GLOSSARY

 The spelling of Hawaiian words is in the main phonetic¹, according to what is known as the continental² method, with the limitation that there are only twelve letters, instead of twenty-six, in the alphabet. Hiwa, for example, is pronounced, approximately, Hé-v?, and Aelani, I-l?′-ny.

 

The following rules for pronunciation are taken from Prof. William D. Alexander’s Brief History of the Hawaiian People:

 

The original Hawaiian alphabet, adopted by the first missionaries³, contained but twelve letters, five of which were vowels⁵, and seven consonants⁶, viz.: a, e, i, o, u, h, k, l, m, n, p, and w. The number of distinct sounds are about sixteen.

 

No distinction was formerly⁷ made between the sounds of k and t, or between those of l and r. In poetry, however, the sound of t was preferred to that of k. The letter w generally sounds like v between the penult and the final syllable⁸ of a word.

 

A is sounded as in father, e as in they, i as in marine⁹, o as in note, u as in rule, or as oo in moon.

 

[100]Ai, when sounded as a diphthong, resembles the English ay, and au, the English ou in loud.

 

Besides the sounds mentioned above, there is in many words a guttural break between two vowels, which is represented by an apostrophe in a few common words, to distinguish their meaning, as Kina’u.

 

Every word and every syllable must end in a vowel⁴, and no two consonants occur without a vowel sound between them.

 

The accent of about five-sixths of the words in the language is on the penult. A few of the proper names are accented on the final syllable, as Paki′, Kiwalao′ and Namakeha′.

 

Aa—the word has a variety of meanings, among which are a spiteful person, a raging flame, a rock of rough broken lava¹⁰.

 

Ae, keike—yes, child.

 

Aelani—the pledge from heaven, a promise from the skies. Lani, heavenly, heaven-born, is a common termination of the names of Hawaiian men and women, especially those of exalted¹¹ rank.

 

Ahupuaa—a large tract¹² of land under the control of a single person, a lordship.

 

Aialo—those who eat at the king’s court.

 

Akela—a berry much like the American raspberry.

 

Alii-niaupio, tabu moi wahine—freely translated, goddess-queen, a female sovereign of divine or semi-divine lineage, unapproachable, sacred, absolute.

 

[101]Aloha—Aloha, more appropriately, perhaps, than any other one word, may be taken as typical of the Hawaiian race. It is the first native word the stranger learns, the common salutation on the street, and the last he hears at parting. It signifies kindly¹³ feeling, good-will. It is also used to express love.

 

Aloha nui—great good-will.

 

Au-we—an exclamation¹⁴ of sorrow, a wailing¹⁵ cry, alas¹⁶.

 

Awa—an intoxicating¹⁷ liquor made from the roots of a plant of the same name. It is very stupefying, and, when drunk to excess, causes the skin to turn a dirty-brown color, and to crack and flake¹⁸ off.

 

Eaeakai—the word, sometimes used as a proper noun, means, covered with the spray of the sea.

 

E moe o—the customary exclamation or command to lie prostrate¹⁹ on the approach of royalty²⁰.

 

Haleakala—the House of the Sun, an extinct volcano ten thousand feet high on the Island of Maui. Its crater²¹, over thirty miles in circumference²² and two thousand feet deep, is the largest in the world.

 

Hamakua—the name of a district in the northern part of the Island of Hawaii.

 

Haole—a foreigner. The term is applied²³ to white persons, whether of Hawaiian or foreign birth, and is not often used in speaking of Asiatics.

 

[102]Hawaii—the large island, twice the size of all the others combined, from which the group takes it name. It is the second in industrial and commercial importance, and probably the first in undeveloped resources.

 

Heiau—a temple.

 

Hilo—the name of two districts, North and South Hilo, on the northeastern side of the Island of Hawaii and of the chief town of the island; also of the first night in which the new moon can be seen, as it is like a twisted thread (from the verb to twist, to spin, to turn). The new moon, a crescent, indicates the outline of Hilo Bay.

