written, be ye angry and sin not. I told you before, that I would keep silence and not speak without your consent, and whatever you wish, tell me that I may act or refrain accordingly." At this the patriarch smiled. But the bishop fell into a passion still more violent, against the patriarch as well as myself, and rose and went away. I also left the room. In the evening, when were collected together the patriarch and bishop and all the monks, with priest Nicholas, whom they were about to ordain220 bishop on the morrow, the patriarch began to ask me questions respecting my faith. When I saw that their object was neither to benefit me, nor receive benefit, I gave them answers calculated to continue the conversation in a trifling221 strain, saying, "My faith is the faith of Peter, and the faith of Peter is my faith. I believe all that God has given by inspiration to the one only holy catholic church." He asked me, What is the church? I answered, "The church is the whole company of those who believe in the Messiah and his law, on all the face of the earth." But where is the place of the church? "The place of the church is the whole world, it is made up of every nation and people." "What," said he "the English among the[390] rest?" "Yes, of the English also." Afterwards, when he continued to question me, and I saw that he had no other object than to try me, I assured him, this is my faith, and to this faith will I hold, whether it is worth any thing in your estimation or not. I then asked him if he was willing to hold a discussion on the subject; but he would not permit it in any shape. He afterwards requested me to tell my faith again without fear and without concealment222. I referred them to the priest that was about to be ordained223, saying, that I had conversed with him on all points particularly, and that he was able to make answer for me. The priest then bore testimony on the spot, that I had said before him that I believed the pope to be infallible, while I never said this to him at any time. Afterward37, when I was in his company privately224, I inquired how he could bear such testimony as he had done. He confessed in the fullest terms, that he knew it was a falsehood, but that he said what he did, that they might cease talking with me. The same night I had resolved on quitting them; so at about midnight I left the convent, committing myself to the protection of God, who never deserts them who put their trust in him, and arrived at Beyroot, on the morning of Thursday, March 2, 1826.
Here then I remain at present, not that I may take my views from the English, or from the Bible men, nor that I may receive my religion from them. No, by no means; for I hold to the word of God. This is beyond all danger of error. In this I believe; in this is my faith; and according to it I desire to regulate my life, and enjoy all my consolations225. By this I wish to show what I believe and not to confer with flesh and blood, that I may not run now nor hereafter in vain; for I know and am persuaded, that the true religion is not according to the teaching of men, but according to the inspiration of God: not according to the custom of education, but according to the truth, which is made manifest by the word of God. I therefore say to myself now, as I did in the convent with the patriarch, where I wrote thus:
"Far from me be all the commandments of men. Nothing is to come into comparison with the teaching of Jesus by reading the New Testament. If our hearts are not transformed, there is the greatest danger that we die in our sins. If any thing in the doctrine of Jesus seems burdensome, let us pray that he may make it light; and if there is any thing that we do not understand, let us pray that he would instruct us and reveal the obscurity to all who truly believe in Jesus. There is nothing more delightful226 to the soul than he. O taste and see that the Lord is good! Blessed are all that put their trust in him! Cast thy burthen on the Lord and he will sustain thee. Sweet is the sorrow produced by his word; for it gives us an aversion to all the consolations of time. Let us therefore seek refuge in God. Alas227 for thee, O thou that trustest to the doctrines of men, especially if they give rest to your conscience, for that rest is false and deceitful, proceeding228 from the thoughts of men, and preventing you from attaining229 that true rest, of which the Apostles speak, saying, We do rest from our labours. Take heed230 lest there be in any of you an evil[391] heart of unbelief in departing from the living God. Read the word and it shall teach you all things necessary to your salvation. If you say you do not understand it, behold231 the promise of St. James, If any may lack wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men liberally and upbraideth not, and it shall be given him. The divine word is a most precious treasure, from which all wise men are enriched. Drink from the fountain itself. Again, I say, vain is the philosophy of men; for it recommends to us doctrines newly invented, and prevents our increase in virtue165, rather than promotes it. Cast it far from you."
This is what I wrote some time since, and I would revolve232 these thoughts in my mind at all times. The object in all that I have done, or attempted, or written, in this late occurrence, is, that I may act as a disciple and servant of Christ. I could not, therefore, receive any advice, which should direct me to hide my religion under a bushel. I cannot regulate myself by any rules contrary to those of Christ; for I believe that all who follow his word in truth, are the good grain, and that all those who add to his word, are the tares233 sown by the enemy, which shall soon be gathered in bundles and cast into the fire unquenchable. And I beg every member of my sect234, i. e. of the Maronite church, who loves truth, if he sees me in an error to point it out to me, that I may leave it, and cleave235 to the truth. But I must request those who would rectify236 my views, not to do as did a priest at Beyroot, who after a considerable discussion, denied the inspiration of the New Testament. Men like him I do not wish to attempt to point out my errors; for such men, it is evident, need rather to be preached to, than to preach; and to be guided, rather than to guide. But if any understanding man will take the word of God and prove to me from it any doctrine whatever, I will respect him and honour him with all pleasure. But if a doctrine cannot be established thus, it is not only opposed to the doctrines of Christ, but to the views of the early christians, the fathers of the church; such as St. Ephraim and others. Such doctrines I cannot confess to be correct, although it should cost me the shedding of my blood. Be it known, that I am not seeking money, nor office; nor do I fear any thing from contempt, nor from the cross, nor from the persecution237 of men, nor from their insults, nor their evil accusations, so far as they are false. For I am ready for the sake of Christ to die daily, to be accounted as a sheep for the slaughter238, for he, in that he suffered being tempted, is able to succour those that are tempted. I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory that shall be revealed in us. I believe that Jesus is our High Priest for ever and hath an unchangeable priesthood, wherefore he is able to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, for he is the one Mediator239 between God and man, and he ever liveth to make intercession with the Father for us; and he is the propitiation for our sins, and to him be glory with the Father and his Holy Spirit of life for ever and ever—Amen.[392]
I would only add, if there is any one, whoever he may be, that will shew me to be under a mistake, and that there is no salvation for me unless I submit to the pope, or at least shew me that it is lawful to do so, I am ready to give up all my peculiar views and submit in the Lord. But without evidence that my views are thus mistaken, I cannot give them up, and yield a blind obedience240, until it shall be not only told that I am mad, but until I shall be so in fact, and all my understanding leaves me. Not until men shall have burned not only the Bibles printed by the English, but all the Bibles of the world. But these two things, understanding and the Bible, I pray God to preserve both to me and to all the followers241 of Christ, and that he will preserve and save all you, my friends, in the Lord.
Asaad Shidiak.
Interview with several of his Relatives.
6. Among those who came to see Asaad to-day, were three of his brothers and an uncle. Mansoor, the oldest of the brothers, we had never before seen. He is a furious bigot, and perfectly243 ignorant and regardless of the first principles of religion. The second, Tannoos, or Antony, has lived among us as a teacher, and has good native and acquired talents; but, though he might be a protestant if he were left at liberty, he thinks it altogether preposterous244 to attempt to quarrel with bishops and patriarchs on the subject of religion.
These two brothers, and the uncle, (the last worse than the first,) came and conversed together with Asaad in his chamber a considerable time. Hearing them very earnest, I took the liberty also to go in. They continued their rebukes245 and arguments, (especially the uncle,) in so harsh and unfeeling a manner, that it made me tremble to hear them. They contradicted Asaad, scoffed246 at and threatened him, calling him possessed, mad, under the power of Satan, and so on. Asaad consented to go home and leave the English, which was the great point they wished to gain, provided they would get an assurance from the patriarch in writing, to say, on the faith of a christian, that he would not molest247 him.
"But," said they, "then you must hold your tongue, and not broach248 your new opinions among the people."
"What," replied Asaad, "must I go and live like a dumb man? No, that I will never do. My religion binds250 me not to do it. I must love my neighbour as myself."
"Why do you not go," said they, "to the Druses, and the Moslems, and preach the gospel to them? You answer, because there is danger. So there is danger in the present case; this is not a land of liberty, therefore be silent."
Asaad.—"Secure me but the free exercise of my conscience, and I will go with you. My religion is my all, and I must be free in it."
They.—"We can give you no such security. Nobody dares go to the patriarch with such a request. You cannot be permitted to publish your notions abroad among the people."[393]
"Then," said Asaad, "there is no more to be said;"—rising, and with clasped hands walking the room;—"Religion unshackled—Religion unshackled, is my doctrine."
They rose and left the room in an angry despair. Mansoor returned, and wished to speak a word with Asaad at the door. In a moment, Asaad returned. "Do you know what Mansoor has told me?" said he. "His last words were, 'Even if the patriarch and the emir should do nothing; if they make no attempts to take your life; be assured, we ourselves will do the work: so take heed to your self accordingly.'"
Asaad was much affected by the interview. As soon as he found himself at liberty, he stepped up into the loft251 where he sleeps, and threw himself on his couch in prayer.
While in this attitude his next younger brother, Galed, knocked at the door. I called to Asaad to inform him of the fact; but he gave me no answer. I then invited Galed to another room, where Asaad soon joined us with a full and heavy heart. The two brothers saluted each other with embarrassment252. Asaad evidently wished to be alone, and the brother, after a few mild, unmeaning inquiries253, left him.
