During the days of Sikh rule on the frontier, Miranzai remained under the Governor of Kohat, but not much interference was attempted. On the annexation3 of the Punjab by the Government of India, Miranzai, being an outlying territory, was overlooked when possession was taken of the rest of Kohat; the Kabul Government, accordingly, made arrangements to occupy Miranzai, the Amir’s son, Sirdar Muhammad Azim, who was then Governor of Kurram, sending in 1851 some cavalry4 to hold the villages of Bilandkhel, Thal and Torawari. The people of Miranzai, thereupon, appealed to the Indian Government, and petitioned that their country might be included in British territory, offering to pay a yearly revenue of Rs. 7500. Their request was acceded5 to, and in August 1861, a proclamation was issued 390declaring Miranzai to be a portion of the Kohat district.
This country has been thus described by Oliver in his book Across the Border: “The Miranzai Valley, perhaps the pleasantest part of the Kohat district, has been arbitrarily divided into an Upper and a Lower, though the river which runs east, down the latter, is a feeder of the Kohat toi, or stream, and goes thence to the Indus, while the Ishkali, which runs west along the Upper, is a branch of the Kurram. Both Upper and Lower Miranzai, equally with the Kurram, lie along the base of the great Safed Koh Range, the white peaks of which tower over everything else, a gigantic barrier between this and the still more famous Khyber route to Kabul.... It is a land of mountains, small and great, of rocks and of stones. The rivers that rush down the steep slopes are at one time dangerous torrents6, at others yielding with difficulty a little water from the holes dug in their beds, with small and circumscribed7, but well-cultivated valleys, where grain and fruit flourish abundantly, varied8 with raviney wastes, growing little beyond the dwarf9 palm which affords materials for one of the few staple10 industries the country possesses. These, again, are interspersed11 by grassy12 tracts14, on which are pastured abnormally small cattle and exceptionally fat-tailed sheep.” The Miranzai Valley is about forty miles in length, and its width varies from three to seven miles; it extends from Thal to Raisan—where the Khanki River breaks through the hills into the valley—and from the Zaimukht and Orakzai hills to those of the Khattaks.
The Kurram Valley
391Up to the time of the second Afghan war the Kurram Valley was ruled by the Afghans, but it came under our influence during the campaign, and was finally occupied by us in the autumn of 1893. The country is now administered by the Indian Government, and is ruled by a political officer, the valley being to all intents and purposes British territory.
“Once past Thal,” says Oliver, “and the banks of the Kurram River reached—more or less all along are cornfields and fruit gardens, mulberry groves15 and fertile glades16, passing up to ridges17 crested20 by oak and olive, yew21 trees and pines; the range behind again culminating in the snow-capped peak of Sika Ram2, which rises over 15,000 feet high. Some parts of the valley have the reputation of being unhealthy, for the same reason as Bannu, but there are few more fertile spots along the Afghan Border than the Kurram.” The valley is about sixty miles long and in some parts not more than ten miles broad; it is bounded on the west by Afghanistan, on the east by the country of the Chamkannis, Zaimukhts and Orakzais, on the south by Waziristan, while on the north Kurram is separated from the country of the Shinwaris by the Safed Koh Range. “Dark pine forests cover the lower ranges, and naked cliffs and snowy peaks rise high above them. The chain is so situated that the rays of the setting sun fall full upon it, and the effect on a chill winter evening, when the pale snows flush scarlet22 and crimson23, while darkness is already gathering24 in the valley below, is very fine.”
392Enriquez, from whose work, The Pathan Borderland, quotation25 has already been made, tells us that “Lower Kurram,[133] that is as far as Alizai, differs very essentially26 from the Upper Kurram and in appearance resembles the Miranzai. The villages are built of rough and irregular blocks of stone interspersed with layers of brushwood. Towers and defensive27 walls are the exception, and the inhabitants are but poorly armed. The fodder28 is collected in ricks inside the hamlets, and great stacks of hay and ‘johwar’ are also grouped together in large numbers on rising ground near by. The valley is narrow, and there is little room for cultivation29. The trees are few and stunted30, and the general appearance of the country is of low hills and broken nullahs, where the usual ‘palosa,’ bera, seneta and mazarai form a thin scrub jungle. Upper Kurram, on the other hand, is wider, and the mountains containing it are more imposing31. There is a good deal of cultivation; the villages are larger and far more prosperous looking, and are built chiefly of mud. The more important ones have from eight to ten fortified32 towers, and are besides protected by high loop-holed walls. A very successful attempt is made to decorate these forts by means of patterns in the brickwork and of crenelations along the upper parapets. They are, moreover, neatly33 built and kept in good repair. Chenar trees abound34 and grow to as fine a size as they do in Kashmir. To judge by their girth, many of them must be very old. There are 393willows, mulberries and ‘palosa’ in the valley and the walnuts35 of Kurram rival those of Tirah.” The valley is said, with pride, to produce four remarkable36 and marketable commodities—the stone of Malana, the rice of Karman, the wood of Peiwar, and the women of Shalozan—the last a village from which ladies have always been supplied for the Royal zenana in Kabul. The grandmother of the late Amir, Abdur Rahman Khan, was a daughter of the Turi Malik of Shalozan in Kurram.
