These three offer the criminologist a field for study of one of the phases of pioneer life—a life that has long been of interest from a historical standpoint. Samuel Mason will be cited in history and criminology as a striking example of a lawless man receiving his just reward. In the meantime, genealogists will probably continue to exclude this “black sheep” from his family. An attempt was made long ago to tear his “branch” from the family tree so that his name and those of his children would not mar6 the beauty of a stem honored with the names of famous men and women. It was without doubt the frontier life that Samuel Mason entered, and not the family from which he sprang that made him what he was.
Mason was a most striking and interesting figure. He had excellent birth; he had been a fighting soldier on the western frontier in the American Revolution,
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acquitting himself with courage. It is not clear how such a man in time of peace developed into a highwayman and after years of outlawry7 came to such a terrible death. A portion of his history is missing and probably will always remain a mystery, but his criminal exploits will lack the proper contrast unless his origin and his early services as a patriot9 are presented.
He was born in Virginia about the year 1750. Thirty-five years after his death Draper recorded in one of his note books that “Mason was connected by ties of consanguinity10 with the distinguished11 Mason family of Virginia, and grew up bad from his boyhood.” [12H] This has been assumed in some quarters to connect him closely with George Mason, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, but there is no proof of it. He was a captain in the American Revolution. Two of his brothers, Thomas and Joseph, were among the useful, honest pioneers in the West. They started with George Rogers Clark on his expedition to Vincennes, but “when Clark reached Louisville he scattered12 some of his men among the neighboring stations of Beargrass [near Louisville].... Of this party were ... Thomas and Joseph Mason, brothers of Captain Samuel Mason.” [12C] Another brother, Isaac Mason, married Catherine Harrison, sister of Benjamin and William Harrison, and as early as 1770 moved from Virginia to Pennsylvania where he became one of the wealthiest and most influential13 citizens of Fayette County. [76] These three Mason brothers, like Samuel Mason himself, were, each in a different way, products of their environment and their times. Pioneer times, like most other periods, produced a variety of characters and Samuel Mason rapidly developed into a product quite distinct from most men of his day.
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It is not often that the lineage of a highwayman can be traced back to a position so honorably distinguished as that of an officer in the American Revolution, yet such was Samuel Mason. After fighting for the freedom of his country he drifted down the Ohio to western Kentucky and the Cave-in-Rock country and there began a wild and free career unrestrained by either human or divine law.
Before taking up Mason’s military history it may be well to recall a few facts pertaining14 to the American Revolution: The first battle in that war was fought at Lexington, Massachusetts, April 19, 1775; the surrender of Cornwallis took place at Yorktown, Virginia, October 19, 1781. While these and other battles between were being fought in the colonies along the Atlantic coast, the frontiersmen west of the Alleghenies were engaged in the same war with the British and their Indian allies. On June 24, 1778, George Rogers Clark left Louisville with about one hundred and fifty men and floated down the Ohio, passing Cave-in-Rock, and at Fort Massac, near the mouth of the Cumberland, began his march through Illinois; he captured Vincennes August 1 and thus saved the west for the American colonies. Between Vincennes and the Old Settlements lay a vast country held, after many hard fights, by the settlers who occupied it.
It was in this frontier defense15 of the upper Ohio River region that Samuel Mason took part. A complete history of his career as a Revolutionary soldier cannot, at this late day, be compiled; but, from the few statements regarding him that appear in printed history and from a few old documents still extant, sufficient evidence can be gathered to show that Mason was
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not only a soldier, but that he took a very active part in the struggle.