7. I yesterday advised Asaad to direct his conversations with the people, as much as possible to their hearts, and say little or nothing on the corruption255 of their church. He objected to the counsel. I referred him to similar advice he gave me some months ago. "Ah," said he, "I thought so then, but I now see that you cannot stir a step, but you meet some of their corruptions256." However, he to-day made the experiment, and held an hour's conversation with two visiters on the subject of regeneration. They both thought themselves renewed, but took too little interest in the subject to confine their attention to it. "You see," said Asaad, after they had gone, "how little they feel on such a subject. It is painful to talk with such men. I would rather see them contradict, and dispute, and get angry, or any thing, than to appear so dead."
Interview with a younger Brother.
Asaad's brother Galed came again to-day, and discovered more feeling than yesterday on the subject of his brother's leaving the English. He said he had brought an insupportable shame upon the family. Asaad insisted, that such shame was no argument whatever for his leaving us; that all the disciples257 of Christ were to expect it as a thing of course. Galed assured him, that nobody would think of molesting258 him, if he were at Hadet. I asked Galed if his brother Mansoor did not threaten yesterday to kill him. He turned away, colored, and muttered something that I did not understand; but the whole was a full acknowledgment of the fact.
"But," said Galed, "if any one were disposed to take your life, could they not do it as well here, as at home?"
I answered, "no; that the emir Beshir himself could not enter my house without my permission, and that if the relatives of Asaad did not cease from their threats, I should feel myself bound to shut them out of it."
After a long conversation, at the end of which he found Asaad as inflexible259 as ever, he rose abruptly260, and was going out without a compliment, when Asaad started up, and asked, "Well, what do you conclude to do? Do you really intend to send some assassin to take my life in my room?" The youth, without deigning261 to look at him, closed the door in sullen262 grief, and departed.
Asaad turning to me, said, "I cannot please these people. Whatever I say, they are sure to be angry. Soft words, or hard words, it makes no difference to them. They come as if I were under their kingly authority. They lay hold of my cloak, and say, 'Give me this.' If I say, 'I will not give it,' they are angry; and if I reason with them with all the mildness of which I am capable, and say, 'Cannot you be accommodated elsewhere? Can you not wait upon me in a few days?' &c. they are equally angry."
Correspondence with his family.
8. A messenger called this morning with the following note.
"To our brother Asaad Esh Shidiak: May God bless you.—We beg you to come home to-night, and not wait till Sunday. We have pledged our mother that you shall come. If you fail to do so, you will trouble us all. Your brother,
Galed."
To this letter, Asaad sat down, and instantly wrote the following reply:
"To our much honoured and very dear brother Galed: God preserve him.—Your note has reached us, in which you speak of our coming home to-night, and say, that if we do not come, we trouble you all.
"Now if we were in some distant land, your longing263 after us in this manner might be very proper; but we are near you, and you have been here, and seen us in all health, and we have seen you. Then quiet our mother, that we, through the bounty264 of God, are in perfect health, and that we have great peace in the Lord Jesus Christ, peace above all that the world can afford, and abundant joy in the Holy Ghost above all earthly joy. But as to our coming up this evening, we do not find it convenient, not even though we had the strongest desire to see our mother and you.
"I beg you all to love God, and to serve him in our Lord Jesus Christ. This is of all things the most important; for if we love God, if he but renew our hearts by the holy Ghost, we shall enjoy each other's society for ever and ever.
"And now we are prevented from coming to you, and you know we[395] are not void of all desire to see you, but the hindrances265 to which we have alluded, are, we think, a sufficient apology. We beg you to accept our excuse, and to apologize for us to our mother, and we pray God to pour out his grace richly on you all, and lengthen266 your days.
"Your brother, Asaad.
"P. S. Tell our mother not to think so much of these earthly things but rather of God our Saviour."
Is visited by his Mother.
This letter had been gone scarcely time sufficient to reach Hadet, when the mother herself was announced at the door. We welcomed her with all cordiality, and treated her with all the respect and attention we could. But all we could do or say did not alter her resolution to get her son away, if in her power. She besought him by the honour he owed her, by the love he professed267 for her, by his regard for the reputation of her family, for religion itself, and for his own personal safety, that he would immediately accompany her home; and when she found him inflexible, she declared she would never stir out of the house unless he went with her.
To all this Asaad replied, "To what purpose would it be, that I should go home? You wish me to go, you say, that people may be convinced that I am not mad. But you, who come hither, and see, and converse with me, say, after all, that I am mad. How can it be expected that I should convince others that I am not mad, when my own mother will not believe it. Or do you think that if I once get out among you, the air of Hadet will change my opinions, or induce me to be silent? All these are vain expectations. I see no object to be gained. If I should go to Hadet, and be constantly disputing with the people, and telling them, that you are all going astray; that you are worshipping idols268 instead of the living God; that I could wish to tear down every picture in your churches; that the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper are not Jesus Christ; that I believe the pope to be the beast in the revelation,[I] whose business is to deceive the people and ruin their souls;—by all this, I should injure your feelings, enrage269 the people, excite the opposition of the emirs, and bishops, and patriarchs, and then return here just in the state I am in now."
The youngest brother, Phares, who accompanied his mother, conversed freely and in good temper, and listened with attention to all Asaad's arguments, by which he endeavoured to justify270 his views and determinations. But no argument or evidence could convince the disconsolate271 mother. Asaad had repeated the name of Christ, and the word of God so often, that she, at last, in a fit of impatience272 exclaimed, "Away, with Christ, and the word of God; what have we to do with them!" and when we pointed78 out to Asaad some text[396] of Scripture, which we thought applicable in any case, she would endeavour to close the book, or catch it from him, as if it taught paganism, or witchcraft273. During her stay we dined, and as Asaad took the meat upon his plate, and ate it without a scruple274, in this season of Lent, it was remarked with what a gaze of wonder she regarded him. She seemed to say in her heart, "All is over—my son is lost!"
After some hours of troublesome expostulation and entreaty276, during which Asaad once said he could bear it no longer, and rose, and shook my hand to go, it was finally settled that the mother should go home without him, but that to save the family from the insupportable shame, which threatened it, Asaad should give her a paper, stating, in effect, that he was not a follower242 of the English. When the paper was finished, "Now," said Asaad, "go to your home in peace;" and walked away; but suddenly recollecting277 himself, he called his brother back, and said, "Phares, I wish you fully to understand, that I love you, and I have one request to make of you, which is, that you will take the New Testament, and read it attentively278."—"Give me a New Testament," said Phares, quickly. We gave him the book, and he went his way, evidently affected and softened by the interview.
9. The shekh before mentioned communicated to Asaad, through the medium of a priest, the offer of his daughter in marriage, on condition he should leave the English.
10. Set apart a day of fasting and prayer on Asaad's account. He was observed not to be in a happy temper. Towards evening he spoke of going home. I hoped he would finish writing the statement we had requested of him, "for," said I, "if you go home I shall not see you again for months." "No," said he, "perhaps not for years." His manner was very peculiar. I knew not what was the matter, till, in the evening, after a long conversation on the evidences of inspiration, he said, "I have been in deep darkness to-day. My heart has been full of blasphemy, such as I have scarcely ever known. I have even doubted the existence of God. But now I am relieved, and I would just say, I shall not go home to-morrow, as I hinted."
This temptation seems to have arisen chiefly from a discrepancy279 in the scriptures, which I had shewed him, and which I knew not how to reconcile. He begged that, for the present, I would by no means shew him another such.
Suspects himself to have been poisoned.
11. One of the neighbours brought Shidiak a letter, cautioning him, if he went to the shekh's house, not to smoke or drink with him.
12. Word came to Asaad, that the shekh was with the family below, and would be glad to see him. Asaad went down, but in a few minutes came up, pale and trembling, and said he was exceedingly dizzy and faint. He had just taken coffee below, attended with suspicious circumstances, and begged to know if he might not be[397] poisoned. We opened a medical book we had, and explained to him, as rapidly as possible, the symptoms of a poisoned person. "Oh! these are my feelings," said he, and fell upon his knees before his seat in silent prayer. We immediately gave him an emetic280, which operated well, and before night he was relieved of every alarming symptom. The youth who gave the coffee, being sent for, gave good evidence of having had no bad intentions; and notwithstanding many suspicious circumstances, we did not think the evidence of an attempt at poison sufficiently strong, to prosecute281 any public inquiry into the matter.
16. A youth from Der el Kamer called to see Asaad. He remarked, that he once saw a priest at his village tear in pieces five of these books of ours, but he could not tell for what reasons. He had, apparently282, never seen the ten commandments before, and was very much surprised to find image-worship so expressly condemned283 in them. A letter was received by Asaad from the patriarch, written in very plausible284 terms.
Visits his Relatives at Hadet.
17. Four of the relatives of Asaad came down, and succeeded in persuading him to accompany them home. He said he could not believe, after all that has been said, that they would do him violence, and he strongly expected that his visit to Hadet would do good. A majority of us opposed his going with all we could say; but he thinks he knows the people here better than we do. He left us toward evening, expecting to be absent only a few days.
Their violence, and the consequent proceedings285 of Phares Shidiak.