 

Hiwa—the precious one.

 

Hula hula—a dance, dancers, dancing, and music. The Hawaiian hula is not necessarily immodest, but certain lascivious²⁴ hulas have won a world-wide and unenviable notoriety.

 

Ihe—a war-club.

 

Ii—a word that has a variety of meanings, among which are: a selfish person, a cruel person, a sour person, a collection of small things. It is often used as a proper noun, as is also the single vowel, I. Repeated three times it forms another word—iii.

 

Ilima—a shrub²⁵ which bears beautiful green and yellow flowers; also, the flowers.

 

Iiwi—a small red bird.

 

Kaanaana—the name of a man or woman, quite common.

 

[103]Kahiki—foreign parts.

 

Kahlooawe—One of the smaller islands.

 

Kahuna—a witch-doctor or sorcerer; also, at the present time, a native quack²⁶.

 

Kanaka-wale—a landless freeman.

 

Kanaloa—one of the gods, Kane’s younger brother.

 

Kane—a male, applied equally to human beings and animals; also, the name of one of the great gods.

 

Kanehoalani—the god of the sky.

 

Kanehulikoa—the god of the sea.

 

Kaukihi—a small boat, a single dug-out.

 

Keike—a child.

 

Kihei—a mantle²⁷ or cloak.

 

Kini akua—elves.

 

Koa—a hard wood in great demand on account of the beautiful finish which it takes.

 

Kohala—North and South Kohala, the two northern districts in the Island of Hawaii.

 

Konohiki—a great landholder under the moi, virtually a feudal²⁸ lord.

 

Ku—the name of the fiercest and most cruel of the ancient gods.

 

Kukailimoke—the god of war.

 

Kukuihaele—the high land adjoining the southeast of Waipio Valley.

 

Kuleana—a small holding of land.

 

Kupua—a demi-god.

 

Lanai—the name of one of the smaller islands, [104] literally²⁹, The Hump, from its shape; the name is applied to a veranda³⁰.

 

Lawalu—fish or meat wrapped in ti leaves, and cooked on coals or hot stones.

 

Lei—a wreath.

 

Lilii—usually spelled Liilii, little one, small, often added to a name to indicate youth, or as a term of affection.

 

Lolo—idiotic, a fool.

 

Lono—the mildest and most benevolent³¹ of the Hawaiian deities³². The tradition was that he taught peace and good-will, and inaugurated a golden age, and that, when he went away, he promised to return some time. When Captain Cook discovered the islands in 1778 the natives welcomed him as the long-expected Lono.

 

Maile—a beautiful dark green odoriferous vine, alyxia olive-formia.

 

Makai—towards the sea. In the Hawaiian Islands one rarely hears the words north, south, east or west, in any reference to locality or direction. It is makai, towards the sea, mauka, away from the sea, or to windward, or to leeward³³, or the direction is designated by another place, as, for example, Chicago is New York of the Rocky Mountains, and Denver is San Francisco of St. Paul.

 

Malo—the loin-cloth formerly worn by men.

 

Mamo—a small bird with yellow feathers, formerly sacred to royalty. Hence a garment made of its yellow feathers. The bird is nearly or quite [105] extinct, and the ancient robes that have been preserved have fabulous³⁴ values.

 

Manao—what one thinks or advises, an opinion.

 

Manoa—the name of a beautiful valley in the suburbs of Honolulu; also, of an ancient or legendary³⁵ princess.

 

Mauna Kea—the White Mountain, from the snow that covers its summit a great part of the year. It is 13,805 feet in height.

 

Mauna Loa—the Long Mountain, a great volcano, 13,675 feet high. The last eruption³⁶ was in July, 1899.

 

Mele—a poem, a song, a hymn³⁷, a chant; in particular, the epics³⁸ of the race, committed to memory and transmitted from generation to generation. Some of these epics are supposed to be hundreds of years old, and are almost as unlike modern Hawaiian as Chaucer is unlike modern English.

 

Milu—the god of the lower world.