When and where he enlisted16 is not known. He probably did so in Ohio County, Virginia (now West Virginia). In the List of the Revolutionary Soldiers of Virginia, issued in 1912 by the Virginia State Library, his name appears as a captain of the Ohio County Militia17. The earliest record of his military life is one showing that in May, 1777, he pursued some Indians who had robbed and killed a family about fifty miles below Pittsburgh. Mason started from one of the forts above Fort Henry, now Wheeling, West Virginia, and “at the head of ten militia gallantly19 followed the murderers.” Although he killed only one Indian he frightened and scattered the others so badly that the expedition was regarded a success. “This brave young man,” says the report written a few days later, “will no doubt meet a reward adequate to his merit.” [131]
About two months later we find him at Grave Creek20 Fort, twelve miles below Fort Henry. He started on another Indian pursuit July 15. On the 17th he wrote an account of this chase and forwarded it from Fort Henry to General Edward Hand, whose headquarters were at Pittsburgh. The original letter is in the Draper Collection. More than a dozen documents signed by Mason are preserved in the Draper Collection; all are signed Samuel Mason, except one letter, dated August 12, 1777, which is signed Samuel Meason.21 The letter of July 17, 1777, like other documents just referred to, shows that Samuel Mason was at least sufficiently21 familiar with the “three Rs” to attempt to report in his own handwriting some of the operations of the militia
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under him. In it he describes how a number of men, led first by Lieutenant22 Samuel Tomlinson and then by himself, had gone in pursuit of Indians and returned after two futile23 scouting24 expeditions. The suggestion made in this letter that he and his company be transferred to Fort Henry was carried out. [12J]
Fort Henry was a comparatively old place when this letter was written. The three Zane brothers and a small party of emigrants25 had settled there in 1769. The fort was built in 1774 and was at first called Fincastle. In 1776 the name was changed to Fort Henry in honor of Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. Up to the latter part of August, 1777, it was not garrisoned27 by regular soldiery, but its defense, like that of some of the other frontier forts, was left to those who might seek shelter within its walls. By 1777 it had become a flourishing settlement with about thirty houses around it. Scouts28 were employed to watch for Indians and a warning from the men on guard made it possible for all the inhabitants of the place to retire to the fort on a moment’s notice.
General Hand, expecting an Indian attack on the fort, ordered Captain Mason and his men to proceed there immediately and help defend it. Captain Mason arrived August 12, and sent a report the same day to General Hand that he would “urge and push” the work and expected to be fully29 prepared in a few days to resist the enemy. [12J] By the middle of the month there were less than one hundred militia stationed at the fort. After all preparations had been completed the men became impatient, for there was nothing to indicate the approach of Indians.
On the night of August 31 Captain Joseph Ogle30, who with twelve other men had been watching the path
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leading to Fort Henry, came in and reported that no signs of the enemy had been discovered. That same night, however, four hundred Indians, led by a few whites, succeeded in placing themselves in ambush31 near the fort. They lay in two lines concealed32 by a corn field. Between these lines, along a road leading through the corn field, were stationed six Indians who could be seen by any one entering the road from the fort, and who were placed in that position for the purpose of decoying some of the whites within the line. The next morning—September 1—two men going out after some horses walked along the road and passed some of the concealed Indians, unaware33 of their presence. They had proceeded but a few steps when, to their great surprise, they discovered the six Indians standing34 not far ahead. The two men turned and ran for the fort. One of them was shot, but the other was permitted to escape that he might give the alarm.
Mason, hearing there were only six Indians near the fort, proceeded with fourteen men to attack them. He soon discovered that he had been trapped by several hundred and that retreat was impossible. All of his men were massacred. Captain Ogle and twelve scouts, ignorant of the strength of the enemy, rushed from the fort expecting to rescue their comrades, but most of them were killed in the attempt. Of the twenty-eight soldiers who took part in this bloody35 battle only five escaped, among them Captains Mason and Ogle. Mason, after being severely36 wounded, concealed himself behind a fallen tree until the Indians withdrew. [140]
Mason’s venture from the fort, it seems, was a daring deed performed without consideration of its various possible consequences. Dr. Joseph Doddridge, in one
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of his manuscripts written about 1820, says that the garrison26 was too hasty in concluding that the warning sent by General Hand was a false alarm, and further comments that Mason’s act was another instance of the “folly and rashness of our militia of early times.” [130]
In the light of a knowledge of Mason’s later life, this act of bravery, foolish though it may have been, suggests that he then may have had in him the daring necessary for an outlaw1, whose self-assurance of success was too great to give the possibility of failure serious consideration.