24. Phares Shidiak came to my house to day, and wished to speak with me in private.
"Yesterday morning," said he, "as I was in my room reading the New Testament, my brother Mansoor entered, drew a sword he had, and gave me a blow upon the neck. I continued with the book in my hand, until one snatched it from me. Mansoor afterwards drew up his musket286, threatening to shoot me; but my mother interfered287 to prevent him. My brother Tannoos hearing a bustle288, came in with a cane289, and began cudgelling me, without stopping to inquire at all into the merits of the case, calling out, 'Will you leave off your heresy, and go to church like other people, or not?' Mansoor not finding Asaad present, as he seemed to have expected, went to Asaad's chest which stood near me, seized all the books he had received of you, Hebrew, Syriac, Italian, and Arabic, tore them, one by one, in pieces, and strewed290 them on the floor.
"In the course of the day, I came down near where the soldiers of the emir are encamped, and passed the night in company with my brother Galeb. This morning he returned, with a line from me to Asaad, and I came off to Beyroot, with the full determination never[398] to go home again. And now I will either go to some place in this country where I can enjoy my liberty or I will take ship, and leave the country altogether."
As he wished my advice, I counselled him neither to go from the country, nor from his home, but to return, and at least make a further trial of doing good to his relatives, and bearing their persecutions. He, however, continued inflexible.
In the space of a few hours, Galeb came in search of Phares, with a letter from Asaad, of which the following is a copy.
Asaad's letter to his brother Phares.
"To my beloved brother Phares; the Lord Most High preserve him. Your departure caused me great grief. First, because you were impatient when trial and persecution came upon you. It is a thing we are regularly to expect, that if we hope in God in this world, we shall give universal offence. But we have another city, for which we hope. Do not lose your courage, for you have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin. Remember, we cannot share in the glory of Christ, if we share not also in his sufferings. Therefore, rejoice whenever you are tried; rejoice, and never be sad; for our faith is sure.
"Secondly291, I was grieved because you gave me no information where you were going, and what you intended to do. Now, it is not becoming, that we should do any thing rashly, that is, till we have prayed to God for direction. Come home, then, and let us set apart a season of fasting and prayer to God, and do what is most agreeable to him. Perhaps it is best to let our works preach in silence, in these evil days.
"You must know, that if you fail to come home, you will give us great pain, and this, you know, would be inconsistent with love. Jesus says, 'By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another.' You well know how much joy and consolation it would give us to see you; do not then deny us this pleasure, but come at all events. If you do not come, it may be an injury both to yourself and me. I wish to see you, if it be only to say to you two words, and then act your pleasure; for not every word can be said with paper and pen. Farewell.
"Your brother and companion in tribulation292,
Asaad."
Galeb took me aside, and begged me to urge his brother to go home. I said I had already advised him to do so, but that I could not force him to go—that if he found he could not enjoy liberty of conscience, and the privilege of reading the word of God, in Hadet, he was welcome to stay with me as long as he pleased. "You are a man," said Galeb, "that speaks the truth and acts uprightly, but Asaad and Phares are not like you; they talk very improper293 things." Among these things, he mentioned a report to which Asaad had given circulation, respecting the patriarch, to which I was obliged to reply, that[399] instead of taking it for granted to be a false report, he ought to believe it to be true, and that such a report was not abroad respecting the patriarch alone, but respecting a majority of patriarchs and bishops of the whole land.
After some further conversation on the wickedness of treating brothers, as they had done Phares and Asaad, we went to Phares, and endeavoured to persuade him to go home with his brother. But it was all in vain. "If I leave this house," said he, "instead of going to Hadet, I will go in the opposite direction." The brother returned without him.
Conversation of Phares with the Bishop of Beyroot.
After Galeb had gone, we put a great many questions to Phares, and he communicated some interesting particulars. Among others was the following:
"The day that Asaad and myself left you, (the 17th,) the bishop of Beyroot was at the next house, and I went to salute159 him.
"He said to me, 'I understand you have become English, too. You reason on the subject of religion.'
"But," said I, "is every one English, if he reasons on that subject?"
Bishop.—"But you read in the Bibles of the English."
Phares.—"Yes, and from whom is the Bible? is it from the English, or from God?"
B.—"But it is printed by the English."
P.—"Well, is it altered in any place?"
B.—"See, now you have begun again to argue on the subject of religion. I tell you, young man, cease this heretical habit, or you are excommunicated."
Phares informed us of three or four Bibles and New Testaments294, that we had given at different times to individuals in Hadet, which had lately been destroyed by order of the bishop. This news, together with a discovery we yesterday made in the neighbouring house, of two covers of the New Testament, whose contents had long ago been torn out, shews us anew, if new evidence were wanting, that if the Gospel is ever introduced again in its power and purity into this country, it will be with a desperate struggle.
Two brothers of Phares, Mansoor and Galeb, came to converse with him anew. We saw them seated together on the ground, at a little distance from the house, but afterwards saw them no more. It is singular that Phares should have left without coming either to take his cloak, or bid us farewell.[J]
28. Having heard nothing particular directly from Asaad since he left, especially since the affair of the books, I yesterday sent him a line, and to-day received the following reply:
[400]
Letter from Asaad to Mr. Bird.
"Dear Sir,—After expressing imperfectly the love I bear you, and the desire I have to see you in all health, I have to say, that in due time your letter came to hand, and I read and understood it. You ask respecting our health. I answer, I am in a state of anxiety, but not so great as some days ago.
"On Thursday last, having come home from a visit to the emir Sulman, I found the remnants of the Holy Scriptures, torn in pieces, as there is reason to believe, by order of the bishop. When I was told, that my brother Mansoor had done this mischief295, I returned to the emir, and informed him of the affair. He sent to call Mansoor, while I returned again to our house. I now learned, that my brother Phares had gone off. After searching for him some time, I went down to the inn in quest of him, but he was not to be found. As I was on my way returning from the inn, where I had gone in search of my brother, I prayed to God, that he would take every thing from me, if necessary, only let faith and love towards him remain in my heart.
"As I proceeded on, a man came up, and gave me information that all the consuls296 of Beyroot were slain, and that you also were slain with them. The report came from a man, who said he had deposited goods with you for safety. In order to be the more sure, I asked the man if it were really true, and he again assured me, that it was. Ask me not the state of my feelings at that moment.
"On reaching home, I heard this terrible news confirmed; at the same time looking out, and seeing the heap of ashes near the house, all that remained of the 11 copies of the holy scriptures which my brothers had destroyed, I burst into tears, and committed all my concerns into the hands of God, saying, 'Blessed be his holy name: the Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away;'—and so I prayed on, with tears and groanings, which I cannot describe.
"I afterwards heard, that Phares was probably in the neighbourhood, and set off to search after him by night, but found him not. When I heard the news of your death confirmed, I sent off a messenger, that, wherever Phares might be found, he might return; and when I received his letter, saying that he had gone to your house, I could not yet believe that the report respecting you was false.
"But when the truth on this subject began to appear, then I heard by a person who came to the yesterday evening, that the patriarch and the emir had made an agreement to kill me, and that they had sent men to lie in wait for that purpose. I was afterwards told, by another person, that some of the servants of the emir were appointed to accomplish this end.
"Here I am, then, in a sort of imprisonment, enemies within, and enemies without.
"One of my brothers, the other day, advised me to surrender my self entirely297 to the mercy of the bishop, whereupon I wrote the bishop a letter, (of which I send you the enclosed copy,) and gave it to my[401] brother Tannoos, begging him to carry it to the bishop, and bring me his reply. Tannoos read the letter, and without saying a word, threw it down in contempt. I then gave it to my uncle with the same request, but as yet I have got no reply.[K]
"All my concerns I commit into the hands of God, who created me. Through the blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, I hope that all my distresses298 will be for the best.
"I accept with pleasure all your kind wishes, and send you many salutations in the Lord, and pray for you length of days.
"Yours, &c. Asaad."
"March 27, 1826."
His relatives deliver him up to the Patriarch.
31. Information is received, that Asaad has been taken away against his will, to the patriarch.
April 4. Phares Shidiak arrived here in the evening direct from Der Alma, and said he had accompanied Asaad to that convent a week ago, that Asaad was still there, and that the patriarch, having in the morning set off for Cannobeen, would send down for Assad after a few days. He then handed me the following line from Asaad.
"If you can find a vessel299 setting off for Malta, in the course of four or five days, send me word; if not, pray for your brother.
Asaad."
We were disposed to send off a messenger this very evening, but Phares said it would not be necessary.
Had some serious conversation with Phares, in which I exhorted300 him to continue reading the New Testament, and take particular notice of the general spirit of it; and then to judge, if all this deceit, confining, beating, and threatening to kill, was consistent with that spirit. We observed, that we supposed the patriarch and the bishop were well pleased with all the violence that Mansoor had used in this affair. "Yes," said Phares, "priest Hanna Stambodi, at Ain Warka, told me yesterday, that none of us had any religion, except Mansoor."
In a subsequent part of his journal, Mr. Bird records the following particulars respecting Asaad, during his last visit to Hadet, and when about to be violently removed from thence. They were received from Phares.
A neighbouring emir being sick, one day, Asaad carried him a paper of medicine, on the outside of which he had written how it was to be taken. While Asaad stood without, a servant took in this medicine, and gave it to the prince, saying, "This is from Asaad Esh Shidiak, and here he has written the directions on the paper." The prince, who is not remarkable for mildness, and perhaps was not conscious that Asaad overheard him, spoke out angrily, "A fig184 for the paper and writing; 'tis the medicine I want." "Your lordship is[402] in the right," replied Asaad, "the truth is with you. The medicine is the thing; the paper that holds it, is nothing. So we ought to say of the gospel, the great medicine for the soul. 'Tis the pure gospel we want, and not the church that holds it."