 

Moi—a sovereign in whom is supreme³⁹ authority, applied to gods and monarchs⁴⁰ descended⁴¹ from the gods; but the title was continued during the half century and more that the Hawaiian government was a constitutional monarchy⁴².

 

Mokuhalii—the name of the god of sharks. On Hawaii, he was known as Ukanipo.

 

Newa—a feather-helmet.

 

Niho palaoa—a whale-tooth ornament⁴³ worn only by persons of high rank.

 

[106]Niulii—the southeast corner of North Kohala, adjoining the Hamakua mountains.

 

Ohelo—a reddish-brown berry similar to the whortleberry.

 

Ohia—a deciduous⁴⁴ fruit, something like an apple, but less nutritious⁴⁵ and more juicy.

 

Olona—a native shrub with the qualities of hemp⁴⁶ or flax.

 

Oo—a small black bird with tufts of yellow feathers, sacred like the mamo.

 

Papa—a goddess, wife of Wakea.

 

Papaakahi—the first of all, the highest in rank.

 

Pau—stop, hold your tongue, that is all, the end.

 

Pau—the ordinary female garment of ancient times, tapa cloth wound round the waist, and reaching to the knees.

 

Pele—the goddess of volcanoes.

 

Poha—a berry from which a delicious jam is made.

 

Poi—a paste made from taro⁴⁷. It is to Hawaiians what wheat is to Europeans, and rice to Chinamen.

 

Polulu—a short spear.

 

Puka—a hole, an entrance.

 

Puna—the name of a district at the eastern end of the Island of Hawaii.

 

Puuhonua—a city of refuge.

 

Tabu—prohibited, forbidden, sacred, devoted⁴⁸ to the gods, the moi or the chiefs. The tabu, also [107] spelled kapu, was the controlling feature of the ancient religion. It was oppressive to the last degree, and was mercilessly enforced by superstitious⁴⁹ terror and the death penalty. After the discovery by Captain Cook, it gradually lost its hold on rulers, priesthood, and people. It was officially abolished in 1819, a few months before the arrival of the first missionaries.

 

Tapa—a cloth made from the beaten bark of the wauki, or mamaki, or paper-mulberry or other trees; hence, any garment made of tapa. Also spelled kapa.

 

“Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono.”

(The life of the land is preserved by righteousness.) The national motto inscribed⁵⁰ on the Hawaiian coat-of-arms. It is, of course, of comparatively recent date, and of missionary⁵¹ origin.

 

“Ue, ue! Ua make kuu alii!

Ue, ue! Ua make kuu alii!”

(Alas! Dead is the chief!

Alas! Dead is the chief!)

The first lines of an old dirge⁵².

 

Ukeke—a rude musical instrument, something like a guitar.

 

Ukanipo—one of the names of the shark-god.

 

Ulua—an excellent table-fish, very active.

 

Umu—an oven, a place for baking food.

 

Wahine—a female; the word used to designate the female sex whether of human beings or animals.

 

[108]Waipio—the arc of water, the name of a picturesque⁵³ and beautiful valley among the Hamakua mountains, derived⁵⁴ from the waterfall. It was a royal residence for centuries, and has been the scene of many battles.

 

Wakea—a god prominent in Hawaiian mythology⁵⁵, the husband of Papa. According to some legends, Wakea and Papa were the parents of the human race, or, at least, the Polynesian branch of it; according to other legends their descendants were divine, demi-gods and demi-goddesses, like Hiwa.

 

Wiki wiki—hurry up.