Captain Mason remained at Fort Henry until the autumn of 1779. His presence there is shown by a score of receipts now in the Draper Collection, one of which reads: “Fort Henry 27th April 1778 Received fourteen Flints of Zephaniah Blackford for the Use of my Company Given my hand. Samuel Mason Capt.” [12N] He was on Brodhead’s Allegheny campaign in August and September, 1779. [130] After this expedition he retired38 from active service at Fort Henry and was succeeded by Captain Benjamin Briggs. Mason was, however, militia captain in Ohio County, Virginia, as late as May, 1781, as his attendance at the Courts Martial39 proves. [76]
Such is, in brief, a glimpse of Mason’s military career as gleaned40 from scattered records. In 1845 Draper filed among his manuscripts a letter which states that “Capt. Mason resided where Daniel Steenrod’s house now is, two miles east of Wheeling, and kept a tavern41 there in 1780.” [12M] Another of his notes is to the effect that Mason lived on Wheeling Creek at the Narrows, and that in the spring of 1782 Indians stole some of his negroes. He and a man named Peter Stalnaker went in pursuit. The Indians, seeing the two
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men coming, concealed themselves behind a large rock a little above the Narrows and from that position they shot and killed Stalnaker. Mason fled and escaped unhurt. [12A]
Captain Samuel Murphy, whom Draper interviewed in 1846, gave the historian a number of facts pertaining to the siege of Wheeling and in his comments on Mason said: “Mason, many years before [i.e. before he was wounded at Wheeling] had stolen horses from Colonel Hite [in Frederick County, Virginia] was pursued and overtaken, and Mason wounded and the horses recovered. Mason’s brother, Colonel Isaac Mason, was a very respectable man. When Mason subsequently turned robber, he would give the up-country people a sufficient sum of money to take them home.” [12B] In The Casket Magazine of July, 1834, William Darby writes: “Well would it have been for Captain Samuel Mason if he had fallen with his gallant18 companions on the field at Wheeling.” Mason evidently did not remain around Wheeling longer than a year or two after the close of the Revolution. Why or when he drifted to east Tennessee is not known.
What character of man Mason was when he reached the prime of life can be gathered from an unpublished paragraph written by Draper about 1840, after an interview with Colonel G. W. Sevier: “He first took possession, without leave or license42, of some unoccupied cabins belonging to General John Sevier in Washington County, east Tennessee, with several worthless louts around him; one was named Barrow. Mason and his party were not known to work and were soon charged with stealing from negro cabins on Sabbath days when their occupants were attending church; and articles thus stolen were found in their possession. General
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Sevier gave notice to Mason, who had by sufferance remained on his place, that he and his party must leave the country within a specified43 time. Knowing the character of General Sevier, that he was a man not to be trifled with, Mason and his friends wisely took themselves off.” [12H]
We next hear of him in western Kentucky. It is likely that one of his purposes in going to that section of the country was to take up the land granted to him for services rendered as a Virginia soldier in the Revolution. When he moved west is not known. Finley says he settled on Red River, south of Russellville, in 1781. His youngest son, as we shall see later, was born in western Kentucky about 1787, showing that the Masons had arrived some time during or before that year. In 1790 a petition was circulated by the settlers in Lincoln County, Kentucky, who were living on the Virginia military grants between Green and Cumberland Rivers, asking the General Assembly of Virginia to establish a county south of Green River. As a result, two years later, all western Kentucky was formed into a new county called Logan. This petition was signed by one hundred and fifteen men, among them Samuel Mason and one named Thomas Mason, who may have been the eldest44 son of, or one of the brothers of, Captain Samuel Mason. Inasmuch as its signers, as far as is known, were “respectable citizens,” it is likely that Mason was considered such when he signed, either because he tried to be one or because he succeeded in passing as such.
The petition recites: “That your Petitioners45 find themselves sensibly aggrieved46 by their distance from Courts of Justice, it being near two hundred miles from this settlement to Lincoln Court House, by which, when
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business renders our attendance indispensably necessary, we are frequently exposed to much danger in traveling through an uninhabited country, being subject to fines and other inconveniences, when from high waters, enemies near our frontiers, or other causes, it is impossible to attend.” [106] Mason possibly did not then dream that in the near future he himself would become one of the worst “enemies near our frontiers” and be regarded as one of the great dangers to which men were exposed “in traveling through an uninhabited country.”