After Mansoor, in his catholic zeal302, had torn up and burned all his Bibles and Testaments, Asaad could not remain without the scriptures, but sent and obtained a copy from the little church, which he daily read, marking the most striking and important passages.
When his relatives, to the number of twenty or more, had assembled, and Asaad perceived they were come to take him to the patriarch by force, he began to expostulate with Tannoos, and besought him to desist from a step so inconsistent with fraternal love. He besought in vain. Tannoos turned away from him with a cold indifference303. Affected with his hardness, Asaad went aside, and wept and prayed aloud.
The evening before he was taken away, he said to those who had assembled, "If I had not read the gospel, I should have been surprised at this new movement of yours. But now it is just what I might have expected. In this blessed book, I am told, the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and a man's foes304 shall be they of his own household. Here you see it is just so. You have come together to fulfil this prophecy of the gospel. What have I done against you? What is my crime? Allowing that I do take the Bible as my only and sufficient guide to heaven, what sin is there in this?" During the evening, he laid himself down to sleep, as he was to set off early in the morning. But he was often interrupted; for, whenever he caught a word of false doctrine from the lips of those who continued their conversation, he would rise up, refute them, and again compose himself to rest. One of his uncles, speaking of his going to the patriarch, said in a great rage, "If you don't go off with us peaceably, we will take your life." Asaad replied, "Softly, softly, my dear uncle, don't be hasty. Blessed are the meek191."
Phares wrote a letter this evening to Asaad, in a hand that had been agreed on between them, saying, that if he would come to Beyroot, he need not fear, and that it might be a matter for further consideration whether he should leave the country.
5. The letter of Phares was sent off by a moslem144, who returned at evening, saying that when he arrived at the convent, he was accosted305 by two or three men, inquiring his business, telling him he was a Greek, and had letters from the English. They then seized him, and took the letter by force, and, had he not shewn them that he was a moslem, would have probably sent him to the emir of the district for further examination. They then asked him some questions about the English, and assured him that after eight days Asaad would no longer be a living man. Thus were our hopes of a second deliverance of this sufferer of persecution, for the present, blasted. After all the threats, which have been thrown out without being put in execution, we rather hope, that this last will prove like the rest; yet we cannot[403] tell how far their hatred306 of the truth may, with the divine forbearance, carry them. We leave all with him, in whose hands our life and breath are, and whose are all our ways, with the humble307 hope, that light may yet arise out of darkness, and that much glory may be added to his name, from this evident work of Satan.
6. Sent word, in a blind hand, on a torn scrap308 of paper, to Phares respecting the fate of our message to his brother. He returns answer that he is coming to Beyroot to-morrow.
7. Phares came, according to his notice of yesterday, saying, that if the patriarch should get his letter to Asaad, there would be danger in his staying at Hadet. He should be glad to go to Malta, or almost any other place out of the Maronite influence, lest his brothers should seize him, and deliver him up to the fury of the patriarch, as they had done his brother Asaad. Mansoor, the eldest309 and most violent of them, when he heard, yesterday, that a letter had arrived for Phares from Beyroot, breathed out threatenings and slaughter, not only against Phares, but against the innocent messenger himself.
8. Wrote to ——, a friendly Maronite bishop, to give me whatever information he might be able to procure respecting Shidiak.
May 10. A messenger whom we sent to Cannobeen, returned with the report that he was denied the privilege of seeing Asaad, under pretence310 that he was going through a course of confession, during which the rule is, that the person so confessing, shall pass his time, for a number of days, alone, and see no company.
14. We were, to-day, credibly311 informed, that Shidiak is still firm in his adherence to the gospel, but that he was kept under rigid312 inspection, not being permitted to step out of his room without an attendant.
17. Phares Shidiak informed us to-day, that he had been told that his brother Asaad had been at the college of Ain Warka. He thought it might be true, as one object in delivering him up to the patriarch was, to give the people the general impression, that he had no longer any thing to do with the English. He had now been a sufficient time absent from us to give general currency to the report, that he was no longer with us, and now, perhaps, the patriarch had let him go free.
Asaad is cruelly treated.
27. The messenger, who went before to Cannobeen, had set out to go for us a second time, and this morning early returned with the following story:—Being met by a man near Batroon, whom he suspected to be from Cannobeen, he inquired him out, and found him to be a messenger sent by Asaad himself to his uncles and other connexions, to beg them to come and deliver him. Asaad saw the man, and gave him his commission from the window of the convent, without the knowledge of the patriarch, or the others in his service. This messenger said, that Asaad was in close confinement, in chains, and[404] was daily beaten; and that the great cause of complaint against him was, that he refused to worship either the pictures, or the virgin Mary.
I had written a letter of mere salutation to Shidiak by my messenger, which letter he enclosed in one from himself, and sent it on by his brother, returning himself with the messenger from Asaad. This brother of his, he is much afraid, may be ill-treated by the patriarch.
28. J., the messenger, called, and said, that he himself should not go to Cannobeen, but twelve or fifteen of his other relatives would go and endeavour at least to save him from chains and stripes. J. had been to the emir Beshir the less, who lives at Hadet, begging him, (with a present) to save his brother, if it should prove that he had suffered by the suspicion or the resentment313 of the patriarch. The emir promised to interfere—"But why," said he, "should Asaad go and join the English? they are a people I do not love."
June 2. A youth of the neighbourhood said it was reported that Asaad was a complete maniac; that he rent his garments, raved314, reviled315, &c. and that he had been sent to the convent at Koshia, like other lunatics, for a miraculous316 cure. This news was brought by priest Bernardus, of Gzir, mentioned in Shidiak's statement.
3. The brother of J. about whom he was so solicitous317, returned last evening in safety, with the following letter in Asaad's own hand writing.
"To our respected brother J. ——. After expressing my love to you, I have to say, that your letter by your brother ——, arrived in safety, and I have understood it. In it you and ——, inquire after my health. May the Lord pour out his grace upon you, and follow you with his blessings318. As to me, I am at present in health, with regard to my body, but as to other circumstances, your brother will give you information. Love to cousin ——, your wife. Pray send me word respecting you every opportunity, and may the Lord lengthen your days. From your brother.
"Asaad Esh Shidiak."
This letter is certainly genuine, and is a full proof of what nature the insanity is, under which he labours. It has greatly relieved the anxiety we felt from the report of yesterday.
From the verbal account, given by the lad who brought the letter, the following are selected as the most important particulars. He entered the convent on his arrival, and seeing nobody but the keeper of the prison-room, obtained leave to go in, and see Asaad alone. He found him sitting on the bare floor, with a heavy chain around his neck, and firmly fastened at the other end into the wall. His bed had been removed together with all his books and writing materials, and (what is considered here the extreme of privation,) he was left without a pipe.
The lad continued with him an hour or two, without being discovered by any one but the keeper. During the conversation, Asaad[405] observed, that not long since he was sent to Koshia, as a man possessed of a devil, and that he escaped from that place and had arrived near Tripoli, when he was taken by a party of Maronites, and brought back to the patriarch. He had, since that time, been kept regularly at Cannobeen, subject occasionally to beating and insult, from such as might call in to see the heretic. We understood the man to say, that the patriarch even instructed the common people to spit in his face, and call him by odious319 names, in order to shame him into submission320. Asaad gave his advice that we should either send some one with a horse, and get him away by stealth, or get the consul to interfere by writing to the pasha. The letter written by Asaad was done through the contrivance of his keeper for a small reward.
Attempts made to procure his release.
After hearing all this, we went directly to the consul to inform him of the case, and to urge him to an interference. He consented, that we should first procure some one to write a firm and consistent letter to the patriarch, demanding by what right he had taken a man from an English employer, and under English protection, and imprisoned him unheard, &c. intimating, that if the man was not soon given up, something more would be done.
Toward evening, J. came again to inquire what we had concluded on. When he found what step we had taken, he seemed much alarmed for his own safety, and begged us not to proceed, for he should be immediately suspected as the mediator of the affair, and should be in danger of being persecuted321 as such. He mentioned, as a justification322 of his fears, that the keeper overheard Asaad when he recommended that course to his brother, and that the keeper, when inquired of, would of course mention the fact to the patriarch. Instead of the measure we were about taking, he recommended to apply to the emir, through one of his relatives, who was our mutual323 friend, and to this we consented. It is, however, probable, that the object of J. is not so much to avoid danger, as to put his friend the emir in a way to get a small present.
5. J. has been to see the emir, in order to persuade him to intercede324 with his uncle, the emir Beshir, but the former was not at home, and therefore the latter was not consulted. J. then went to the emir M. but found him quite averse325 to do any thing, saying, that to liberate204 a man, who had become English, would never do. He next saw Mansoor, the brother, and asked him if he knew that Asaad was in close confinement. "Yes," answered he, "and he may end his days there, unless he can learn to behave himself better." One characteristic mark of a heathen is, that he is "without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful."
J. says, that his brother has told him in addition, that Asaad himself, on the whole, wished not to have the consul interfere, but that some one might, for the present, be sent every week or two, to see[406] how he got along, and in the mean time, he hoped to make his own escape, for that only a few days before, he had loosed himself from his chains, and got out of the convent, but not understanding the path, he became afraid to proceed, and returned of his own accord.