Value of the Kurram
The Miranzai and Kurram Valleys are of importance as providing an alternative route, practically wholly through friendly territory, from our frontiers to the borders of Afghanistan. A narrow-gauge railway runs from Kohat to Thal, and is eventually, it is stated, to be extended to Parachinar—fifty-six miles further up the Kurram Valley. The Peiwar Kotal is only fifteen miles further west from Parachinar, and is of an elevation37 of 9200 feet, the onward38 road then crossing the Shutargardan, or Camel’s Neck Pass, at a height of 11,900 feet, into the Logar Valley leading to Kabul. The route affords a subsidiary line for part of the year, but its closing by snow, and the great altitudes at which the several passes have to be crossed, forbid its being classed as a principal line of communication. During the second Afghan war it was used as a line of advance mainly because Lord Lytton firmly believed in the value of Kurram, being influenced in this, as in many other matters, by his Military Secretary, Colonel, afterwards Sir George, Colley, who wrote: “Personally my hobby is the Kurram—I had long 394ago come to the conclusion that the possession of the Peiwar held the most commanding military position, short of Kabul, in Afghanistan.... The Kurram Valley is mainly fairly open and inhabited by a peaceful agricultural population, so that our communications there will never be troublesome or uncertain.”
Lord Roberts, however, has on the other hand described the Kurram route as no more than a “byroad”; and on its final evacuation at the close of the last phase of the second Afghan war, Sir Frederick Haines, who was then Commander-in-Chief in India, wrote that: “As a line of military communication experience has condemned39 it, and I abandon it as such without the slightest regret.”
The Bangash.—Of this tribe something has already been said—of their battle near Kohat with the Orakzais, and of the final issue resulting in their holding to the plain country, while the Orakzais remained in the hills. Tradition has it that the Bangash are of Arab origin, and that, pressed by the Ghilzais, they moved eastward40 about the end of the fourteenth century. Settling then in the Kurram Valley, and expanding further eastward, they drove the Orakzais into the mountains. Dr. Bellew, however, is inclined to think that they are in the main of Scythian origin, and that they came into India with the Central Asian hordes41 which followed Sabuktagin and Timur. But at the present day it will probably be enough to describe them as a tribe of Pathans who inhabit the 395Kurram and Miranzai Valleys down to Kohat. Bangash families are also settled in Persia and in some parts of India, notably42 in Farakhabad, the Nawab of which place, who was banished43 from India for his conduct during the Mutiny, being descended44 from a Bangash family. They are Gar in politics and partly Shiah and partly Sunni. They enlist45 readily in the Indian Army and Border Militia46, and are thought well of, being quieter than most Pathans.
The Bangash Tribe
“The Kohat, Miranzai and southern part of the Kurram Valley,” Oliver tells us, “are mainly Bangash; those towards Kohat mostly Sunnis, the bulk of the remainder Shiahs. The Westerns wear their beards long, with a few short Jewish ringlets on either side of the face, shaving the rest of the head; the Easterns clip them short; otherwise there is not much difference. Physically47 they are quite up to the average Pathans, though they are not generally credited with great fighting qualities. A few deal in salt, but they are eminently48 an agricultural rather than a pastoral people. Reported hospitable49, many of them are undoubtedly50 treacherous51 and cruel, not specially52 disposed to wanton violence, but much addicted53 to thieving. They are rather the victims of raids by their neighbours than raiders themselves”—the Orakzais, in their barren mountains, regretting their old-time homes and occasionally indulging in a foray into Miranzai—“and have generally behaved well from an administrative54 point of view. Their situation is such, they have had the good sense to see that in this lay their best chance of security.”
1.
Miranzai.
2.
Samilzai.
3.
Baizai.
The first-named live for the most part in Upper Miranzai—that is to say, west of Kai, but some of them inhabit villages nearer to Kohat, and a few, again, live in the Kurram. The Samilzai are to be found some in the Kurram and some in Lower Miranzai; while the Baizai live chiefly in the Kohat Valley proper. The Baizai claim that in the days of the Mogul emperors they received an allowance for holding the crest19 of the Kotal of the Kohat Pass; and as a solution of the difficulties about the pass in 1853, to which allusion57 is made elsewhere, they petitioned to be allowed to resume their ancient responsibilities. Their request was granted, but they proved unable to hold the position against Afridi attack, and an arrangement was come to under which four different clans, the Baizai Bangash included, received grants for keeping open the pass. These they still retain, and up to 1882, when the management of the pass was transferred to the Deputy-Commissioner, the chief of the Baizai was in charge of the Kohat Pass arrangements. The Bangash have themselves given us little or no trouble, but have suffered much by being unusually exposed to the raids of neighbouring tribes.