Mason’s domestic life in the wilderness47 of the lower Ohio evidently was, in the beginning, up to the standard of the average early settler. But in the wild woods, far away from companionship and influence of law-abiding citizens, the best of men were subject to deterioration48. Men of education, illiterates49, and all other pioneers were alike exposed to this strong influence of frontier life. Many men who, by their inborn50 nature or by their own choice disregarded law and order, necessarily became, by one route or another, outcasts. Mason fell and fell fast, and became not only an outcast, but a notorious outlaw. The only argument that can be presented in his defense is that he was, to some extent, a peculiar51 product of his times—only more “highly developed” than contemporaneous outlaws who were products of the same influences and environment. It should be added in justice to Mason that, unlike the Harpes, he was out for booty and that he personally never shed blood unless it became absolutely necessary for his own safety.
To what extent Mason had fallen by 1794 can be gathered from an entry quoted from Benjamin Van Cleve’s diary, made in July of that year on his return
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to Cincinnati from Fort Massac. Van Cleve, with Major Thomas Doyle and a number of other men, left Fort Washington, now Cincinnati, on March 16, 1794, with ten boats to repair Fort Massac and to supply the place with provisions. They arrived at the fort June 12, and three weeks later some of the men, including Van Cleve, started on their return up the river. On July 8 they landed at Red Banks, now Henderson. Here are the entries taken from The American Pioneer, published in 1843:
“July 8. [1794] Came to Red Banks.
“July 9. The weather unpleasant, and the company of soldiers disagreeable. We [four men] determined52 to quit the boat and travel the residue53 of the way by land. Made preparations to set off in the morning. This place is a refuge, not for the oppressed, but for all the horse thieves, rogues54, and outlaws that have been able to effect their escape from justice in the neighboring states. Neither law nor gospel has been able to reach here as yet. A commission of the peace had been sent by Kentucky to one Mason; and an effort had been made by the southwest territory (Tennessee) to introduce law as it was unknown as yet to which it belonged; but the inhabitants drove the persons away and insisted on doing without. I inquired how they managed to marry, and was told that the parties agreed to take each other for husband and wife before their friends. I was shown two cabins, with about the width of a street between them, where two men a short time ago had exchanged wives. An infair was given today by Mason to a fellow named Kuykendall who had run away from Carolina on account of crimes, and had run off with Mason’s daughter to Diamond Island station, a few weeks ago. The father had forbid him the house and
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threatened to take his life, but had become reconciled, and had sent for them to come home. The parents and friends were highly diverted at the recital55 of the young couple’s ingenuity56 in the courtship, and laughed heartily57 when the woman told it. She said she had come down stairs after all the family had retired, having her petticoat around her shoulders, and returned with him through her parents’ room, with the petticoat around both; and in the morning she brought him down in the same manner before daylight. This Kuykendall, I was told, always carried in his waistcoat pockets ‘devil’s claws,’ instruments, or rather weapons, that he could slip his fingers in, and with which he could take off the whole side of a man’s face at one claw. We left them holding their frolic.
“I afterwards heard that Kuykendall was killed by some of the party at the close of the ball.
“July 10. Left Red Banks.”
Ministers and certain others, in pioneer days as at present were licensed58 to solemnize marriages according to the laws established by the state. But a compliance59 with the church law was, in the eyes of the Masons, a useless form. They disregarded all laws, as it suited them. In that section of Kentucky the execution of the laws was in the hands of Captain John Dunn, a Revolutionary soldier who was one of the first settlers at Henderson and who, in 1792, was appointed its first constable61. Starling in his History of Henderson County, Kentucky, says that Captain Dunn was “the only recognized officer of the law in all this territory” up to September, 1796, when he was authorized62 to “raise three men to act as patrol at the Red Banks.” This increase in patrol became necessary not only because the
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number of settlers was gradually growing larger, but also because the wild conduct of such men as Mason made it imperative63.