6. Went again to confer with the consul with regard to Asaad. When we mentioned the fact, that Asaad was under a sort of oath of obedience to the patriarch, an agreement which all make who are educated from the funds of the Ain Warka college, he seemed to think differently of the case, because, though an oath to bind249 the conscience, as in this case, can never be binding326, and is neither acknowledged by Turks or English, yet, in the opinion of all Maronites, it justifies327 what the patriarch has done. This English protection, they would say, is of no avail, since he was under a previous engagement to serve the patriarch. The consul thinks the case, if presented to the chief emir, would be rejected without consideration, on the ground, that it was ecclesiastical, and not civil; and if presented to the pasha, he would exact fines from many innocent convents, and other wise oppress them, without perhaps, after all, procuring328 the release of the prisoner. He would prefer some secret mode of effecting the object.
Priest Bernardus, of Gzir, already mentioned was on a visit to the family below, and sent up to beg the favour of a sight at Shidiak's statement. I at first refused, but on a second application, and being assured that the priest was a friend of Shidiak, I consented, and invited the man to come and take with me a cup of coffee, which he did. It will be observed, that this Bernardus was one of those, who wished Shidiak to say that his faith was like that of the Roman catholic church, although it should be a falsehood, saying that the patriarch would bestow197 on him a pardon for the lie. The priest acknowledged to the family below, that Shidiak's statement of that affair was correct.
14. Received a line from the friendly Maronite bishop, to whom I had written, (April 8,) who says that he has been assured, probably afresh, that Shidiak is in prison, and suffers beating.
15. The emir A. came and conversed a length of time on the case of Shidiak. I offered to reward him well for his trouble, if he would procure his release, which he has promised to attempt.
21. J. came to say, that he had never seen the emir A. who had endeavoured to persuade his uncle to write to the patriarch. The uncle, however, refused, but added, "You may write in my name, and say, that it is my pleasure, that Shidiak should be liberated329." The messenger has, therefore, gone with such a letter.
22. This morning, came Tannoos Shidiak, accompanied by a young emir, saying, that they had knowledge of our attempt to liberate Asaad, through the medium of the emir A. "It will not do," said he, "you will not accomplish your object so." They both said, that the emir A. was a great liar201, had a little mind, and little, if any, influence with his uncle. In short, they proposed a more excellent[407] way, viz. that we should give them also a good reward to engage in this noble work of brotherly love.
24. The messenger from the emir A. arrived from Cannobeen, with the following letter from the patriarch, in answer to his own.
"After kissing the hands of your honourable330 excellency, &c. &c. With regard to your slave, Asaad Esh Shidiak, the state into which he is fallen, is not unknown to your excellency. His understanding is subverted331. In some respects he is a demoniac, in others not. Every day his malady332 increases upon him, until I have been obliged to take severe measures with him, and put him under keepers, lest he should escape from here, and grow worse, and infuse his poison into others. Two days ago, he succeeded in getting away in the night, and obliged me to send men to bind him and bring him back; and after he was come, he showed signs of returning sanity124, and begged to be forgiven. But he does not abide333 by his word, for he is very fickle334; and the most probable opinion respecting him is, that he is possessed of the devil. However, as he was, to appearance, disposed to yield me obedience, I treated him kindly335 and humanely336, and used every means to promote his permanent cure. This is what I have to communicate to your excellency, and the bearer will inform you further. Whatever your excellency commands, I obey, and the Lord lengthen your life.
Joseph, Patriarch of Antioch."
27. A youth from Ain Warka informed us, that he had seen a letter in Asaad's own hand-writing, saying, that he had yielded obedience to the patriarch, and professed again the faith of the Roman catholic church. This report, excited great joy, he says, at the college. We are rather pained by the news, because, if Asaad has done this, we are almost sure it has been done insincerely, and merely to escape the pains of his persecution. The same person says, that a relative of the patriarch at Cannobeen, has been in the habit of writing, every week or two, to the college, to give the news of what was done with Asaad from time to time, in which he spoke of his chains and stripes, and so on. He also observes, that many people have boldly questioned the right of the patriarch to proceed to such extremities337 with the members of his church, saying, they saw not, at this rate, which was chief governor of the mountains, the prince, or the patriarch.
July 1. One who seemed certain of delivering Shidiak, if he should set about it, went, with our recommendation to Tripoli, from which place he hopes to have a convenient communication with Cannobeen.
14. The youth who went to Tripoli to attempt something, came back unsuccessful.
17. Application has been made by Phares to the emir M., but he refused to do any thing for Asaad, alleging338 that it is an affair of religion, and belongs exclusively to the patriarch. Phares says, that notwithstanding[408] the superstition339 and anger, which his mother exhibited when here, she has more than once said, that the English are better than the Maronites, for they take an interest in the fate of Asaad, while the Maronites all seem to care nothing about him, whether he is dead or alive, happy or wretched.
Phares, as well as others, says, that Tannoos is Asaad's enemy from jealousy341. Asaad is younger than Tannoos, but has been much more noticed. This Tannoos could not bear, and has therefore been quite willing to see him disgraced and punished.
Phares observes, that Tannoos was quite as favourably342 disposed to protestant principles as Asaad, but the moment Asaad took the start of him, he fell back, and is a much firmer Maronite than ever. He seemed to be affected at the death of Mr. Fisk, but inferred from it, that God did not approve the efforts of the protestants in this country. The death of Mr. Dalton, also, his former pupil, probably confirmed this feeling.
Great difficulties in the way of Asaad's release.
18. Tannoos came to converse about his brother Asaad. He had just received a letter in Asaad's own hand-writing, saying, that he was reduced to a great extremity of distress44, and perhaps had not long to live, and begging Tannoos to come up and see if nothing could be done to end or mitigate343 his sufferings. Tannoos declares that he would be very glad to get him away from Cannobeen, if he could be safe, but that in any other place in the dominions344 of the emir Beshir, he would be killed. He might be safe at the consul's, but with me, he would not be. "There are men in these mountains," said he, "that can kill and have killed patriarchs and emirs, and that in their own houses; and why could they not kill Asaad with you, if they chose? Is your house more secure than the convent of the patriarch, or the palace of the emir? A man in entering your house, would violate all law, but the English would not make war for the killing345 of a single man."
I observed, that an application would very possibly be made to the pasha, by the consul, if Asaad was not soon delivered up. "An application of that sort," replied T. "would be quite useless. The pasha would send the application to the emir, and do you not think the emir would arrange the affair as he pleased? He knows well this sort of dealing346. He has known how to manage these mountains for forty years, and do you think he would be at a loss about such a trifle as this? For example, what would be more easy for the emir, if he chose to detain the man, than to say he had committed murder, and therefore could not be given up?" "But," said I, "such a charge must be established by competent witnesses, and under the consul's inspection." "True," replied he, "and where would be the difficulty in that? The emir would bring 500 witnesses to-morrow to establish any crime he was pleased to allege347. And as to his fearing[409] the pasha, though he holds his office under him, yet his power is even superior to the pasha's."——"The patriarch," continued Tannoos, "can do just what he chooses, in spite of the English. You have brought books here, and the patriarch has burned them in spite of you. He has issued to all denominations348 a proclamation full of lies against you, and what have you been able to do? You have indeed written a reply to the proclamation, and hold it up to the people, and say, 'Look how the patriarch lies about us;' but what does he care for all that."
So talks a Lebanon mountaineer, of more sense, information and truth, than most others, respecting the moral character and godly fear of his patriarch and prince.
His family attempt his liberation.
19. Phares brought us a letter, which had just been received by the family at Hadet, from the patriarch, wishing them to come immediately to Cannobeen. Tannoos and his mother have gone, and intend, if possible, to bring Asaad away, either to Kesroan, or to Hadet. The mother insisted on going, and wished to pass through Beyroot on her way, that she might consult us before she went; but this was not permitted her.
The above mentioned letter, in English, runs thus:—"After telling you how much I desire to see you in all health and prosperity, I send you news respecting the wretch340 Asaad Esh Shidiak, otherwise called lord of hell. His obduracy349, with which you are acquainted, has exceedingly increased. It is not unknown to you, how much care I have bestowed on him for his good, how much I have laboured for his salvation, and under what severe discipline I have put him; and all to no effect. And now, as might be expected, he has fallen ill, and therefore can no longer run away, according to his custom, and we have been thus constrained350 to take off the severity of our treatment. But fearing lest his disease should increase upon him, I have sent you word, that you may come and see how he is, and consult what is best to be done with him. Make no delay, therefore, in coming, and the apostolic blessing be upon you."
This attempt of his family to effect his liberation failed, for some reason unknown; and he continued immured351 in prison, suffering persecution. He was confined in a small room with an iron collar round his neck fastened to the wall with a strong chain. In October, 1826, another attempt was made to effect the liberation of Asaad. The civil authorities were consulted, but could not be prevailed upon to enlist352 in his behalf. In November, 1826, however, he effected his escape, but was soon arrested, and treated more cruelly than ever.