The Zaimukhts.—This tribe are also known as Zwaimukht and Zaimusht; they are of Afghan stock 397and live on the southern slopes of the Zawa Ghar Range, having for their neighbours, on the north-west the Turis, on the north and east the Orakzais, and on the south and south-west the Bangash. With every one of these the Zaimukhts are at feud58. Their country is very fertile, and they own, too, a number of villages in the Kurram and Miranzai valleys in British territory. They are strong, well-built men with pleasing features, and can muster59 some 2300 armed men, who appear to possess good fighting qualities, but so far none of the tribesmen have taken service either in the Indian Army or in the local militia. They are all Sunni in religion and Samil in politics.
The Zaimukht Tribe
The country of the Zaimukhts may be described as a triangle, with the Zawa Ghar Range as its base, and the village of Thal as the apex60; this includes a tract13 of country on its western side, occupied by the Alisherzai Orakzais. The northern range rises to a height of over 9000 feet above the village of Zawo, and from 7000 to 8000 feet elsewhere. The crest is in some parts covered with pine forests, in others it is bare of trees. From this main range several streams run southward between precipitous and rocky spurs whose sides are quite inaccessible61; from the crests62, here and there, rise steep, craggy peaks, which render the ridges also very difficult, if not impracticable. Among these glens lie many hamlets of small size, the village of Zawo being composed of several hamlets. This village was considered the chief stronghold of the Zaimukhts, and, from its position, impregnable, 398nestling close under the mountain range, and from the south only approachable up a ravine several miles in length, hemmed63 in by precipitous spurs rising to 8000 feet in elevation. The spurs of the Zawa Ghar Range are steep and rugged64 for about six to seven miles; as they run southward they fall away, and form a succession of small plateaux, intersected by ravines, 4000 to 5000 feet in elevation. Across these runs the route from Torawari, in Upper Miranzai, to Balish Khel, near the junction66 of the Kharmana River with the Kurram—a route formerly67 used by kafilas. The drainage divides into three parts—one running westward68 into the Kharmana and Kurram, near Balish Khel and Sadda; a second, collecting below Chinarak, forms the Sangroba, which falls into the Kurram near Thal; while the remainder runs eastward into the Ishkali which drains into the Kurram River. Dividing these are two passes at the villages of Manatu (5200 feet) and Urmegi (4300 feet), which also form the connecting links between the Zawa Ghar hill, and a second series of hills, that rise abruptly69 from 4000 feet to 8000 feet in two groups—one round the peak of Dingsar west of the Sangroba, the other round Dondo Ghar, east of that stream. The crests and spurs of these two groups are rugged, rocky and almost treeless. Amongst them lie several secluded70 glens, in which are other hamlets of the Zaimukhts, very difficult of access. The country is, as a rule, devoid71 of timber trees; water is plentiful72; the soil is fertile and there are large numbers of cattle, sheep, goats and poultry73.
399The tribe is divided into two main branches, each at bitter feud with the other:
1.
The Mamuzai or Western Zaimukhts.
2.
The Khoidad Khel or Eastern Zaimukhts.
Expedition of 1879
In the early days of the annexation of Miranzai the Zaimukhts gave little trouble to the Indian Government, but in the year 1855 they assumed a hostile attitude, and, among other acts of hostility74, they took part in the affair near Darsamand (see Turis). From 1856 to 1878 the Zaimukhts kept quiet. The outbreak of the second Afghan war, and the long British line of communications through Miranzai and Kurram, provided an opportunity of raiding which the Zaimukhts found it impossible to resist. From December 1878, to August of the year following, the Zaimukhts, chiefly of the Khoidad Khel clan55 of the tribe, committed a number of offences, cutting off grazing pack animals, kidnapping British subjects, raiding the post, culminating in the murder of two British officers passing along the road. Besides these, there were also a number of petty thefts and such offences as cutting the telegraph wire; and in October 1879, the bill for damages against the tribe amounting to Rs. 25,000, a force under Brigadier-General Tytler, V.C., C.B., was ordered into the Zaimukht country. The objects of the expedition were:
1. To punish the tribe.
2. To punish, if convenient and desirable, the Lashkarzai Orakzais, who had equally been guilty of misbehaviour.
4003. To secure a right-of-way through the Zaimukht country, between Torawari and Balish Khel.
4. To secure the safety of communications on the Thal-Kurram road.
The expedition was delayed owing to the renewal75 of active operations in Afghanistan, consequent upon the murder at Kabul of Sir Louis Cavagnari and the members of his Mission, and it was not until the end of November that General Tytler was able to commence operations. In the interval76, however, the tribesmen had continued their raids upon a larger scale than before, 3000 of the Lashkarzai Orakzais having concentrated for that purpose at Balish Khel, and a mixed force of Zaimukhts and Orakzais, in numbers about 1000, having assembled close to the post at Chupri in the Kurram Valley. Both these hostile concentrations were dispersed77 by small British columns collected on the spot, and which suffered but small loss.
While General Tytler was pushing on his preparations, several reconnaissances were made into Zaimukht country from Balish Khel, where the headquarters of the expedition was established on the 28th November. A party, numbering 500 infantry78 and two mountain guns, under Colonel J. J. H. Gordon, C.B., 29th Punjab Infantry, ascended79 the Drabzai Mountain, 7300 feet high, seven miles from Balish Khel, and commanding the whole southern Alisherzai (Lashkarzai Orakzai) Valley, with the passes leading to the northern Alisherzai and Massuzai country.