That the presence or absence of the patrol was a matter of equal indifference64 to the Masons is shown by some notes Draper received from Mrs. William Anthony, daughter of Captain John Dunn. [12K] In her letter she writes that Mason and his family were among the original settlers of Henderson County and that with Samuel Mason were “a brother-in-law named Duff, and perhaps a son-in-law.” Whether or not this Duff to whom she so briefly65 refers was the counterfeiter66 Duff is not known. She states that about 1795 Samuel Mason requested Captain Dunn to sign “some instruments of writing.” Captain Dunn declined to sign the paper, saying he would have nothing to do with any such “rascal” as he was. This refusal aroused Mason and a few days later he and four of his men “fell upon Captain Dunn in Henderson, drew their concealed weapons and beat him entirely67 senseless and until they thought he was certainly dead, and then threw his body over a fence close by. But Captain Dunn unexpectedly recovered.” Their hatred68 of Dunn then grew greater than ever.
Shortly after Captain Dunn experienced this narrow escape from death Hugh Knox, afterwards Judge Knox, of Henderson, “incurring the displeasure of the Masons, was badly beaten by them. Others fared no better.” One day the Masons stole a negro woman and her two children belonging to Knox and took them to “their then quarters at the mouth of Highland69 Creek.” Knox raised a party, including Captain Dunn, and managed to regain70 the three negroes. Dunn’s participation71 in this rescue aroused the Masons against him to
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an even greater degree. One day Thomas Mason, the oldest son of Samuel Mason, came to Red Banks with his rifle and threatened to kill Dunn. Mrs. Dunn, hearing of the threat, begged Thomas Durbin, Dunn’s cousin, who had just arrived with a flatboat going down the river, to try to pacify72 young Mason and take the gun from him. Durbin being a stranger, it was thought he would succeed. But Durbin had little more than begun talking to Thomas Mason and made known the object of his interview, when Mason, without any comment, shot him dead, and fled.
Mrs. Anthony in the same letter to Draper writes: “Late in December, 1797, early on a cold morning, Captain Dunn, accompanied by Thomas Smith, started on horseback for Knob Lick, carrying out corn meal and intending to bring back salt. As they were coming near the ford37 on Canoe Creek, three miles below Henderson, Captain Dunn remarked that many a time, in former years, he dreaded73 the crossing of that creek on account of the Masons, as it was so well fitted to waylay74 the unwary, but now that the Masons had gone so far below [to Cave-in-Rock] he no longer apprehended75 danger from them. The words were scarcely uttered—they were about midway the small stream—when the crack of a rifle told too plainly that villainy yet lurked76 there. Captain Dunn fell from his horse into the partly frozen stream. Thomas Smith got but a glimpse of the person who did the deed; he could not, in the confusion of the moment, define his features. The wretch77 darted78 off and Smith conveyed Dunn home, where he died in a few hours. When asked if he knew the person who shot him he answered that ‘it was that bad man.’ This allusion79 was probably to Henry Havard, a young man who was a friend and supposed accomplice80 of the Masons.”
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Thus ended the life of the first constable of Red Banks, and with this killing81 the work of the Masons in Henderson County ended. And with his departure from there, Mason’s life went from bad to worse.22
About the time Mason and his gang left Henderson County there appeared in Red Banks and on Diamond Island a man named May. Mrs. Anthony calls him Isaac May, some refer to the same man as Samuel May, but he is best known as James May. He later played a very important part in Mason’s history. Writing of this outlaw’s early career, Mrs. Anthony says: “May loitered about Henderson and had a lame82 sister with him—at least she passed as such and thereby83 excited some remarks. At length May stole some horses and he and his sister made off and were pursued and overtaken at Vincennes. May was brought back to Henderson, and the very first night after they got him there he managed to break away and make his escape, which he effected by making an extraordinary leap. He joined Mason’s gang....” He joined Mason in the South and there performed another extraordinary act of which, as is shown later, Mrs. Anthony has more or less to say.
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During the greater part of 1797 the Masons were established at Cave-in-Rock. Their headquarters while in and near Henderson seems to have been changed from time to time. For a while they had a camp at the mouth of Highland Creek, as stated by Mrs. Anthony, but most of their time previous to 1797 was spent not far from what now is the town of Hitesville, in union County, Kentucky. A small stream, tributary84 to Highland Creek, on or near which the Masons lived, still bears the name of Mason’s Creek. About twenty miles south of this old camp is “Harpe’s Head,” where two years later the head of Big Harpe was placed on the end of a pole. About ten miles northeast of the Mason Creek country is Diamond Island, where many early pioneers going down the Ohio in flatboats became the victims of the Masons.