The End
 

1 phonetic   

adj.语言的，语言上的，表示语音的

参考例句：

• Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。
• English phonetic teaching is an important teaching step in elementary stages.语音教学是英语基础阶段重要的教学环节。

2 continental   

adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的

参考例句：

• A continental climate is different from an insular one.大陆性气候不同于岛屿气候。
• The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old.大陆地壳最古老的部分有40亿年历史。

3 missionaries   

n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Some missionaries came from England in the Qing Dynasty. 清朝时，从英国来了一些传教士。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The missionaries rebuked the natives for worshipping images. 传教士指责当地人崇拜偶像。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

4 vowel   

n.元音；元音字母

参考例句：

• A long vowel is a long sound as in the word"shoe ".长元音即如“shoe” 一词中的长音。
• The vowel in words like 'my' and 'thigh' is not very difficult.单词my和thigh中的元音并不难发。

5 vowels   

n.元音，元音字母( vowel的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Vowels possess greater sonority than consonants. 元音比辅音响亮。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Note the various sounds of vowels followed by r. 注意r跟随的各种元音的发音。 来自超越目标英语 第3册

6 consonants   

n.辅音，子音( consonant的名词复数 )；辅音字母

参考例句：

• Consonants are frequently assimilated to neighboring consonants. 辅音往往被其邻近的辅音同化。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Vowels possess greater sonority than consonants. 元音比辅音响亮。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

7 formerly   

adv.从前，以前

参考例句：

• We now enjoy these comforts of which formerly we had only heard.我们现在享受到了过去只是听说过的那些舒适条件。
• This boat was formerly used on the rivers of China.这船从前航行在中国内河里。

8 syllable   

n.音节；vt.分音节

参考例句：

• You put too much emphasis on the last syllable.你把最后一个音节读得太重。
• The stress on the last syllable is light.最后一个音节是轻音节。

9 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

10 lava   

n.熔岩，火山岩

参考例句：

• The lava flowed down the sides of the volcano.熔岩沿火山坡面涌流而下。
• His anger spilled out like lava.他的愤怒像火山爆发似的迸发出来。

11 exalted   

adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的

参考例句：

• Their loveliness and holiness in accordance with their exalted station.他们的美丽和圣洁也与他们的崇高地位相称。
• He received respect because he was a person of exalted rank.他因为是个地位崇高的人而受到尊敬。

12 tract   

n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林)

参考例句：

• He owns a large tract of forest.他拥有一大片森林。
• He wrote a tract on this subject.他曾对此写了一篇短文。

13 kindly   

adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地

参考例句：

• Her neighbours spoke of her as kindly and hospitable.她的邻居都说她和蔼可亲、热情好客。
• A shadow passed over the kindly face of the old woman.一道阴影掠过老太太慈祥的面孔。

14 exclamation   

n.感叹号，惊呼，惊叹词

参考例句：

• He could not restrain an exclamation of approval.他禁不住喝一声采。
• The author used three exclamation marks at the end of the last sentence to wake up the readers.作者在文章的最后一句连用了三个惊叹号，以引起读者的注意。

15 wailing   

v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱

参考例句：

• A police car raced past with its siren wailing. 一辆警车鸣着警报器飞驰而过。
• The little girl was wailing miserably. 那小女孩难过得号啕大哭。

16 alas   

int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等)

参考例句：

• Alas!The window is broken!哎呀！窗子破了！
• Alas,the truth is less romantic.然而，真理很少带有浪漫色彩。

17 intoxicating   

a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的

参考例句：

• Power can be intoxicating. 权力能让人得意忘形。
• On summer evenings the flowers gave forth an almost intoxicating scent. 夏日的傍晚，鲜花散发出醉人的芳香。

18 flake   

v.使成薄片；雪片般落下；n.薄片

参考例句：

• Drain the salmon,discard the skin,crush the bones and flake the salmon with a fork.将鲑鱼沥干，去表皮，粉碎鱼骨并用餐叉子将鱼肉切成小薄片状。
• The paint's beginning to flake.油漆开始剥落了。

19 prostrate   

v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的

参考例句：

• She was prostrate on the floor.她俯卧在地板上。
• The Yankees had the South prostrate and they intended to keep It'so.北方佬已经使南方屈服了,他们还打算继续下去。

20 royalty   

n.皇家，皇族

参考例句：

• She claims to be descended from royalty.她声称她是皇室后裔。
• I waited on tables，and even catered to royalty at the Royal Albert Hall.我做过服务生， 甚至在皇家阿伯特大厅侍奉过皇室的人。