Lieutenant-Colonel R. C. Low, 13th Bengal Lancers, 401taking with him 400 infantry, 100 cavalry and two mountain guns, passed round the foot of the Drabzai Mountain, through Tindoh, as far as the entrance to the Krumb defile80.
400 infantry, 50 cavalry and two mountain guns under Lieutenant-Colonel R. G. Rogers, C.B., 20th Punjab Infantry, explored the Tatang defile and the Abasikor Pass, the latter about thirteen miles from camp and 7700 feet in height. A mile beyond Tatang village, the road enters the Tatang defile, narrow, about forty or fifty yards long, and with precipitous, rocky sides overhanging the roadway. The road was rough and difficult for any but lightly laden81 baggage animals. From the crest of the pass a good view was obtained of the Massuzai (Orakzai) Valley.
A small party of the 13th Bengal Lancers, under Major C. R. Pennington, reconnoitred the country in the direction of the old Kafila road from Durani to Gawakki, which was found to be fairly good, and was consequently selected as that by which the main force should advance. The party under Colonel Rogers was the only one of the four which experienced any, and that but an altogether insignificant82, opposition83.
General Tytler’s Operations
On the 8th December, Brigadier-General Tytler moved to Gawakki, in the Zaimukht country, with the undermentioned force:
Total strength.
No. 1 Kohat Mountain Battery, two guns, 78
40285th Regiment, 733
1st Bengal Cavalry, 57
13th Bengal Cavalry, 155
18th Bengal Cavalry, 55
8th Company Sappers and Miners, 57
13th Native Infantry, 323
4th Punjab Infantry, 557
20th Punjab Native Infantry, 399
29th Punjab Native Infantry, 568
During the next ten days the country was thoroughly87 explored, and every village of any importance was visited. On the 9th, Manatu was reached without opposition, and from here three columns were despatched into the Wattizai Valley, the inhabitants of which had been largely implicated88 in the offences on the Thal-Kurram road, and there, in spite of some opposition, the villages of Kandali and Katokomela were burnt to the ground; at the same time some other villages in this valley were attacked from Kurram by a party of Turi levies89 and were also destroyed. The Wattizai Valley is about six miles long, well cultivated and watered. On the 12th the column marched five miles to Chinarak, distant about eight miles from the stronghold of Zawo, the objective of the expedition. Chinarak is situated on a fairly open and level plateau, surrounded by terraced fields, through which ran numerous water channels, and was almost at the foot of the defile leading to Zawo. At Chinarak the three main routes into the Zaimukht country converge90, viz. from Balish Khel, from Torawari, 403and from Thal by the Sangroba defile, and it may therefore be looked upon as the most important strategical point of the whole valley.
Advance on Zawo
On the 13th, the force, less a small party remaining to guard the camp at Chinarak, moved out to attack Zawo; to this fastness there are three approaches—one by a difficult ravine about seven miles long and ten feet wide, one to the left over a steep spur on the west of the ravine, one to the right over high hills west of the valley of Surmai. The plan adopted was to hold the commanding ground on the right, while the main advance was made by the ravine. There was a certain amount of opposition—the enemy at one place fighting hand-to-hand with the 29th—the advance was much delayed by the ground, and the bed of the defile was found to be excessively difficult; so that when by 4 p.m. the Brigadier-General found himself in possession of the village of Bagh, three and a half miles from Chinarak and four and a half from Zawo, he decided91 to postpone92 any further advance till the following day and bivouac at Bagh for the night. Early on the 14th, while Colonel Gordon, with three companies of the 85th, three companies of his own regiment, and two guns, occupied the high ground to the north, flanking the approach to Zawo from Bagh, the main force under General Tytler advanced up the gorge93, over increasing difficulties for about a mile, and gained, under a heavy fire, the summit of the pass overlooking the village, or cluster of eight or ten villages, of Zawo, situated amongst terraced fields in a horse-shoe shaped valley. The 404villages were destroyed, and the force returned that night to Bagh, and thence on the 15th to Chinarak, the retirement94 having been entirely95 unmolested.
In these operations the loss of the enemy was estimated at over forty killed and one hundred wounded, the British casualties being one officer and one sepoy killed, one native officer and one noncommissioned officer wounded. The result of the Zawo expedition was the complete destruction of the settlements of the Khudu Khel sub-division. The Zaimukhts had for this occasion been aided by from 2000 to 3000 of the Lashkarzai Orakzais, and so confident were they of the natural strength of the position and of their capability96 to defend it with the numbers at their disposal, that they hardly commenced to desert the village until the ridge18 above Zawo had been taken by our troops. Their losses in retirement were consequently unusually heavy, and may account for the unmolested withdrawal97 of Brigadier-General Tytler’s force.
The subsequent operations were of the nature of a military promenade98, portions of the force visiting Nawakila and Sparkhwait; the latter place is a small open valley at the foot of the Mandatti Pass, the mouth of which is in Zaimukht country, but which leads into the settlements of the Alisherzais (Lashkarzai Orakzais). Yasta was also visited, as was the village of Sangroba, through the difficult and narrow defile of the same name. Sangroba is at the head of a valley containing three other villages.