Fortesque Cuming stopped at Diamond Island May 16, 1808, about ten years after Mason had left it. Commenting on the place, Cuming says, in his Tour to the Western Country: “Nothing can be more beautifully situated85 than this fine island.... It is owned by a Mr. Alvis, a Scotchman, of great property in South Carolina, who bought it about two years ago [1806] of one Wells, the original locator. Alvis has a negro quarter, and near one hundred and fifty acres of land cleared on the Kentucky shore opposite the Island. This used to be the principal haunt of banditti, from twenty to thirty in number, amongst which the names of Harper [sic] five Masons, and Corkendale [Kuykendall] were most conspicuous86. They attacked and plundered88 the passing boats, and frequently murdered the crews and passengers. At length the government of Kentucky sent a detachment of militia against them. They were surprised, and Harper, one of the Masons, and three or
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four more were shot, one in the arms of his wife, who escaped unhurt though her husband received eleven balls. The rest dispersed89 and again recruiting, became, under Mason, the father, the terror of the road through the wilderness between Nashville in Tennessee and the Mississippi Territory.”
Cuming’s account is fairly accurate, but if by “Harper” he refers to Big Harpe or Little Harpe, he is mistaken. The “detachment of militia” that ran out this band of Diamond Island outlaws could more properly be called a “regiment” of local regulators, for there is nothing on record to show that any state militia was ever sent to the island. In pioneer days regulators, as a rule, relied upon their own “military strength” and exercised it without formal orders from “official headquarters.”
Diamond Island is about fourteen miles below Henderson. It is some three miles long and a half-mile wide, and more or less diamond shaped. In Mason’s day it was covered with gigantic trees and luxurious90 vines and presented so wonderful a scene that it attracted early travelers who passed it. In pioneer days it was, according to comments written by many travelers, the most beautiful island in the Ohio. Zadok Cramer in The Navigator, published in 1806, says it is a “large and noble looking island.” J. Addison Richards in his Romance of American Landscape refers to it as “the crown-jewel in this cluster of the Ohio brilliants.” Thomas Ashe, whose trip down the Ohio was “performed in 1806,” goes so far as to say it is “by far the finest in the river, and perhaps the most beautiful in the world!” About a generation after Mason and other outlaws abandoned it as a trap for victims, Edmund Flagg visited the Island and found that “it is said to be haunted.” In 1917 it was, according to one man’s idea,
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“sure ha’nted.” This once luxuriant forest island is now a cornfield, celebrated91 for its wonderfully fertile soil and for its “Diamond Island Canned Corn.” All that is left of its former splendor92 is its size. Its heavy fringe of cottonwood and willow93 still attracts attention and helps repicture the Island as it was in the olden days. The gnarled roots along the bank and the driftwood piled here and there on the beach seem to hold dumb the secrets of Mason and his men and the tragedies enacted94 there more than a century ago.
Robbery and its booty were uppermost in Mason’s mind and were the object of his every act. Nevertheless, in selecting Cave-in-Rock, seventy miles down the Ohio River, as his next headquarters he chanced to choose a place, judging from the present appearance of the landscape, that was far more picturesque95 than Diamond Island. All the primeval beauty of the Island has long ago disappeared, and some of the wild charm of Cave-in-Rock and its surroundings has vanished with the original forest. Flatboat pirates have come and gone; the Ohio still flows on as majestically96 and as mysteriously as ever, but all its flood of waters will never wash away the legends of tragedies connected with the two places.