In the Herald for April, 1828, we find the following history of Asaad from the time he was betrayed into the hands of the patriarch till the spring of 1826. It is thus prefaced by Mr. Bird, one of the missionaries.[410]
"This account of our suffering friend, though by no means complete, may nevertheless be relied on as authentic, and is by far the most full and satisfactory account which we have been able to obtain. It was sent us, as you will see in the journal, by the friendly young shekh, Naami Latoof, who, some time previous, spent a few weeks in our families, and whose heart seems to have been touched with the truths of the gospel. The priest, who has proved so great a benefactor353 to Asaad, is a relative of the shekh, and they have grown up together from childhood on the most intimate terms of familiarity and friendship. Many of the occurrences here related, the priest found written among the monks, who pass their time idly with the patriarch, and to many he was an eye-witness. The account was drawn354 up under his own inspection. He seems a man unusually conscientious355 for an Arab, unusually open to conviction in argument, and has promised to do his utmost to save Asaad from further abuse, and in the end to deliver him from his state of confinement. Thus, while all our own efforts have failed of essentially356 benefitting the poor man, the Lord, without any of our instrumentality, has raised up a friend from the midst of his persecutors, who has already saved him from impending357 death, and we hope and pray, will soon open the way for his complete deliverance from this Syrian Inquisition."
Brief history of Asaad Esh Shidiak, from the time of his being betrayed into the hands of the Maronite Patriarch, in the spring of 1826.
Translated from the Arabic of Naami Latoof.
When the relatives of Asaad brought him to the convent of Alma in the district of Kesroan, and gave him up to the patriarch, the latter began by way of flattery to promise him all the worldly advantages he could bestow; but withal demanding that he should put away all the heretical notions, and all the corrupt knowledge, which the Bible-men, those enemies of the pope, had taught him. He replied, "These things which you hold out to me, are to me of no value. I no longer trouble myself about them, for they are vain and of short duration. Every christian is bound to think, and labour, and strive to be accounted worthy to hear that blessed welcome, 'Come ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.' As to rejecting from my mind those things which I have learned from the Bible-men, I have to say, that, for many years, I had read, occasionally, the holy scriptures, which are able to make us wise unto salvation, but could not live according to them; for I was given to the indulgence of all wicked passions: but since my acquaintance with these men, I see myself, through the merits of my Saviour, possessed of a new heart, though it is not yet, I confess, in all respects such as I could wish it to be."
During the few days they remained in the Kesroan, the patriarch shewed him every attention, and suffered no one to oppose his opinions[411] saying, "The protestants, by the great sums they have given him, have blinded his eyes, and inclined him to join them, and diffuse358 their poisonous sentiments, so that he cannot, at once, be brought to leave them. Let him alone for the present, do nothing to oppose or to offend him, until we shall arrive at Cannobeen, where we may examine into his faith and state at our leisure, and if we find that he still clings to his heresy, we then can do with him as circumstances may require." After a short time they proceeded with him to Cannobeen, and there began to use arguments to convince him of his errors, and persuade him to confess and forsake359 them, and embrace whatever the councils and the church had enacted360;—requiring that he should surrender his conscience to the holy catholic church, and bless all whom she blessed, and curse all whom she cursed; and this they did in the most stern and threatening manner. He replied, "It has been said, by the mouth of the Holy One, Bless and curse not." They still pressed him to yield his opinions, but he said, "I can give up nothing, nor can I believe any thing but as it is written in the holy scriptures; for in these is contained all doctrines necessary to salvation."—"But," said they, "is every thing then, worthless, that has been ordained by the councils and the fathers?" He answered, "The councils may have enacted laws good for themselves, but we are not bound to follow them."
After urging him, day after day, to no purpose, they finally asked in despair, "Are you then still of the same sentiment?" "Of the same sentiment," said he; "I still believe and hold whatever is written in the holy scriptures, and neither more nor less." "Will every one, then, who reads the gospel, be saved?" "By no means;—but as it is written, 'he that hath my commands and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me.'" "It is the duty of every person to possess the gospel, and read it?" "Yes, it is the duty of every one. 'For,' said Paul, 'if our gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost, in whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel should shine unto them.'" They then reviled him, and spurned361 him away from their sight, and began to meditate140 measures of violence against him. He was separated from all around him, and compelled to take his meals by himself; and lest he should attempt to escape, a person was set over him to keep him under a constant watch. He was made to feel himself in the lowest state of disgrace, all taking the fullest liberty to reproach and ridicule him.
From this state of debasement he soon began to meditate his escape. Accordingly, one evening, just as the sun had set, and while his keeper's eye was off him, he fled. An immediate and diligent143 search was made for him, but he could not be found until the second day, when he was discovered still hiding in a grove362 near by, for he was totally ignorant of the way he ought to take. They brought him immediately to the patriarch. When he arrived, he was met by reproaches and revilings, and the servants, by order of the patriarch[412] beat him, and put him into confinement. This was at Diman, a pleasant, airy situation belonging to Cannobeen, and about an hour's distance from it. Soon after this, he was taken up to the latter place, when he was left a little more at large, but was always under the watch of a keeper.
One evening, when all had gone in the chapel363 for prayers, he lay as if he had been asleep, and the monk25, his keeper, thinking him really so, went in with the rest, but took with him, as a precaution, Asaad's silver inkhorn, supposing that if he should wake, and think of escaping, he would not be willing to leave behind him so valuable an article. When Asaad saw that all were gone, knowing the length of their prayers, he at once left the convent, and ran about an hour's distance. People were despatched in search of him with all diligence, but they returned without finding him. On account of his ignorance of the way, he remained secreted364 near the road till the day broke, when he continued his flight until he had reached the distance of three hours or more from his prison, when a couple of men in the service of the patriarch, having been apprized of his escape by the pursuers during the night, discovered him, and called out, "Who are you? Are you Asaad?" He replied, "I am Asaad." They at once took him into custody365, and brought him back, but without any violence or indignity, to the patriarch. A different treatment, however, awaited him at the convent. He had no sooner reached it, than they covered him with insult, beating him, and mocking him, and saying, "fool that you are, why did you answer to your name?" He replied, "God has laid a curse upon the lying mouth, and therefore I cannot use it." They said, "If you do not return to your faith, and hold to all that has been ordained by the church and the fathers, you are ruined. You will die under your tortures, and go to perdition." He replied, "Whoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved. I am willing to expose myself to every indignity and suffering for the sake of Him who loved us, and shed his precious blood for our salvation. These things I am bound to say and do, and I am bound to exhort301 you also, as beloved friends." When he had said this, they all laughed him to scorn, called him a madman, and were about to beat him for attempting, as they pretended, to make heretics of them also. When he saw their anger, he cried out, "Why are you enraged366 at me, and what are you about to do to me? I am a dying man like yourselves, and preach unto you that you should turn from your vanities unto the living God, who made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all that are therein." They then renewed their cries that he was mad, and thrust him into his prison room, and locked the door upon him, and strict orders were given that no one should say any thing to him more or less. In this state he remained for some days. The patriarch then sent to him to inquire after his faith, especially respecting his trust in the images of the church, declaring to him that without faith in these, he could not be saved. He replied, "Let no man beguile367 you of your reward in a voluntary[413] humility and worshipping of angels." They brought him proofs from the councils, that images were used by the fathers, and ought to be set up and worshipped in the churches, in honour of the saints, and to obtain their intercession. He answered, "I will also bring you proof from the councils, that the worship of images, and all use of them in the churches, was forbidden and reprobated by the fathers." Here they contradicted him. "Be it as it may," said he, "it is impossible for me to follow the opinions of any man or set of men., and leave the word of God behind me. This word tells me, that 'forasmuch as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art or man's device.'" The messengers then quit him, and made their report to the patriarch, who left him in his prison for a considerable time, in the most abject368 and suffering state.
In process of time, certain individuals, possessed of a little humanity, became interested in his situation, sympathized in his sufferings, interceded369 for him, and procured370 liberty to open the prison door, so that any one who chose could go in and see him without restraint. Again he began to meditate an attempt to escape, and on a certain evening, set off from the convent. But, as before, his ignorance of the proper path to escape in, prevented the accomplishment371 of his purpose. He soon saw the lighted torches streaming off in every direction in search of him, and to avoid his pursuers, turned aside a short distance, and climbed into a tree. From this situation he did not dare to come down till the night was fairly gone, when he shifted the position of his clothes, turning his cloak inside out, using his turban for a girdle and his girdle for a turban, and took his way. He had, however, not proceeded far, when one of the patriarch's men discovered him, and called out, "Asaad is it you?" He answered, "it is I." The man immediately caught him, like a greedy wolf, bound him, beat him, and drove him before him, as a slave, or a brute372, to Cannobeen. On their way they were met by many others who had been sent off in quest of him, who all united with the captor in his brutal373 treatment. On his arrival, the patriarch gave immediate orders for his punishment, and they fell upon him with reproaches, caning374 him and smiting375 him with their hands; and so it was, that as often as they struck him on one cheek, he turned to them the other also. "This," said he, "is a joyful376 day to me. My blessed Lord and Master has said, 'Bless them that curse you, and if they strike you on the right cheek turn to them the left also.' This I have been enabled to do, and I am ready to suffer even more than this for him, who was beaten, and spit upon, and led as a sheep to the slaughter, on our account." When they heard this, they fell to beating him anew saying, "Have we need of your preaching, thou deceiver? Of what avail are such pretensions377 in one who is in the broad way to perdition?" He replied, "he that believeth that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, hath eternal life." "Ah," said they, "this is what blinds you. Your salvation is by faith alone in Christ; thus you cast contempt on his mother, and his saints; you[414] deny the presence of his holy body on earth;"—and they threw him on the ground, overwhelmed with the multitude of their blows. For three successive days, he was subjected to the bastinado, by order of the patriarch, who, after that, summoned him to his presence, and demanded of him his faith. "I am a Christian, a follower of Jesus of Nazareth." Those present exhorted him to acknowledge the intercession of the saints, and to repair to them for help in this hour of trial. But he refused, saying, "My help is in him who shed his blood for sinners." "But have the saints," said they, "no intercession, and is it vain to worship them, and pray to them?" He said, "We are not taught to seek help or protection from any, but from him who is the Great Shepherd, who has said with his own blessed mouth, 'Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden378, and I will give you rest.' To any other than God, we are not commanded to pray or seek for refuge."