The operations were happily concluded, and all 405the offending tribesmen brought to terms, just as orders were received that all movements against the Zaimukhts were to cease, with a view of releasing General Tytler’s column for a demonstration99 in the direction of the Shutargardan, so as to assist Lieutenant-General Sir F. Roberts, reported hard pressed at Kabul. Fortunately, no news from Afghanistan had reached the enemy, and it was possible at once to bring the expedition to a satisfactory conclusion. All the four objects mentioned on p. 399 had been fulfilled; the Zaimukhts had been severely100 punished, their country traversed from end to end, and their strong places had been captured. They paid up their fines in full, surrendered 500 matchlocks and an equal number of swords, and gave hostages for the fulfilment of these terms. The Lashkarzai Orakzais had also made their submission101 and paid their fines. The construction of the Torawari-Balish Khel road was assured, should such be necessary, but it was found that the line of country it would traverse was extremely difficult, the saving in actual length was only seven miles, while it would be much exposed to raiders. The last object of the expedition was fully102 obtained, and the Thal-Kurram road henceforth enjoyed an immunity104 from outrages105 which it had not previously106 known since the commencement of the operations in Afghanistan.
Submission of Zaimukhts
Since 1879 the Zaimukhts have given no trouble on our border.
The Chamkannis.—This tribe—known also as Chakmannis—is traditionally supposed to belong to 406the Ghoria Khel section of the Sarbani Pathans—one of the two divisions of the Gandhari section of the Pactiyan nation, said by Herodotus to have been in existence when Alexander invaded India in B.C. 327.
Other authorities assign them a Persian origin. By their Sarbani descent they are related to the Mohmands, Daudzais and Khalils; the major portion of the tribe appears to have joined forces with the Khattaks, who were settled on our western border in the fourteenth century; and when these moved into the Kohat district, the Chamkannis remained in Waziristan, going later into the Kharmana Valley to the north-east of the Kurram Valley. The tribe is at present located in the Thabai and Awi Darras, in the Kharmana Valley, and in the Karman Darra on the northern slopes of the Sika Ram Range. Their neighbours are the Afridis on the east, the Orakzais on the east and south-east, the Turis on the west and south-west, while the Safed Koh Range is the boundary on the north, beyond which lies the country of the Shinwaris.
With few exceptions the Chamkannis are all Sunnis; the tribe is poor, but fairly united, can turn out rather over 3000 fighting men, and is at feud with the Turis, and with the Massuzai clan of Orakzais who border them on the east.
Dr. Bellew describes the Chamkannis as originating in a heretical sect65 of Persian Islamites, who were driven out of their own country by constant persecution107 on account of their peculiar108 religious ceremonies and immoral109 proceedings110. “One of the stories 407against them is not altogether without a savour of the ‘Love Feast’ of more modern sects111 in England,” says Oliver, “and consisted in putting out the lights at a stage of the religious performances, in which both sexes joined indiscriminately, and which was the signal for possible improprieties. The Persians called it ‘Chiragh-kush or lamp-extinguisher,’ and the Pathans ‘Or-mur or fire-extinguisher’; the Chamkannis, however, have turned over a new leaf and become orthodox Muhammadans.”
Chamkanni Clans
The tribe is divided into four main clans—exclusive of a small band called also Chamkannis, who, however, claim to be Ghilzais, and who live at the head of the Kurram Valley above Karlachi:
1.
Bada Khel.
2.
Haji or Para Khel.
3.
Khwajak Khel.
4.
Khani Khel.
Up to 1897 the Chamkannis had never been conspicuously112 troublesome, or what seems more probable is that while they may on occasion have leagued with their more powerful neighbours against us, their own comparative insignificance113 has helped to preserve them against the consequences. When, however, in 1897 the long line of north-west frontier broke into flames, and the several tribes evinced a quality of cohesion114 which had not been expected of them, and the several points of our border had been portioned out for attack, the general jirgah held on the 20th August had arranged that the Chamkannis and their neighbours, the Massuzai Orakzais, should move against the Kurram.