Mason made Cave-in-Rock his headquarters during the greater part of 1797. River pirates were numerous in the old flatboat days—especially before 1811 when the first steamboat was run from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. Travelers were warned by those who had made trips down the river and knew the usual methods followed by river pirates; but with all their intended precautions and in spite of all the instructions received many of the inexperienced became easy prey97 for the robbers. The Cave had often been used by travelers as
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a temporary stopping place and had become a well known shelter. But the fact that it had also served as a temporary abode98 for outlaws seems not to have been widely circulated before this time. Mason recognized in it a hiding place that offered him the shelter of a good house and also one that was very convenient and reasonably safe. Besides, it was peculiarly fitted for his purpose, for its partially99 concealed entrance commanded a wide view both up and down the river.
He also recognized the necessity of enticing100 his intended victims into the Cave in an innocent manner or by some unusual method. Mason’s reputation as an outlaw was beginning to spread. He overcame the obstacle of publicity101 by changing his name to “Wilson.” In order to lull102 any suspicion he concluded to convert the Cave into an inn and he and his family therefore fitted it up for the purpose of accommodating guests. On the river bank where it could be seen by those going down the stream he raised a large sign: “Wilson’s Liquor Vault103 and House for Entertainment.” And thus it came about that Cave-in-the-Rock was transformed into Cave-Inn-Rock and finally to Cave-in-Rock.
Daniel Blowe, in 1820, briefly recorded that “Mason’s gang of robbers made Cave-in-Rock their principal rendezvous104 in 1797, where they frequently plundered or murdered the crews of boats descending105 the Ohio.” Most historians who touched on the subject after Blowe’s time publish, with equal brevity, the same statement. Henry Howe, in his Historical Collections of the Great West, published in 1852, says: “Sometimes Mason plundered the descending boats but more frequently preferred to wait and plunder87 the owners of their money as they returned.” Comparatively
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few men returned north by river and it is therefore likely that not many single boats or small flotillas going south floated by unmolested. In this connection Judge James Hall comments that the boats that were permitted to pass the Cave and Hurricane Island, six miles below, were pointed60 out by Mason, who on such occasions would jokingly remark: “These people are taking produce to market for me.” [61]
Mason discovered that many of his men who went south with captured boats never returned to report, and he realized that sooner or later an attempt would be made to capture him if he continued his work at the Cave. He therefore decided106 to go south. For these and probably other reasons he, as stated by Monette, “deserted the Cave in the Rock on the Ohio and began to infest107 the great Natchez Trace where the rich proceeds of the river trade were the tempting108 prize.”
By what means and under what circumstances Mason and his family moved south is not known. After leaving Henderson County he remained longer at Cave-in-Rock than at any other one place. His name is inseparably associated with Cave-in-Rock, both in history and tradition, but neither history nor tradition has preserved an account giving the details of any definite robbery committed by him while there. It is likely that he left the Cave in ample time to avoid being driven out by a body of men who had been organized by the merchants of Pittsburgh for the purpose of trying to exterminate109 him and all other river pirates. No record of Mason’s whereabouts during 1798 and 1799 can now be found. During these two years many robberies occurred along the Mississippi River and along various trails on the American side of the river from Kentucky to New Orleans, but the guilty men were seldom captured.
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A number of these robberies, on both river and land, were doubtless perpetrated by Mason under one or more assumed names.
According to Audubon, the ornithologist110, the Masons made their headquarters for a while on Wolf Island, in the Mississippi, twenty-five miles below the mouth of the Ohio. About 1815, or a number of years after Mason’s career was closed, Audubon gathered the following about the famous outlaw’s stay on this island:
“The name of Mason is still familiar to many of the navigators of the Lower Ohio and Mississippi. By dint111 of industry in bad deeds, he became a notorious horse-stealer, formed a line of worthless associates from the eastern part of Virginia (a state greatly celebrated for its fine breed of horses) to New Orleans, and had a settlement on Wolf Island, not far from the confluence112 of the Ohio and Mississippi, from which he issued to stop the flatboats, and rifle them of such provisions and other articles as he and his party needed. His depredations113 became the talk of the whole western country; and to pass Wolf Island was not less to be dreaded than to anchor under the walls of Algiers. The horses, the negroes, and the cargoes114, his gang carried off and sold.”