They then returned him to his prison as before. Those who sympathized with him, went and begged him to confess that the canons of the councils were binding on all Christians, and that the images were very properly made use of in the churches. He answered, "Professing379 themselves to be wise, they became fools, and changed the glory of the incorruptible God into an image made like unto corruptible380 man." At this they turned away from him in despair and disgust, and reported to the patriarch that he was in the most settled state of obstinacy381, and was doubtless possessed of a devil.
Upon this, the patriarch ordered him to be put in chains, and the door to be barred upon him, as formerly, and his food to be given him in short allowance. In this condition he remained till he was much reduced, and began to entreat275 them to have pity on him and take off the irons from his feet, and open the door of his prison. Some were moved by his supplications, interceded for him, unbarred the door, took off his chains, and left him. He arose, walked out, and sat down with one of them and conversed. He then begged the patriarch to give him some books to copy, to rid himself of the tedium382 of his idleness. But he refused, nor would he suffer any to hold conversation with him.
After some days, there came into the convent two men, in the character of beggars, and wished to pass the night, but were turned away. That same night Asaad made another attempt to escape. As soon as it was discovered that he was gone, a vigorous search was made to find him, but all to no purpose. The universal cry now was, that the two men already mentioned had been sent by the protestants to steal him away for a large reward. Immediately his holiness, the patriarch, sent letters to the emeer Abdallah informing him of Asaad's escape, and requesting him to guard the roads of the Kesroan, and search the neighbourhood, if possibly Asaad might still be found lurking383 in that district. Accordingly search was made, Asaad was discovered among his relatives by a couple of soldiers, was bound, and taken off to the emeer, who sent him direct to the patriarch.
On his arrival, he was loaded with chains, cast into a dark, filthy[415] room, and bastinadoed, every day, for eight days, sometimes fainting under the operation, until he was near death. He was then left in his misery384, his bed a thin flag mat, his covering his common clothes. The door of his prison was filled up with stone and mortar385, and his food was six thin cakes of bread a day, and a scanty386 cup of water. In this loathsome387 dungeon388, from which there was no access but a small loop hole, through which they passed his food, he lay for several days; and he would lift up his voice, and cry, "Love ye the Lord Jesus Christ according as he hath loved us, and given himself to die for us. Think of me, O ye that pass by, have pity upon me, and deliver me from these sufferings."
Now when his groans389 and cries were thus heard, a certain priest, who had been a former friend of Asaad, was touched with compassion75. His former friendship revived, his bowels390 yearned391 over his suffering brother, and he besought every one who could speak with the patriarch, that they would intercede and endeavour to soften56 his feelings towards his prisoner. By dint of perseverance392, the priest at length succeeded, and obtained permission to open the prison door of his friend and take off his irons. The first request he made of the priest on his entering, was, that he would give him a little food, for he was famishing with hunger. The priest immediately brought him a little bread and cooked victuals393, which he ate, and said, "The name of the Lord be blessed."
Those present began to exhort him to turn to the mother of God, if, peradventure, she would have mercy upon him, and bring him back to the way of salvation. He answered, "If she has the power of intercession, let her intercede for us with her beloved Son." The priest was very assiduous in supplying him with every thing necessary for his comfort; in particular he obtained the return of his clothes, of which he had been partly stripped; for the snow was upon the ground, and the cold filled him with pains.
Now when the others saw the care and attention of the priest, they said, "You have become a convert to his heretical opinions." But he replied, "God has said, 'Blessed are the merciful;'" and continued firm in his purpose. His assiduity was such, that whenever he left the convent for any time, he would give money to the cook to prevail on him to supply Asaad with proper food, and to attend upon him in whatever he might need. The enemies of the priest accused him to the patriarch, but they could not succeed in their object, for the priest is of blameless morals, and has a good name among all.
The priest now passed much of his time in company with Asaad, and conversed with him freely. On a certain occasion they began to converse on the subject of the cross, the priest saying it ought to be worshipped. Asaad replied, "For what reason? and where is the use of it?" The priest said, "In memory of the Saviour." Asaad,—"Why do you kiss the cross, and who has commanded it?" Priest,—"We kiss it in honour of him who hung upon it." Asaad.—"But why then do you not paint the ass also, and pay it all obeisance394, and all[416] honours, for our Saviour, when he rode upon the ass, was in all honour, and all paid him obeisance; but when he was on the cross, he was in sorrow and disgrace." The priest reproved him gently for returning such an answer, and when he saw that the priest was displeased395, he said, "On account of your love to me, and the favour you have done me, I wish to prove to you this point, that all religious reverence and worship and service to any but God, is vain; for it is said, 'He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting396 life,' and I have to beg of you, that you will continually search the holy scriptures, and pray as David prayed, 'Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a right spirit within me.'" During this time, one of their enemies was standing83 without the door, and listened to the whole conversation. This man went immediately, to the patriarch, and told him all that he had heard, and that the priest was conversing with Asaad in so gentle a manner, that he was likely soon to be won over to heresy. His holiness was startled at the intelligence, and hastening down inquired the truth of the report. Asaad concealed397 nothing. The patriarch, however, at first, repressed his own feelings, and exhorted him in the most winning manner he could assume, promising that if he would but return to the holy church and fathers and councils, worship the images, and saints, and the mother of God, he would again immediately make him his secretary. He replied, "With regard to the opinions which I hold, I assure you I wish to hold none which are opposed to the word of God; and as to resorting to the virgin Mary, I say, as I have before said, that if she has any power of intercession, let her intercede for us. As to giving up my opinions to the church and councils, how can I do it, so long as I am possessed of satisfactory evidence that these councils are opposed to one another? We are in no need of the councils, but have sufficient light without them to guide us in the way of salvation. Moreover I can say, that I do surrender my opinions to the holy catholic church, for I profess86 the faith of the church of Christ, and unite my conscience with it."
The patriarch could no longer restrain his feelings, but broke out in the language of reproach, saying, "You are a worthless fellow, obstinately398 bent399 on maintaining your folly400. I give you to understand that I am clear of your guilt401. You will not be taught, but love to shew your contempt of the cross, and of the worship of the images, whose worship is only in honour of those to whose memory they are set up, and who laboured and died in the service of Christ." Asaad replied, "With regard to worshipping such things as these, it is said, 'Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve;' and as to those who laboured and shed their blood for the Saviour, they are above our honours, for they have gone to inherit unspeakable glory in their master's presence." The patriarch was more angry than ever, and taking off his slipper402, beat both him and the priest, and drove the latter from the room, and locked the door.
After six days of additional confinement, the friendly priest again[417] procured his release from his prison, and obtained the favour of taking the entire oversight403 of him. In this condition the persecuted man remains404. May the Most High grant him speedy deliverance.
Feb. 15th, 1827.
The latest accounts from Palestine state that Asaad is still in confinement, but remains firm to the principles he has embraced. In a letter from Mr. Goodell, dated April, 1830, we find the following sentence.—"Asaad Shidiak is still alive, and there is every reason to believe that he loves and obeys the truth, that he is sanctified by it, rooted and grounded in it, and ready to suffer for it." We take our leave of this interesting narrative, commending the suffering subject of it to God, and the word of his grace, accounting405 him more blessed if he perseveres406 steadfast unto the end, than if his brows were endowed with an imperial diadem407.