The Chamkannis remained, however, tolerably 408quiescent until the 16th September, when a proportion of their fighting men are believed to have been concerned in a sudden and hotly-pressed attack by night upon Colonel Richardson’s camp at Sadda, at the junction of the Kharmana and Kurram Rivers. To Sir William Lockhart’s proclamation of the 6th October they returned insolent115 and defiant116 replies, offering peace upon their own terms; they built a barrier right across the Kharmana Darra; and it was probably only the presence in the neighbourhood of the Kurram Moveable Column under Colonel Hill, which kept from other open acts of hostility the large concentration of tribesmen known to be in this neighbourhood. But even then it did not appear certain that the Chamkannis as a tribe had thrown in their lot with the remaining firebrands of the frontier; and their complete and final implication was probably due to the unfortunate result of a reconnaissance undertaken by our troops on the 7th November. On that date the Commander of the Kurram Moveable Column, taking advantage of a temporary suspension of hostilities117 in the neighbourhood of Sadda, moved out into the Kharmana defile. The resulting reconnaissance, successful enough in itself, was marred118 by a heavy loss of life. The defile is seven miles long, and the river bed is throughout commanded from both sides within short rifle range, but the enemy was evidently taken by surprise by our advance, which was undisputed, even the barrier erected119 across the defile not being held. The villages of Hissar and Janikot were reached, and although the 409final retirement to Sadda was followed up as usual, our casualties were but few, while the enemy suffered heavy losses. It was not until some time after arrival in camp, that a havildar and thirty-five men of the Kapurthala Infantry were found to be missing. Subsequent inquiries120 revealed the fact that this body had, during retirement from a position, taken the wrong road, and being surrounded in a ravine with further retreat cut off by a jungle fire, had there been shot down by the Chamkannis. This comparative success of the tribesmen naturally inflamed121 afresh the spirit of revolt on the northern side of the Kurram Valley, the Chamkannis and Orakzais being reinforced by other tribesmen who had hitherto held more or less aloof122, and the strength of the concentration near the village of Hissar, which Colonel Hill had destroyed, being continually augmented123.
As a punishment for their complicity in this resistance the Chamkannis were ordered to pay a fine of Rs. 1000, to surrender thirty breech-loading rifles, and to restore all Government property; but as these demands were treated with contempt, it became necessary to march through their country and inflict125 other punishment.
On the 26th November, therefore, the Kurram Moveable Column took part in the operations alluded126 to on p. 388, entering the Khani Khel country of the Chamkannis in two bodies, destroying Thabai and other villages, and inflicting127 heavy loss upon them. In these operations another of the famous family of the Battyes was killed; hardly a single 410frontier expedition has closed but that a Battye has died for his country, and has always fallen foremost in the fight.
Unlike the rest of the tribes in 1898, the Chamkannis failed to make formal submission, and thus encouraged, they broke out again in 1899, raiding two villages in the Kurram Valley, killing128 and wounding several villagers, and carrying off a large number of cattle. A counter-raid, however, quickly organised by Captain Roos-Keppel, and directed against Chamkanni villages in the Kurram Darra, soon brought these tribesmen to terms. Over a hundred prisoners were taken, several villages burned, and large numbers of cattle and firearms were seized. Upon this the Chamkannis at once paid up their fines, and since then have remained tolerably quiet.
Turis or Torizais
The Turis.—The Turis, or Torizais as they are sometimes called, are a tribe of whose origin little definite is known, but all authorities are agreed that if Afghans at all they are not Afghans of pure descent. Muhammad Hyat Khan says they are Karlanrai Afghans; Lumsden says they are of Mogul extraction; Ibbetson regards them as being probably Tartar tribes which accompanied Chengis Khan and Timur in their Indian raids; Bonarjee calls them a tribe of mixed blood—Indian stock with a Tartar admixture; while Edwardes and others say that they are a Hindki race, some sixty families of whom, about four or five hundred years ago, because of drought, migrated from their native country in the Punjab (opposite Nilab on the Indus in the Kohat district) 411to the Kurram Valley, or, as it was then called, the Bangash Valley, and became hamsayas of its inhabitants. They themselves support this last tradition, but say that the ancestor who originally settled at Nilab was one Torghani Turk, who came from Persia. In his diary of the year 1506 the Emperor Baber mentions the presence of Turis in the Kurram Valley. About the year 1700, owing to a quarrel arising out of insults offered to Turi women, the Turis and Jajis, who were then united, attacked the Bangash, and the Turis gradually made themselves masters of the Kurram Valley, the Bangash remaining on in their turn as hamsayas. The Turis were in the course of time conquered by the Afghans, though the exact date is not known; but there was no actual attempt at occupation of their country until 1850, the Afghans satisfying themselves with periodical expeditions every five or six years to collect the revenue, the soldiers living on the people. About 1850, however, the districts both of Khost and Kurram, were occupied, and an Afghan governor was appointed, a fort being built at Ahmadzai and a strong garrison129 maintained in the valley. Until the outbreak of the second Afghan war in 1879, the Kurram Valley was ruled by a succession of Afghan governors, and the Turis were so heavily oppressed at times that they rose in rebellion, and on one occasion attacked the Afghan camp and slew130 500 men.
Of the Turis, Oliver writes: “They are not very big nor very good-looking, and have somewhat of the look of the savage131 about them, but they are strong, 412hardy and compact, and are essentially horsemen, as the Wazirs, in spite of their well-known breed of horses, are essentially footmen. The Turi is a model moss-trooper. Profusely132 armed, he has probably a couple of brass-bound carbines at his back, two or three pistols in front, knives of many sizes and sorts in his waist-belt, and a sword by his side. His mount, often a small, sorry jade133, is necessarily wiry and active; for, in addition to the Turi and his armoury, it has to carry his entire wardrobe packed under the saddle, certain wallets containing food for man and beast, some spare shoes, nails and a hammer, an iron peg134 and a picket135 rope, all the requisites136 to enable this distinguished137 highwayman to carry on distant and daring raids, which is the Turi road to distinction. The local Dick Turpin is honoured with the title of Khlak, a hard man, the Turi equivalent for the hero of the hour. The newly-born Turi is introduced to ordinary life by a number of shots fired over his head, to accustom138 him to the sound and prevent him shrinking when his turn comes to be shot at. Nor does he usually have to wait long for this, for he is at feud with pretty well all his neighbours, Wazirs, Zaimukhts and Mangals, and most bitterly with the Jajis; even a Bangash has to attach to himself a Turi badraga, or safe-conduct—an excellent word for a most ragged139 but faithful little ruffian, who protects him from all other Turis.