In March, 1800, Mason appeared in New Madrid, Missouri, then Spanish territory, and applied115 for a passport. This was issued to him, as appears later, on the recommendation of a man whom he had met casually116 at Red Banks (Henderson, Kentucky) and who was unaware of the real character of the person he introduced. The passport not only permitted Mason to settle on Spanish territory with the privilege of purchasing land, but it also served as a document designating him as a desirable citizen. When he applied for this permit, he may have resolved to open up a farm
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and lead a respectable life. If so, the resolution to reform was of short duration, for he made no attempt to select a site for a permanent home. In the meantime he carefully preserved the passport, knowing it might some day serve, in its way, as a letter of recommendation. It would also serve as evidence that he had taken an initial step toward becoming a Spanish subject. Should he confine his land operations to the American side, and his river piracy117 to the waters of the Mississippi, and make none but American citizens his victims, the chances were he might some day find a safe and convenient retreat in the Spanish domain118 west of the river.
During 1800 and the three years that followed, Mason moved over the country with remarkable119 activity. A report of a robbery committed by him on the Natchez Trace, says Monette, was soon followed by an account of another perpetrated on the Mississippi many miles away, and vice8 versa. Men going down the Mississippi, as those going down the Ohio, encountered many troubles incidental to the running of boats. They were always exposed to river pirates of whom Mason was one. Among other hardships to which they were subjected was the unrestrained authority of the Spanish, who were then in possession of the land west of the Mississippi and who practically controlled the navigation of that river.
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2
outlaws
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| 歹徒，亡命之徒( outlaw的名词复数 )； 逃犯 | |
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3
brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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4
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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5
lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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6
mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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7
outlawry
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| 宣布非法，非法化，放逐 | |
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8
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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9
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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10
consanguinity
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| n.血缘；亲族 | |
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11
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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12
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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13
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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14
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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15
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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16
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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17
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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18
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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19
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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20
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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21
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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22
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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23
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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24
scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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25
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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26
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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27
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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28
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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29
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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30
ogle
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| v.看；送秋波；n.秋波，媚眼 | |
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31
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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32
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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33
unaware
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| a.不知道的，未意识到的 | |
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34
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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35
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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37
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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38
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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39
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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40
gleaned
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| v.一点点地收集（资料、事实）( glean的过去式和过去分词 )；（收割后）拾穗 | |
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41
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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42
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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43
specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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44
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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45
petitioners
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| n.请求人，请愿人( petitioner的名词复数 )；离婚案原告 | |
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46
aggrieved
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| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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47
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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48
deterioration
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| n.退化；恶化；变坏 | |
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49
illiterates
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| 目不识丁者( illiterate的名词复数 )； 无知 | |
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50
inborn
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| adj.天生的，生来的，先天的 | |
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51
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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52
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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53
residue
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| n.残余，剩余，残渣 | |
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54
rogues
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| n.流氓( rogue的名词复数 )；无赖；调皮捣蛋的人；离群的野兽 | |
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55
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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56
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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57
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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58
licensed
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| adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词) | |
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59
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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60
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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61
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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62
authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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63
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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64
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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65
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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66
counterfeiter
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| n.伪造者 | |
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67
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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68
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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69
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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70
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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71
participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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72
pacify
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| vt.使(某人)平静(或息怒)；抚慰 | |
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73
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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74
waylay
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| v.埋伏，伏击 | |
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75
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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76
lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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77
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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78
darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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79
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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80
accomplice
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| n.从犯，帮凶，同谋 | |
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81
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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82
lame
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| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
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83
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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84
tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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85
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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86
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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87
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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88
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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90
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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91
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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92
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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93
willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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94
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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96
majestically
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| 雄伟地； 庄重地； 威严地； 崇高地 | |
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97
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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98
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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99
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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100
enticing
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| adj.迷人的；诱人的 | |
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101
publicity
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| n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告 | |
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102
lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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103
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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104
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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105
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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106
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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107
infest
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| v.大批出没于；侵扰；寄生于 | |
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108
tempting
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| a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
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109
exterminate
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| v.扑灭，消灭，根绝 | |
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110
ornithologist
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| n.鸟类学家 | |
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111
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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112
confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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113
depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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114
cargoes
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| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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115
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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116
casually
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| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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117
piracy
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| n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害 | |
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118
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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119
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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