21 crater   

n.火山口，弹坑

参考例句：

• With a telescope you can see the huge crater of Ve-suvius.用望远镜你能看到巨大的维苏威火山口。
• They came to the lip of a dead crater.他们来到了一个死火山口。

22 circumference   

n.圆周，周长，圆周线

参考例句：

• It's a mile round the circumference of the field.运动场周长一英里。
• The diameter and the circumference of a circle correlate.圆的直径与圆周有相互关系。

23 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

24 lascivious   

adj.淫荡的，好色的

参考例句：

• I was there to protect her from the importunities of lascivious men.我在那里保护她,不受那些好色男子的纠缠不休。
• In his old age Cato became lascivious and misconducted himself with a woman slave.到了晚年,卡托沉溺于女色,跟一个女奴私通。

25 shrub   

n.灌木，灌木丛

参考例句：

• There is a small evergreen shrub on the hillside.山腰上有一小块常绿灌木丛。
• Moving a shrub is best done in early spring.移植灌木最好是在初春的时候。

26 quack   

n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人；骗子

参考例句：

• He describes himself as a doctor,but I feel he is a quack.他自称是医生，可是我感觉他是个江湖骗子。
• The quack was stormed with questions.江湖骗子受到了猛烈的质问。

27 mantle   

n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红

参考例句：

• The earth had donned her mantle of brightest green.大地披上了苍翠欲滴的绿色斗篷。
• The mountain was covered with a mantle of snow.山上覆盖着一层雪。

28 feudal   

adj.封建的，封地的，领地的

参考例句：

• Feudal rulers ruled over the country several thousand years.封建统治者统治这个国家几千年。
• The feudal system lasted for two thousand years in China.封建制度在中国延续了两千年之久。

29 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

30 veranda   

n.走廊；阳台

参考例句：

• She sat in the shade on the veranda.她坐在阳台上的遮荫处。
• They were strolling up and down the veranda.他们在走廊上来回徜徉。

31 benevolent   

adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的

参考例句：

• His benevolent nature prevented him from refusing any beggar who accosted him.他乐善好施的本性使他不会拒绝走上前向他行乞的任何一个乞丐。
• He was a benevolent old man and he wouldn't hurt a fly.他是一个仁慈的老人，连只苍蝇都不愿伤害。

32 deities   

n.神，女神( deity的名词复数 )；神祗；神灵；神明

参考例句：

• Zeus and Aphrodite were ancient Greek deities. 宙斯和阿佛洛狄是古希腊的神。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Taoist Wang hesitated occasionally about these transactions for fearof offending the deities. 道士也有过犹豫，怕这样会得罪了神。 来自汉英文学 - 现代散文

33 leeward   

adj.背风的；下风的

参考例句：

• The trees all listed to leeward.树木统统向下风方向倾。
• We steered a course to leeward.我们向下风航驶。

34 fabulous   

adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的

参考例句：

• We had a fabulous time at the party.我们在晚会上玩得很痛快。
• This is a fabulous sum of money.这是一笔巨款。

35 legendary   

adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学）

参考例句：

• Legendary stories are passed down from parents to children.传奇故事是由父母传给孩子们的。
• Odysseus was a legendary Greek hero.奥狄修斯是传说中的希腊英雄。

36 eruption   

n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作

参考例句：

• The temple was destroyed in the violent eruption of 1470 BC.庙宇在公元前1470年猛烈的火山爆发中摧毁了。
• The eruption of a volcano is spontaneous.火山的爆发是自发的。

37 hymn   

n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌

参考例句：

• They sang a hymn of praise to God.他们唱着圣歌，赞美上帝。
• The choir has sung only two verses of the last hymn.合唱团只唱了最后一首赞美诗的两个段落。