“And to violate a safe-conduct once given, whatever form it takes, is as exceptional on the Pathan border, as in the Scotch140 Highlands; no greater insult 413could be put on the Khan or the clan giving it. Plowden tells of a Turi Malik who gave his cap as a badraga to an Afridi Kafila, which was plundered141, and fell himself in avenging142 it. He is hospitable, this moss-trooper, even to allowing the women of the house to wait upon strangers, and in a way he is religious. He divides mankind into straight and crooked143. The Shiahs—and all Turis are Shiahs—are straight, the rest are crooked. To a stranger the question takes a masonic form; the Turi salute144 is a finger placed perpendicularly146 on the forehead for a straight man, and a contorted one for a crooked man. If the stranger is well-advised, he will give the countersign147 with a perpendicular145 finger.”
Friendship for Englishmen
Enriquez says, “The Turis are on the most friendly terms with the Englishmen who live among them; and the heartiness148 of their salutation when they meet a Sahib is quite refreshing149 to listen to. The Turis look upon the British Government as their deliverer from the oppression of their rapacious150 Sunni neighbours, and even consider that their Shiah religion resembles, to a certain extent, Christianity. They are not forgetful that Christians151 fought and died for them in their wars against the Sunnis, and are even in a few cases buried in the most sacred Shiah shrines152.... Their dress is very distinctive153.... The sleeves of their shirts have blue cuffs154, and there is a thin red piping, or an ornamental155 border round the neck. In the cold weather they wear a coat made out of a cloth called ‘sharai,’ which is woven from sheep’s wool.”
414On their eastern border the Turis have the Chamkannis, Orakzais and Zaimukhts; on the south the Wazirs, and on the west Afghanistan, or the tribes within the sphere of influence of the Amir of that country. The total male population of the Turi country is about 6000. Every Turi considers himself to be the spiritual disciple156 (murid) of some Saiyid (pir), and from this practice of pir-muridi four great families of Saiyids have arisen. Of these one family composes one faction157, the Mian Murid, while the remaining three compose the Drewandi faction. The first, while the weaker, is the most united, the other the more patriotic158, but since besides these there are also two political factions159, it results that there is no tribal160 combination, each Turi being an absolute democrat161 who thinks himself as good as his neighbour, and cannot bear to see anybody in authority over him.
In the middle of the last century the Kurram, and especially the Miranzai Valley, was to the Deputy-Commissioner of Kohat a source of endless trouble. Wazirs, Turis, Zaimukhts and Orakzais were constantly assembling, either as tribal parties or in combination, to raid the well-disposed villages on the Hangu and Khattak frontiers, and, yet, whenever trouble threatened them from without, the people of Miranzai were loud in their calls for aid. Small punitive162 expeditions were sent into the valley in 1851, 1855 and 1856 to deal with these raiders, and especially with the Turis, who, since the first annexation of the Kohat district, had given much trouble—leaguing with other tribesmen to raid the Miranzai 415Valley, harbouring fugitives163, encouraging all to resist, and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages. In 1855 Darsamand was thus raided. In 1856 the Kurram Valley was traversed right up to the Peiwar Kotal, and the Turis, who had intended to refuse compliance164 with our demands, thinking they could prevail on the surrounding tribes to make common cause with them, very soon changed their language and policy, and came to terms. Since those days the Turis have not merely given no trouble, but have helped us on several occasions.
We Occupy the Kurram
The universal detestation of Afghan rule has, no doubt, greatly assisted us to gain the confidence of the Turis. Our advance into the Kurram Valley was hailed with delight. “There can be no doubt,” wrote Major Collett, “that the people in the Kurram Valley were glad to see us, and that, smarting, as they then were, under Sher Ali’s late exactions, they regarded General Roberts’ troops as deliverers from an oppressive Government.” During the operations in the valley the Turis furnished transport and supplies, and a levy165 was raised among them of from 350 to 400 men under their own Maliks. Prior to our withdrawal in 1880 the tribe made a formal petition to the Indian Government that they should for the future be independent of Kabul. This request was granted, but the experiment then instituted of managing, unaided, their own affairs did not prove a success. Faction fighting broke out, and for a long period complete anarchy166 prevailed, and, finally, in 1893 we occupied the Kurram Valley. In the Turis 416we now possess a true and loyal race occupying a country of great strategical advantages.