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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persecuting
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的现在分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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logic
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ass
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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complimentary
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| adj.赠送的，免费的，赞美的，恭维的 | |
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disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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afflictive
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| 带给人痛苦的，苦恼的，难受的 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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persecute
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| vt.迫害，虐待；纠缠，骚扰 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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intrepidity
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| n.大胆，刚勇；大胆的行为 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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subside
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| vi.平静，平息；下沉，塌陷，沉降 | |
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obloquy
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| n.斥责，大骂 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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specifying
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| v.指定( specify的现在分词 )；详述；提出…的条件；使具有特性 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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apocrypha
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| n.伪经，伪书 | |
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scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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62
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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63
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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64
relish
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| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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65
copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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66
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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67
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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68
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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69
err
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| vi.犯错误，出差错 | |
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70
erred
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| 犯错误，做错事( err的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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71
radically
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| ad.根本地，本质地 | |
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72
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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73
sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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74
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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75
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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76
compassionate
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| adj.有同情心的，表示同情的 | |
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77
inverted
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| adj.反向的，倒转的v.使倒置，使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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79
speculatively
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| adv.思考地，思索地；投机地 | |
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80
humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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81
lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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82
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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83
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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84
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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85
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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86
profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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87
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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88
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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89
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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90
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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91
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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92
testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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93
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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94
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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95
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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96
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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97
pelf
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| n.金钱；财物（轻蔑语） | |
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98
vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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99
confide
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| v.向某人吐露秘密 | |
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100
narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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102
innovator
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| n.改革者；创新者 | |
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103
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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104
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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105
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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106
beseech
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| v.祈求，恳求 | |
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107
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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108
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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109
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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110
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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111
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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112
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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113
exasperate
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| v.激怒，使（疾病）加剧，使恶化 | |
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114
steadfastness
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| n.坚定，稳当 | |
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115
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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116
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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117
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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119
quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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120
miring
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| v.深陷( mire的现在分词 ) | |
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121
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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122
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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123
insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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124
sanity
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| n.心智健全，神智正常，判断正确 | |
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125
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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126
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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127
accomplice
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| n.从犯，帮凶，同谋 | |
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128
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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129
maniac
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| n.精神癫狂的人；疯子 | |
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130
cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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131
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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132
slandered
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| 造谣中伤( slander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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133
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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134
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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135
contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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136
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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137
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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138
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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139
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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140
meditate
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| v.想，考虑，（尤指宗教上的）沉思，冥想 | |
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141
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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142
diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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143
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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144
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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145
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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146
divest
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| v.脱去，剥除 | |
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147
bias
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| n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见 | |
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148
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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149
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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150
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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151
ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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152
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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153
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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154
hindrance
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| n.妨碍，障碍 | |
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155
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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156
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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157
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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158
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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159
salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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160
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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161
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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162
purport
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| n.意义，要旨，大要；v.意味著，做为...要旨，要领是... | |
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163
repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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164
repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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165
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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166
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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167
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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168
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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169
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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170
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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171
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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172
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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173
absolve
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| v.赦免，解除（责任等） | |
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174
condemns
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| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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175
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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176
congregated
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| （使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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177
steadfastly
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| adv.踏实地，不变地；岿然；坚定不渝 | |
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178
glorifying
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| 赞美( glorify的现在分词 )； 颂扬； 美化； 使光荣 | |
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179
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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180
saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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181
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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182
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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183
delirious
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| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
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184
fig
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| n.无花果(树) | |
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185
torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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186
pretension
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| n.要求；自命，自称；自负 | |
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187
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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188
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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189
bereavement
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| n.亲人丧亡，丧失亲人，丧亲之痛 | |
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190
vanquish
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| v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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191
meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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192
meekness
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| n.温顺，柔和 | |
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193
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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194
disinterestedness
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195
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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196
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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197
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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198
contentions
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| n.竞争( contention的名词复数 )；争夺；争论；论点 | |
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199
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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200
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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201
liar
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| n.说谎的人 | |
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202
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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203
reviling
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| v.辱骂，痛斥( revile的现在分词 ) | |
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204
liberate
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| v.解放，使获得自由，释出，放出；vt.解放，使获自由 | |
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205
miscreant
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| n.恶棍 | |
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206
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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207
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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208
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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209
disciple
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| n.信徒，门徒，追随者 | |
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210
enquire
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| v.打听，询问；调查，查问 | |
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211
conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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212
idiocy
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| n.愚蠢 | |
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213
revile
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| v.辱骂，谩骂 | |
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214
rebuke
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| v.指责，非难，斥责 [反]praise | |
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215
blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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216
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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217
accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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218
scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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219
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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220
ordain
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| vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命 | |
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221
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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222
concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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223
ordained
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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224
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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225
consolations
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| n.安慰，慰问( consolation的名词复数 )；起安慰作用的人（或事物） | |
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226
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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227
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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228
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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229
attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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230
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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231
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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232
revolve
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| vi.(使)旋转；循环出现 | |
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233
tares
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| 荑；稂莠；稗 | |
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234
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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235
cleave
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| v．(clave；cleaved)粘着，粘住；坚持；依恋 | |
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236
rectify
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| v.订正，矫正，改正 | |
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237
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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238
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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239
mediator
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| n.调解人，中介人 | |
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240
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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241
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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242
follower
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| n.跟随者；随员；门徒；信徒 | |
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243
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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244
preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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245
rebukes
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的第三人称单数 ) | |
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246
scoffed
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| 嘲笑，嘲弄( scoff的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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247
molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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248
broach
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| v.开瓶，提出(题目) | |
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249
bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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250
binds
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|
| v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 )；装订；捆绑；（用长布条）缠绕 | |
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251
loft
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| n.阁楼，顶楼 | |
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252
embarrassment
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|
| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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253
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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254
pointedly
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|
| adv.尖地，明显地 | |
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255
corruption
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|
| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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256
corruptions
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|
| n.堕落( corruption的名词复数 )；腐化；腐败；贿赂 | |
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257
disciples
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|
| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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258
molesting
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|
| v.骚扰( molest的现在分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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259
inflexible
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|
| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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260
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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261
deigning
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|
| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的现在分词 ) | |
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262
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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263
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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264
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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265
hindrances
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|
| 阻碍者( hindrance的名词复数 )； 障碍物； 受到妨碍的状态 | |
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266
lengthen
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| vt.使伸长，延长 | |
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267
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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268
idols
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|
| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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269
enrage
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| v.触怒，激怒 | |
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270
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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271
disconsolate
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| adj.忧郁的，不快的 | |
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272
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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273
witchcraft
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| n.魔法，巫术 | |
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274
scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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275
entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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276
entreaty
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| n.恳求，哀求 | |
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277
recollecting
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|
| v.记起，想起( recollect的现在分词 ) | |
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278
attentively
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| adv.聚精会神地；周到地；谛；凝神 | |
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279
discrepancy
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|
| n.不同；不符；差异；矛盾 | |
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280
emetic
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| n.催吐剂；adj.催吐的 | |
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281
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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282
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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283
condemned
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|
| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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284
plausible
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|
| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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285
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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286
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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287
interfered
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|
| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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288
bustle
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|
| v.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙；n.忙碌；喧闹 | |
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289
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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290
strewed
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|
| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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291
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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292
tribulation
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| n.苦难，灾难 | |
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293
improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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294
testaments
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| n.遗嘱( testament的名词复数 )；实际的证明 | |
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295
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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296
consuls
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| 领事( consul的名词复数 )； （古罗马共和国时期）执政官 （古罗马共和国及其军队的最高首长，同时共有两位，每年选举一次） | |
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297
entirely
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|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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298
distresses
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| n.悲痛( distress的名词复数 )；痛苦；贫困；危险 | |
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299
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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300
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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301
exhort
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| v.规劝，告诫 | |
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302
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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303
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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304
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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305
accosted
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|
| v.走过去跟…讲话( accost的过去式和过去分词 )；跟…搭讪；（乞丐等）上前向…乞讨；（妓女等）勾搭 | |
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306
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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307
humble
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|
| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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308
scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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309
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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310
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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311
credibly
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| ad.可信地；可靠地 | |
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312
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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313
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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314
raved
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| v.胡言乱语( rave的过去式和过去分词 )；愤怒地说；咆哮；痴心地说 | |
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315
reviled
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|
| v.辱骂，痛斥( revile的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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316
miraculous
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|
| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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317
solicitous
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| adj.热切的，挂念的 | |
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318
blessings
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|
| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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319
odious
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|
| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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320
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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321
persecuted
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|
| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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322
justification
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|
| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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323
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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324
intercede
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| vi.仲裁，说情 | |
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325
averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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326
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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327
justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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328
procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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329
liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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330
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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331
subverted
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| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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332
malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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333
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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334
fickle
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| adj.(爱情或友谊上)易变的，不坚定的 | |
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335
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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336
humanely
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| adv.仁慈地；人道地；富人情地；慈悲地 | |
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337
extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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338
alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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339
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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340
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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341
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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342
favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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343
mitigate
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| vt.（使）减轻，（使）缓和 | |
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344
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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345
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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346
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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347
allege
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| vt.宣称，申述，主张，断言 | |
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348
denominations
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| n.宗派( denomination的名词复数 )；教派；面额；名称 | |
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349
obduracy
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| n.冷酷无情，顽固，执拗 | |
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350
constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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351
immured
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| v.禁闭，监禁( immure的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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352
enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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353
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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354
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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355
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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356
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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357
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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358
diffuse
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| v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的 | |
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359
forsake
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| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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360
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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361
spurned
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| v.一脚踢开，拒绝接受( spurn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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362
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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363
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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364
secreted
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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365
custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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366
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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367
beguile
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| vt.欺骗，消遣 | |
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368
abject
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| adj.极可怜的，卑屈的 | |
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369
interceded
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| v.斡旋，调解( intercede的过去式和过去分词 )；说情 | |
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370
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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371
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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372
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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373
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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374
caning
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| n.鞭打 | |
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375
smiting
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的现在分词 ) | |
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376
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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377
pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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378
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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379
professing
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| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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380
corruptible
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| 易腐败的，可以贿赂的 | |
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381
obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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382
tedium
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| n.单调；烦闷 | |
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383
lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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384
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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385
mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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386
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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387
loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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388
dungeon
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| n.地牢，土牢 | |
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389
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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390
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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391
yearned
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| 渴望，切盼，向往( yearn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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392
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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393
victuals
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| n.食物；食品 | |
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394
obeisance
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| n.鞠躬，敬礼 | |
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395
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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396
everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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397
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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398
obstinately
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| ad.固执地，顽固地 | |
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399
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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400
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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401
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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402
slipper
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| n.拖鞋 | |
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403
oversight
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| n.勘漏，失察，疏忽 | |
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404
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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405
accounting
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| n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表 | |
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406
perseveres
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| v.坚忍，坚持( persevere的第三人称单数 ) | |
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407
diadem
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| n.王冠，冕 | |
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