38 epics   

n.叙事诗( epic的名词复数 )；壮举；惊人之举；史诗般的电影（或书籍）

参考例句：

• one of the great Hindu epics 伟大的印度教史诗之一
• Homer Iliad and Milton's Paradise Lost are epics. 荷马的《伊利亚特》和弥尔顿的《失乐园》是史诗。 来自互联网

39 supreme   

adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的

参考例句：

• It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
• He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。

40 monarchs   

君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Monarchs ruled England for centuries. 世袭君主统治英格兰有许多世纪。
• Serving six monarchs of his native Great Britain, he has served all men's freedom and dignity. 他在大不列颠本国为六位君王服务，也为全人类的自由和尊严服务。 来自演讲部分

41 descended   

a.为...后裔的，出身于...的

参考例句：

• A mood of melancholy descended on us. 一种悲伤的情绪袭上我们的心头。
• The path descended the hill in a series of zigzags. 小路呈连续的之字形顺着山坡蜿蜒而下。

42 monarchy   

n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国

参考例句：

• The monarchy in England plays an important role in British culture.英格兰的君主政体在英国文化中起重要作用。
• The power of the monarchy in Britain today is more symbolical than real.今日英国君主的权力多为象徵性的，无甚实际意义。

43 ornament   

v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物

参考例句：

• The flowers were put on the table for ornament.花放在桌子上做装饰用。
• She wears a crystal ornament on her chest.她的前胸戴了一个水晶饰品。

44 deciduous   

adj.非永久的；短暂的；脱落的；落叶的

参考例句：

• Overgrown deciduous shrubs can be cut back at this time of year.过于繁茂的落叶灌木可以在每年的这个时候修剪。
• Deciduous trees shed their leaves in autumn.落叶树木在秋天落叶。

45 nutritious   

adj.有营养的，营养价值高的

参考例句：

• Fresh vegetables are very nutritious.新鲜蔬菜富于营养。
• Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious.蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。

46 hemp   

n.大麻；纤维

参考例句：

• The early Chinese built suspension bridges of hemp rope.古代的中国人建造过麻绳悬索桥。
• The blanket was woven from hemp and embroidered with wool.毯子是由亚麻编织，羊毛镶边的。

47 taro   

n.芋，芋头

参考例句：

• Main grain crop has taro,corn,banana to wait.主要粮食作物有芋头、玉米、芭蕉等。
• You celebrate your birthday with taro,red bean and butter.用红豆、芋头和黄油给自己过生日。

48 devoted   

adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的

参考例句：

• He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。

49 superstitious   

adj.迷信的

参考例句：

• They aim to deliver the people who are in bondage to superstitious belief.他们的目的在于解脱那些受迷信束缚的人。
• These superstitious practices should be abolished as soon as possible.这些迷信做法应尽早取消。

50 inscribed   

v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接

参考例句：

• His name was inscribed on the trophy. 他的名字刻在奖杯上。
• The names of the dead were inscribed on the wall. 死者的名字被刻在墙上。 来自《简明英汉词典》

51 missionary   

adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士

参考例句：

• She taught in a missionary school for a couple of years.她在一所教会学校教了两年书。
• I hope every member understands the value of missionary work. 我希望教友都了解传教工作的价值。

52 dirge   

n.哀乐，挽歌，庄重悲哀的乐曲

参考例句：

• She threw down her basket and intoned a peasant dirge.她撂下菜篮，唱起庄稼人的哀歌。
• The stranger,after listening for a moment,joined in the mournful dirge.听了一会儿后这个陌生人也跟著唱起了悲哀的挽歌。

53 picturesque   

adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的

参考例句：

• You can see the picturesque shores beside the river.在河边你可以看到景色如画的两岸。
• That was a picturesque phrase.那是一个形象化的说法。

54 derived   

vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取

参考例句：

• Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》

55 mythology   

n.神话，神话学，神话集

参考例句：

• In Greek mythology,Zeus was the ruler of Gods and men.在希腊神话中，宙斯是众神和人类的统治者。
• He is the hero of Greek mythology.他是希腊民间传说中的英雄。