The Turis helped our troops against the Zaimukhts in 1879, and against the Chamkannis, twenty years later. They stood by us, too, in the troublous year of 1897, and their eagerness for the fray167 when hostilities first broke out, is thus described in an Indian newspaper of that date: “The road into Sadda, on the 3rd and 4th September, presented a most extraordinary sight. On the 3rd, before the news of the advance of reinforcements had been confirmed by letter, bands upon bands of friendly Turis, horse and foot, could be seen making their way from Upper Kurram to Sadda, and other points likely to be attacked in Lower Kurram. The big attack was expected on the night of the 3rd September; all these men were going down to help to beat off the common enemy; they all gladly responded to the call of the Political Officer, and every village sent a contingent168, just as they would have done in the old days before we took over the safe custody169 of the valley. Many an old raider’s heart must have beat quicker as he thought of the past, when he had ridden forth103 in just the same way on some foray far across the border. Breech-loaders were very scarce, but two-thirds of the men had jazails, and all of them had the long Pathan knife stuck through their kummerbunds, while here and there was a revolver or pistol, the latter generally of native workmanship. To look at their merry faces, one would have imagined they were off to a wedding or other tamasha, and not going to fight against odds170 417for hearth171 and home. The Turi cavalry, especially, took things with evident lightness of heart. Here and there a grass chupli would be stuck up in the middle of the road, and the next minute it was to be seen at the end of a lance, high in the air.... The following day they were to be seen returning to their homes; the arrival of reinforcements in the very nick of time had made their presence no longer necessary in Lower Kurram.”
There are, at this date, some nine hundred Turis in the Kurram Militia. So assured is their loyalty that a systematic173 effort is now being made to arm them better. Their weapons are all registered, and means are available on the spot for arming the Turi lashkar on emergency.
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1
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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ram
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| (random access memory)随机存取存储器 | |
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annexation
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| n.吞并，合并 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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acceded
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| v.（正式）加入( accede的过去式和过去分词 )；答应；（通过财产的添附而）增加；开始任职 | |
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torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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circumscribed
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| adj.[医]局限的：受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；划定…范围；限制；限定 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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glades
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| n.林中空地( glade的名词复数 ) | |
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ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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yew
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| n.紫杉属树木 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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fodder
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| n.草料；炮灰 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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walnuts
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| 胡桃（树）( walnut的名词复数 )； 胡桃木 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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40
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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41
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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notably
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| adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地 | |
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43
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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45
enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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49
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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51
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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52
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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53
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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54
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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55
clan
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| n.氏族，部落，宗族，家族，宗派 | |
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clans
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| 宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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feud
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| n.长期不和；世仇；v.长期争斗；世代结仇 | |
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59
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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60
apex
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| n.顶点，最高点 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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crests
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| v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的第三人称单数 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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70
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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71
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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73
poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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74
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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76
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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77
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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79
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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80
defile
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| v.弄污，弄脏；n.(山间)小道 | |
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81
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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82
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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83
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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84
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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85
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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86
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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88
implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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89
levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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90
converge
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| vi.会合；聚集，集中；(思想、观点等)趋近 | |
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91
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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92
postpone
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| v.延期，推迟 | |
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93
gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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94
retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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95
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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96
capability
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| n.能力；才能；(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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97
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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98
promenade
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| n./v.散步 | |
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99
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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100
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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101
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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102
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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103
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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104
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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105
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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106
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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107
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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108
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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109
immoral
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| adj.不道德的，淫荡的，荒淫的，有伤风化的 | |
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110
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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111
sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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112
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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113
insignificance
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| n.不重要；无价值；无意义 | |
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114
cohesion
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| n.团结，凝结力 | |
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115
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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116
defiant
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| adj.无礼的，挑战的 | |
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117
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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118
marred
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| adj. 被损毁, 污损的 | |
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119
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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120
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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121
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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123
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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124
coercion
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| n.强制，高压统治 | |
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125
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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126
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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128
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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129
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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130
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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131
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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132
profusely
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| ad.abundantly | |
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133
jade
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| n.玉石；碧玉；翡翠 | |
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134
peg
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| n.木栓，木钉；vt.用木钉钉，用短桩固定 | |
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135
picket
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| n.纠察队；警戒哨；v.设置纠察线；布置警卫 | |
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136
requisites
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| n.必要的事物( requisite的名词复数 ) | |
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137
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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138
accustom
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| vt.使适应，使习惯 | |
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139
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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140
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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141
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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142
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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143
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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144
salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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145
perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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146
perpendicularly
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| adv. 垂直地, 笔直地, 纵向地 | |
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147
countersign
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| v.副署，会签 | |
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148
heartiness
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| 诚实，热心 | |
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149
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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150
rapacious
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| adj.贪婪的，强夺的 | |
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151
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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152
shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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153
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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154
cuffs
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| n.袖口( cuff的名词复数 )v.掌打，拳打( cuff的第三人称单数 ) | |
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155
ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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156
disciple
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| n.信徒，门徒，追随者 | |
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157
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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158
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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159
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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160
tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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161
democrat
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员 | |
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162
punitive
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| adj.惩罚的，刑罚的 | |
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163
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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164
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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165
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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166
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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167
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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168
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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169
custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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170
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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171
hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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172
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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173
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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